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Finite Element Analysis of Aerospace
Finite Element Analysis of Aerospace
Nicholas Zabaras
Materials Process Design and Control Laboratory
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
101 Rhodes Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853-3801
x=0 x=L
• Consider an elastic bar loaded as shown above. We
introduce the following notation:
u( x ) Displacement at po int x
σ ( x ) Stress ( force / area ) at po int x
du
ε ( x) = Strain at po int x
dx
F ( x ) Internal force at po int x
A( x ) Cross sec tional area at po int x
b( x ) Distributed load ( force / length ) at po int x
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
C
COOR
RNNE
ELLL
L
UU NN II VV EE RR SS II TT YY
N. Zabaras (9/23/2008) 3
Strong form: Axial loading of an elastic bar
F ( x) b( x ) F ( x + dx )
dx
− F ( x) + b( x + )dx + F ( x + dx) = 0
x=0 x=L 2
F ( x + dx) − F ( x) dx
+ b( x + ) = 0, take dx → 0,
dx 2
dF
+b = 0
dx
• We apply force balance on a differential element.
• We will use the displacement u( x ) as the main unknown.
du
Substituting, F = σ A = Eε A = EA , leads to:
dx
d du
( EA ) + b = 0, 0 < x < L
dx dx
x=0 x=L
dx
− q ( x) A( x) − b( x + ) dx + q ( x + dx) A( x + dx) = 0
2
x=0 x=L heat flow in the CV
heat generated in t he CV
heat flow out of the CV
q ( x + dx) A( x + dx) − q ( x) A( x) dx
− b( x + ) = 0, take dx → 0,
dx 2
dqA
=b
dx
• We apply energy balance on a differential element.
• We will use the temperature T ( x ) as the main unknown.
dT
Substituting, q = −k ( Fourier law), leads to:
dx
d dT
− ( kA ) = b, 0 < x < L
dx dx
u( L) = u
x=0 x=L
L
⎛d du ⎞
d du
∫0 ⎜⎝ dx dx ⎟⎠w( x )dx = 0, ∀w( x ) in 0 < x < L
( EA ) + b
( EA ) + b = 0, 0 < x < L
dx dx u( L) = u
⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞
du ⎜ ⎜ du ⎟⎟
u( L) = u σ (0) = E (0) = −t ⎜ wA ⎜ E dx (0) + t ⎟ ⎟ = 0 ∀w on x = 0
dx ⎜ ⎜
⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ σ ⎠ ⎠ x =0
• To derive the weak form, multiply the ODE by an arbitrary weight
function w(x) and integrate on the domain.
• Similarly for the natural BC.
• These two equations to be equivalent with those in the strong form,
need to be true for ALL w. We assume (to see why shortly) that w(L)=0.
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
C
COOR
RNNE
ELLL
L
UU NN II VV EE RR SS II TT YY
N. Zabaras (9/23/2008) 9
Weak form: Axial loading of an elastic bar
L
⎛d du ⎞
Compute u(x): ∫0 ⎜⎝ dx dx ⎟⎠w( x )dx = 0, ∀w( x ) in 0 < x < L
( EA ) + b
u( L) = u
⎛ ⎛ du ⎞⎞
⎜ ⎜ dx
wA E (0) + t ⎟ ⎟ = 0 ∀w in 0 ≤ x ≤ L
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ x =0
du x = L L du dw L
EA w |x =0 − ∫ EA dx + ∫ bwdx = 0, ∀w( x ) in 0 < x < L, with w( L) = 0
dx 0 dx dx 0
∫0 ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠ dx < ∞, EA > 0
EA
• Find u ∈ V , with u ( L) = u, L L
du dw
such that ∀w ∈ V , with w( L) = 0, ∫0 dx dx dx = wAt |x=0 + ∫0 bwdx
EA
∫ ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
0.05
-0.05
0
-0.1
C0 continuous but
-0.15
u(x)
-0.2
-0.25
-0.35
-0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x
Find u ∈ H 1
, with u ( L) = u , L L
du dw
such that ∀w ∈ H 1 , with w( L) = 0, ∫0 dx dx dx = wAt |x=0 + ∫0 bwdx
EA
the following holds:
• The space H1, is the space of 1st derivative square
integrable functions.
