1.

A
2. D
3. F E
4.A PT HYPOXIA SO TO RELEASE MORE O2 FROM HB RBC SECRETE MORE 3BPG,
ERYTHROPOIETIN ALSO INCREASES TO CAUSE POLYCYTHEMIA BUT THIS IS NOT INSIDE THE RBC
5. B
6.E RELATIVE RISK: CONTROL: WITHOUT RISK, NOT CONTROL: WITH RISK
7. D B ISCHEMIA: FAIL ION PUMP: INCREASE CALCIUM INFLUX, TISSUE DEPOL, CA INFLUX
TRIGGERS GLUTAMATE RELEASE GLUT ACTS ON AMPA AND NMDA RECEPTORS. INCREASE IN CA
PERMEABILITY AND FURTHER TISSUE DAMAGE.
8. B
9.A
10. E D
11.B
12.B
13.B
14.C**** B PREMOTOR CORTEX: MOVEMENT IS PLANNED BUT NOT EXECUTED. PREFRONTAL
CORTEX: PLANN AND ORGANIZE INTELLCTURAL AND EMOTIONAL CONCEPTS OF BEHAVIOR
15. C or D DECREASE NUMBER OF MEGAKAROYCTES IN BONE MARROW DIFFERENT OF DRUG
INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA VS AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER. AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER:
INCREASE MEGAKARYOCYTES. AUTOIMMUNE: ENLARGEMENT OF SPLEEN, GIANT PLATELETS,
FAIL TO RESPOND TO PLATELET TRANSFUSION, POSITIVE ANTIGLOBULIN TEST, INCREASE
MEGAKARYOCYTES IN BONE MARROW.
16.A KILLED VACCINE: INFLUENSA IV, POLIO STALKK, HEPATITIS A, RABIS. LIVE: MMR(MUMPS,
MEASLES, RUBELLA)=CAN GIVE TO IMMUNODEFICIENT HIV PATIENTS), POLIO(SABIN),
INFLUENZA(INTRANASAL): CANT GIVE TO CLOSE CONTACTS, OTHERS CAN. YELLOW FEVER,
SMALL POX, ADENOVIRUS, VARICELLA ZOSTER, ROTAVIRUS.
17.B PRECISION: CONSISTANCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY (RELIABILITY). THE ABSENCE OF
RANDOM VARIATION IN TEST. RANDOM ERROR DECREASES PRECISION. ACCURACY IS THE
TRUENESS OF TEST MEASUREMENTS(VALIDITY). SYSTEMIC ERROR REDUCES ACCURACY.
18.A BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT T LYMPHOCYTE OF DONOR T CELLS ARE GOOD FOR
RECIPIENT TO NOT REJECT BONE MARROW GRAFT(HOST VS GRAFT)
19.F SOMATIZATION: VARIATION OF COMPLAINTS IN MULTIPLE ORGAN SYSTEM OVER A
PERIOD OF YEARS.
20.D*** FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS: FLEXES THUMB, INSERTS IN BASE OF DISTAL PHALANX OF
THUMB, RUDIMENTARY OR ABSENT IN OTHER PRIMATES.
21.B IL-2, TH2 CELLS
22.D**** MULTIPLE MYELOMA: URINE LIGHT CHAINS: BENCE JONES PROTEIN, HYPERCALCEMIA
FANCONI SYNDROME TYPE 2 RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS., DEPOSITION OF AMYLOID,
HYPERURICENMIA, RECURRENT INFECTIONS. CANCER OF PLASMA CELLS. KAPPA LIGHT CHAIN
URINE
23.E** RELATIVE RISK: THE ONES WITH RISK/THE ONES WITHOUT RISK
24.C IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA: DECREASE MCV AND DECREASES BOTH GROWTH AND
LEARNING IN CHILDREN. DECREASE SERUM IRON, FERRITIN=AMOUNT OF STORED IRON= LOW,
TIBC AND TRANSFERRIN: PROTEIN THAT CARRIES IRON THROUGH THE BLOOD: INCREASED
25.D OLD, SLOWLY WORSENING PAIN BILATERAL, IRREGULAR BONY PROMINENCES AROUND
AT JOINT , JOINT EFFUSIONS, THINNED CARTILAGE AND OSTEOPHYTE FORMATION.
OSTEOARTHRITIS: HAPPENS WHEN THE CARTILAGE/JOINT INITIALLY BREAKS, BONE
PROMINENCE AROUND THE JOINT, DOESN’T MOVE THAT MUCH BECAUSE OF PAIN DURING
MOVEMENT, OSTEOPHYTE PROLIFERATION, SUBCHONDRAL BONE CYST FORMATION.
INITITALLY CARTILAGE CRACKS AND BREAKS.
26.E
27.A PARAINAUD SYNDROME: VERTICAL GAZE CENTER BECAUSE PINEAL TUMOR HITS
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS FROM TECTUM AND ALSO COMPRESSES AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS:
OBSTRUCTIVE HYDROCEPHALUS NONCOMUNICATING. INCREASE BHCG (LIKE LH, PRODUCES
HURSUTISM), ESPECIALLY IN YOUNGER PEOPLE.
