Chapter 2:

Classification Of Matter
 Matter
No Yes
Can it be separated by
physical process?

Yes Is it uniform No
Can it be throughout?
No decomposed by
Yes
chemical
process?
 INTRODUCTION

 Matter: Anything that occupy space and has mass

 Substance: a form of matter with a definite composition and
distinct properties
 Element: a substance made up of one type of atoms
 Compounds: substances formed by the combination of 2 or
more different elements
 Atom: smallest particle in substance
 Molecule: The smallest uncharged individual unit of compound
formed by the union of two or more atoms.
 Ion: An atom or molecule that has acquired a charge by either
gaining or losing electrons.
 Cation : positive charge
 Anion : negative charge
 Molecular compounds: are made of molecules
 each molecule has the same element composition
and properties as the compound

 Ionic compounds: are made of cations and anions

 cations combine with anions in just the right numbers
to give an electrically neutral compound

 Mixture: combination of two or more substances in

which the substances retain their distinct identities.
atom A

atom B

molecule A

molecule B

molecule AB
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound
or a mixture:
 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE:

 Mixing is uniform.

 Have a constant composition throughout.

 Homogeneous mixture are called solution

 gaseous solution (e.g: pure air)
 liquid solution (e.g: syrup)
 solid solution (e.g: steel)
 HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

 Mixing is not uniform

 Have regions of different composition.

 Consist of two or more physically distinct phases

 eg: concrete (a mixture of cement, gravel, sand)

 Exercise
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, a
homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture:
a) Sulfur dioxide gas

b) Chlorine gas

c) CuSO4 aqueous

d) Tomato juice

e) Brass plate

 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

 Chemical properties: the ability of a substance to

form new substances, either by reaction with other
substances or by decomposition.
 Chemical change: the formation of a new substance
with a different composition and properties than the
initial substance.
 Physical properties: a characteristic of a substance
that can be measured and observed without changing
the composition or identity of a substance.
 Physical change: a change in which the physical
appearance of a substance changes but the chemical
composition stays the same.
 Intensive properties: properties that do not depend on
the amount of the sample.

 E.g: temperature (melting/boiling points), density.

 Extensive properties: relate to the amount of

substance present.

 E.g: mass, volume.

Classify the following as physical or chemical properties
of water.

a) density = 1.00 g/mL

b) release hydrogen gas when reacted with sodium metal

c) forms ice at 0°C

d) Water is formed when wood is burned

Does the following describe a physical change or a
chemical change?

a) Evaporation of water


b) Hydrogen burns in air



c) A piece of sliced apple turn brown


 STATES OF MATTER
 Solid: molecules are held close together in an orderly
structure with little freedom of motion.
 Liquid: molecules are close together but are not held so
rigidly in position and can move past one another.
 Gas: molecules are separated by distances that are large
compared with the size of the molecules, thus they are
much farther apart and move freely of each other.

solid liquid gas

 Kinetic Molecular Theory: matter consist of particles
called molecule in constant movement colliding with
each other.
 Heat given, matter will change states from solid to liquid
to gas
 Each state will differ
– particle arrangement
– amount of kinetic energy
– difficulty to compress
– attractive forces between the particles
– movement of particles
Process of Changes in State of Matter

GAS

LIQUID

SOLID
 Heating Curve of Ice

Temperature (oC)

steam
Hvap
100°C
boiling point
water steam
water vaporization
Hfus
(0°C) (liquid and vapor in equilibrium)
melting point Ice water
Melting
ice (solid and liquid in equilibrium)

-25°C time
 Cooling Curve of Steam

Temperature (oC)
105°C
steam steam water
condensation

100°C
boiling point
water water ice
freezing
(0°C)
melting point
Super cooling ice

time
 Super Cooling
 Cooling of a liquid below its freezing point without
forming the solid
 Occur when heat is removed from liquid so rapidly that
the molecules have no time to assume the ordered
structure of a solid
 Unstable
 Phase Diagram of Water
solid liquid

critical point

0.006
atm Triple point

Vapor

0.01 oC
 A diagram showing the conditions at which a substance exists
as a solid, liquid and vapor
 Each solid line between two phases specifies the conditions
of P and T under which the two phases can exist in
equilibrium
 Triple point:
 the point at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium
 0.006 atm, 0.01 oC
 Critical Point:
• Critical Pressure  the minimum P that must be applied to
bring about liquefaction at the critical T. (Pc of water = 219.5
atm)
• Critical Temperature  the highest T at which a substance
can exist as a liquid. (Tc of water =374.4 oC)
 above Tc, vapor phase cannot be made to liquefy, no
matter how great the applied pressure
 Exercise

In the process of attempting to characterize a substance,

a chemist makes the following observation:
‘The substance is a silvery white metal. It melts at 649
oC and boils at 1105 oC. The substance burns in air,

producing an intense white light. It react with chlorine to

give a brittle white solid.’
Which of these characteristics are physical properties and
which are chemical properties?