2
L
⎛ du ⎞ we will later introduce
Wint (u ) = ∫ EA ⎜ ⎟ dx < ∞, EA > 0 as the energy norm. Wint (u )
⎝ dx ⎠
Internal 0
strain
energy
⎩ ⎭
• The space L2(I) is a Hilbert space with the (L2-) scalar
I
⎝I ⎠
• When v(0)=0 and/or v(L)=0, in literature, we often denote
the corresponding space as
H 10 ( I ) = {v ∈ H 1 ( I ) : v( L) = 0}
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
C
COOR
RNNE
ELLL
L
UU NN II VV EE RR SS II TT YY
N. Zabaras (9/23/2008) 20
Recall smoothness conditions for beams
• Recall that beam shape functions were C1 continuous –
both displacements and slopes were continuous (4th other
ODEs).
dV d 2 ⎛ d u y ⎞
2
q=− = 2 ⎜ EI ⎟⎟
dx dx ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎠
e e
E I 2 E I e e d 2u ey
Ue = ∫e 2 κ = ∫e 2 dx 2 dx
2
dx ( )
Ω Ω
⎡d ⎛
L du ⎞ ⎤
∫0 ⎢⎣ dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠ + b ⎥⎦ wdx + wA(t + σ ) |x=0 = 0, ∀w( x) in 0 < x < L, with w( L) = 0
EA
⎛d ⎛ du ⎞ ⎞
• Since w(x) is arbitrary, select w = ψ ( x ) ⎜ dx ⎜ EA ⎟ + b⎟
⎝ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎠
withψ ( x ) > 0 a smooth function withψ (0) = ψ ( L) = 0 e.g.ψ = x ( L − x )
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
C
COOR
RNNE
ELLL
L
UU NN II VV EE RR SS II TT YY
N. Zabaras (9/23/2008) 22
Weak formÆ Strong form
L ⎡d ⎛ du ⎞ ⎤
∫ 0 ⎢ dx ⎜
⎣ ⎝
EA ⎟ + b ⎥ wdx + wA(t + σ ) |x =0 , ∀w( x ) in 0 < x < L, with w( L) = 0
dx ⎠ ⎦
σ = −t at x = 0
U 0 = {w( x ) ∈ H 1 , w = 0 in Γ u }
du dw
∫Ω dx dx dx = − Awq |Γ q + Ω∫ bwdx, ∀w( x) ∈U 0 ,
Ak
U 0 = {w( x ) ∈ H 1 , w = 0 in Γ u }
u( L) = u
x=0 x=L ⎛ ⎞
1 du 2 ⎜ ⎟
Find u ( x) ∈ U ,
N ∫ AE ( ) dx − ⎜ ∫ ubdx + (uAt ) |Γt ⎟
such that min
⎜⎜ Ω
⎟⎟
u( x) 2 Ω
Kinematically admissible
dx
displacements ,
satisfy kinematic
Wint ⎝ Wext ⎠
( displacement ) boundary
conditions u ( L ) =u
⎛ ⎞
1 du 2 ⎜ ⎟
P = ∫ AE ( ) dx − ⎜ ∫ ubdx + (uAt ) |Γt ⎟
⎜⎜ Ω
⎟⎟
2Ω dx
Wint ⎝ Wext ⎠
= ∫ AE ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ + 2ς +ς 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ dx − ∫ AE ⎜ ⎟ dx
⎜
2Ω ⎝ ⎝ dx ⎠ dx dx ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎠ 2Ω ⎝ dx ⎠
dw
• Since w(3)=0, w( x) = β 0 + β1 ( x − 3) ⇒ w( x) = β1 ( x − 3) and
dx
= β1
du dw
u ( x) = α 0 + α1 ( x − 3), = α1 , w( x) = β1 ( x − 3), = β1
dx dx
• Substitution in the weak form gives:
3 3
20
∫10α β dx = 2β
1
1 1 1 + 2∫ xβ1 ( x − 3)dx, ∀β1 ⇒
1
20α1β1 = 2β1 −
3
β1 , ∀β1 ⇒
20 7
20α1 = 2 − ⇒ α1 = −
3 30
7
• So the solution is: u ( x) = 0.001 − ( x − 3) (here we used u (3) = 0.001)
30
1 1 1
du dw
k∫ dx + λ ∫ uwdx =2∫ x 2 wdx, ∀w, w(0) = w(1) = 0
0
dx dx 0 0
• We now integrate the left-hand side by parts using the fact that w(0) =
w(1) = 0 to get:
−(u’’, w) = −u’(1)w(1) + u’(0)w(0) + (u’, w’) = (u’, w’)
Nj (xi) = δij
j =1
j i
Kij dj Fi
Kij dj Fi
i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1
i =1
j =1
• The piece-wise
linear
representation of
the FE solution is
shown here.