28.D AXILARRY NERVE: ANTERIOR INFERIOR DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER JOINT, POSTERIOR
CIRCUMFLEX HUMERAL ARTERY, DELTOID MUSCLE(ABDUCTION 15-90) AND TERES MINOR
(LATERAL ROTATION)
29.E* WORST HEADACHE OF LIFE, NUCHAL RIGIDITY, BLOODY OR YELLOW SPINAL TAP, FEVER,
FELLS UNCONSCIOUS: BERRY ANEURYSM, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE OR ARTERIOVENOUS
MALFORMATION
30.B. PREVALENCE=INCIDENCE*DISEASE DURATION
31. B GIVE A TYPE TO O TYPE BY MISTAKE, AB AGAINST TYPE A AND B ALREADY HAVE, SO WHEN
RBC WITH TYPE A TRANSFUSED, THEY GET ATTACKED BY AB, AB-RBC COMPLEX FORMED
TRIGGERING CLASSICAL PATHWAY, PRODUCTION OF C3A AND C5A  MAST CELLS TO RELEASE
HISTAMINE SHOCK; FORMATION OF MAC(C5-C9) WILL POKE HOLES IN RBC  HEMOLYSIS
32. D
33. F VESTIBULAR IF RAPID EYE SHIT DOESN’T WORK (COWS)
34. C
35. F WEIGHT LIGTING: ONLY CHANGE IS ACTIN AND MYOSIN PROTEINS INCREASE, IN
ENDURANCE (AEROBIC) LONG DISTANCE, INCREASE IN MITOCHONDRIA;
36. E AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS,
UPWARD GAZE; SEEN ALSO IN PINEAL GLAND TUMOR
37. B
38. G EHLER DANLOS SYNDROME: HYPEREXTENSIBLE SKIN, TENDENCY TO BLLEED,
HYPERMOBILE JOINTS, JOINT DISLOCATION, BERRY ANEURYSM, ORGAN RUPTURE
39. C
40. SO IF C6 DOESN’T FOR, MAC IS NOT FORMED, SO CANT KILL BACTERIA, BUT
ANAPHYLATOXINS ARE ALREADY PRODUCED (C5A, C4A,C3A) SO NO CHANGE IN THAT.
41. A OR E LOWER LIMBS DRAIN TO SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL LYMPH NODES, DEEP INGUINAL
LYMPH NODES, POPLITEAL LYMPH NODES. WHEN A LYMPHOCYTE RECOGNIZES AN ANTIGEN, B
CELLS BECOME ACTIVATED AND MIGRATE TO GERMINAL CENTER, WHEN AB PRODUCING
PLASMA CELLS ARE FORMED, THEY MIGRATE TO MEDULLAR CORDS. STIMULATION OF
LYMPPHOCYTES BY ANTIGENS CAN ACCELERATE THE MIGRATION PROCESS, TO ABOUT 10
TIMES NORMAL THUS INCREASING AB PRODUCTION AND CELLULAR PROLIFERATION
RESULTING IN SWLLING OF LYMPH NODES: LYMPHOCYTE PROLIERATION
42. A DERMATOMYOSITIS VS POLIOMYELITIS INCREASE IN CK, POSITIVE ANA(ANTINUCLEAR),
POSITIVE ANTI SRP, ANTI MI 2 AB, ANTI JO-1. POLYMYOSITIS: PROGRESSIVE SYMMETRIC
PROXIMAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS CHARACTERIZED BY ENDOMYSIAL INFLAMMATION WITH CD8
T CELLS. MOST OFTEN INVOLVE SHOULDERS. DERMATOMYOSITIS: SIMILAR BUT ALSO INVOLVES
MALAR RASH LIKE IN SLE, GOTTRON PAPULES, HELIOTROPE (ERYTHEMATOUS PERIORBITAL)
RASH, SHAWL AND FACE RASH, MECHANICS HANDS. INCREASE RISK OF OCCULT MALIGNANCY.
PERIMYSIAL INFLAMMATION AND ATROPHY WITH CD4 T CELLS.
43.A DEFECT AT BASEMENT MEMBRANE: AGG AB AGAINST BASEMENT MEMBRANE,
44. C HIV, FOREHEAD, KAPOSI SARCOMA HHV8, SPINDLE CELLS WITH LONGITUDINAL FAN LIKE
ARRAY
45.C CROSS OVER STUDY
46. B OR D SARCOIDOSIS, BLACK FEMAL, HILAR LYMPHADENOPATHY, EPITHELIAL
GRANULOMAS IN EYES AND NOSE: GRANULOMAS WITH FOREING BODY GIANT CELLS
47.D KALIKREINS: PEPTIDASES ENZYMES THAT CLEAVE PEPTIDE BONDS IN PROTEINS. LIBERATE
KININS FROM KININOGENS. ALSO GENERATE PLASMIN FROM PLASMINOGEN.
48.D
49.A LARGER THE SAMPLE SIZE, THE SMALLER THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE MEAN AND
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL.
50. C CRUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: RAPID PROGRESSIVE DEMENTIA, PRIOS NO RNA OR DNA,
ONLY PROTEIN. NORMAL PRIONS HAVE ALPHA HELIX ONFIRMATION AND PATHOLOGIC ARE
BETA PLEATED SHEETS. RESISTANT TO PROTEINASE DIGESTION.

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