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
C
COOR
RNNE
ELLL
L
UU NN II VV EE RR SS II TT YY
N. Zabaras (9/23/2008) 47
Example problem 5
• Consider a bar subjected to linear
body force b(x)= Cx . The bar has a
constant cross-sectional area A and
Young’s modulus E. Assume
quadratic trial solution and weight
functions:
u(x)=α1+α2x+α3 x2
w(x)= β1+β2x+β3 x2
• For what value of αi is u(x) kinematically admissible?
• Using the weak form, set up the equations for αi and solve.
• Solve the problem using two 2-node elements of equal size like the
elements we used in the lecture on truss structures (direct method).
Approximate the external load at node 2 by integrating the body force
from x=L/4 to x=3L/4; Likewise compute the external at node 3 by
integrating the body force from x=3L/4 to x=L.
du
u ( x) = α 2 x + α 3 x 2 , = α 2 + 2α 3 x
dx
dw
w( x) = β 2 x + β3 x 2 , = β 2 + 2β3 x
dx
• The weak for this problem is the following:
L L
du dw
∫0 dx dx dx − ∫0 wbdx − wAt |Γt = 0 ⇒
AE
L L
∫ ( α + α )( β + β ) = ∫ 2 3 ) xdx ⇒
( β + β 2
AE 2 2 3 x 2 2 3 x dx C x x
0 0
L L
AE
C 0∫ ( β α
2 2 + 2 β α
2 3 x + 2 β α
3 2 x + 4 β α
3 3 x 2
) dx = ∫ ( β 2 x 2
+ β 3 x 3
) dx ⇒
0
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
C
COOR
RNNE
ELLL
L
UU NN II VV EE RR SS II TT YY
N. Zabaras (9/23/2008) 49
Example problem 5
L
AE
C 0∫ ( β 2α 2 + 2β 2α 3 x + 2β3α 2 x + 4β 3α 3 x 2 ) dx
L
= ∫ ( β 2 x 2 + β3 x3 ) dx ∀β 2 , β 3 ⇒
0
L L
AE
C ∫0
( β α
2 2 + (2 β α
2 3 + 2 β α
3 2 ) x + 4 β α
3 3 x 2
) dx = (
∫0 2β x 2
+ β 3 x 3
) dx ∀β 2 , β3 ⇒
AE ⎛ L2 L3 ⎞ L3 L4
⎜ β 2α 2 L + (2β 2α 3 + 2β 3α 2 ) + 4β 3α 3 ⎟ = β 2 + β 3 ∀β 2 , β 3 ⇒
C ⎝ 2 3⎠ 3 4
⎧ AE L3 ⎫ ⎧ AE ⎛ L3 ⎞ L4 ⎫
β2 ⎨ ( α 2 L + α 3 L ) − ⎬ + β3 ⎨
2
⎜ α 2 L + 4α 3 ⎟ − ⎬ = 0 ∀β 2 , β 3 ⇒
2
⎩C 3⎭ ⎩C ⎝ 3⎠ 4⎭
⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤
2 AE ⎡ 1 −1⎤ (2) 2 AE ⎡ 1 −1⎤ 2 AE ⎢
K (1) = ⎢ ⎥ ,K = ⎢ ⎥ ,K = −1 2 −1⎥
L ⎣ −1 1 ⎦ L ⎣ −1 1 ⎦ L ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −1 1 ⎥⎦
⎧ ⎫
⎪ r1 ⎪ ⎧ CL2 ⎫ ⎧15CL3 ⎫
⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪⎪ 4 ⎪⎪ ⎧u2 ⎫ ⎪⎪ 64 AE ⎪⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎧u ⎫
2 AE ⎢
−1 2 −1⎥ ⎨u2 ⎬ = ⎨ ⇒ ⎨u ⎬ = ⎨
CL 2 AE
=⎨ 3 ⎬
2
⎬ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬ ⎬
L ⎢ ⎥ 4 ⎪ L ⎣ −1 1 ⎦ ⎩ 3 ⎭ ⎪ 7CL ⎪
u 2 ⎩ ⎭ ⎪ 11 CL ⎪
⎢⎣ 0 −1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩u3 ⎪⎭ ⎪
3
⎪ 7CL2 ⎪ ⎪⎩ 32 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 32 AE ⎪⎭
⎪ ⎪
⎩ 32 ⎭ 2 AE 2 AE 15CL3 15
r1 = ( −u 2 ) = (− ) = − CL2
L L 64 AE 32