127

Lecture Note – 24

Prediction of long time deflection

φ t = φ mt + φ pt
φ mt = (1 + φ )φ i
Where, φ mt ÆChange of curvature due to transverse load.
φ pt ÆChange of curvature due to prestress
φt ÆTotal curvature
φ Æ Creep coefficient
φi Æ Initial curvature immediately after the application of transverse load.
According to ACI committee,
Pie (Pi − Pt )e (Pi + Pt )eφ
φ pt = − + −
EI EI 2 EI
Pie ⎡ L p ⎛ Lp ⎞ ⎤
⇒ φ pt = − ⎢1 − + ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟φ ⎥
EI ⎢⎣ Pi ⎝ 2 Pi ⎠ ⎥⎦
Where, Pi Æ Initial prestress
Pt Æ Prestress after time t
eÆEccentricity of the prestressing force at the section
EIÆFlexural rigidity
L p = (Pi − Pt ) ÆShrinkage and creep
Thus the total deflection after time t obtained from the above expression is
⎡ Lp ⎛ Lp ⎞ ⎤
a f = ait (1 + φ ) − aip ⎢1 − + ⎜1 − ⎟φ ⎥
⎣⎢ Pi ⎝ 2 Pi ⎠ ⎦⎥
Where, ait Æ Initial deflection due to transverse load
aip Æ Initial deflection due to prestress
a f Æ Final deflection after time t
Simplified method
⎡ P⎤
a f = ⎢a it − a ip t ⎥(1 + φ )
⎣ Pi ⎦
Here ,
+ve(positive) sign refers upward deflection.
-ve(negative) sign refers downward deflection.
 128

Example:
A concrete beam having a rectangular section 100 mm wide and 300 mm deep is
prestressed by a parabolic cable carrying an initial force of 240 kN. The cable has an
eccentricity of 50 mm at the centre of the span is concentric at the supports. If the span of
the beam is 10m and live load is 2 kN/m. Estimate the long time deflection after 6 months
if E = 38 kN/mm2 & creep coefficient φ = 2.0 , loss of prestress = 20% of the initial stress
after 6 months. Estimate the long time deflection at the center of the span at the stage
assuming that the DL & LL are simultaneously applied after the release of prestress.

Solution:-
Here, Given
Pi = 240 kN.
I = 225 × 10 6
e = 50 mm
φ = 2.0
DL = 0.1 × 0.3 × 24 = 0.72kN/m
LL = 2 kN/m
Loss of prestress = 20% of Pi

Short time deflection:

⎛ 5Pi eL2 ⎞ ⎛ 5 × 240 × 50 × (10 × 1000 )2 ⎞
Initial deflection due to prestress = ⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟ =14.7 mm (↑)
⎟
⎝ 48EI ⎠ ⎝ 48 × 38 × 225 × 10 6 ⎠
⎡ 5( g + q )L4 ⎤
Deflection due to self weight and live loads = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 384EI ⎦
⎡ 5 × (0.00072 × +0.002 )(10 × 1000 )4 ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 384 × 38 × 225 × 10 6 ⎦
= 41.5 mm (↓)
Therefore, net deflection = 41.5 – 14.7 = 26.8 mm (↓).

Long time deflection:

⎡ L ⎛ L ⎞ ⎤
The long time deflection, a f = ait (1 + φ ) − aip ⎢1 − p + ⎜ 1 − p ⎟ φ ⎥
⎣⎢ Pi ⎝ 2 Pi ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎡ 0.2 Pi ⎛ 0.2 Pi ⎞ ⎤
= 41.5 (1+2) - 14.7 ⎢1 − + ⎜1 − ⎟ × 2⎥
⎢⎣ Pi ⎝ 2 Pi ⎠ ⎥⎦
= (124.5 - 38) = 86.5 mm(↓)
 129

Using simplified formula

⎡ P⎤
a f = ⎢a it − a ip t ⎥(1 + φ )
⎣ Pi ⎦
= (41.5 -14.7 × 0.8)(1 + 2) = 89.1 mm(↓)

Deflection of cracked member

Load

Deflection
Camber due to
prestress
Short time
Unilinear method:
βL2 M
a=
Ec I r
a Æ Maximum deflection
L ÆEffective span
M ÆMaximum moment
E c ÆModulus of elasticity of concrete
I r ÆSecond moment of area of equivalent or transformed cracked section
β ÆA constant depending upon the end conditions, positions of the given section and
load distribution.
 130

Support condition & load β

5/48

1/12

1/24

1/16

1/3

Bilinear method
⎡M ⎛ M − M cr ⎞⎤
a = β L2 ⎢ cr + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎢⎣ E c I c ⎝ 0.85 E c I c ⎠⎥⎦
Where,
M cr ÆCracking moment
MÆMoment at which deflection is required
I c ÆSecond moment of area of uncracked equivalent concrete section
I cr ÆSecond moment of area of cracked equivalent concrete section
β Æ constant
 131

Cracked Section

Moment
Mo

Uncracked Section

Curvature

f cr
M cr = Ig
yt

⎛ M cr ⎞
3
⎡ ⎛ M cr ⎞3 ⎤
Effective moment of inertia, I e = ⎜ ⎟ I g + ⎢1 − ⎜ M ⎟ ⎥ I cr
⎝ M ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
Where,
M cr ÆCracking moment
M a ÆMoment at which deflection is required
Ig ÆMoment of inertia of the gross concrete section neglecting the reinforcement
I cr ÆSecond moment of area of cracked equivalent concrete section
ytÆDistance from the C.G. to the extreme fibre in tension
f cr ÆModulus of rupture of concrete

Long time deflection of the cracked members

As per ACI-318:1989
⎛ ξ ⎞
Multiplying factor, λ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
/ ⎟
⎝ 1 + 50 ρ ⎠
Deflection = λ × immediate deflection
Where,
 132

⎛ A/ ⎞
ρ / = ⎜⎜ s ⎟⎟ At mid-span for simple and continuous beam and at support for cantilevers
⎝ bd ⎠
As/ ÆArea of compression reinforcement
b ÆWidth of section
d ÆEffective depth
ξ ÆA time dependent factor having the following values

Age ξ
Five years or more( ≥ 5) 2.0
12 months 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0

Requirement as per IS1343

1. The final deflection, due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep &
shrinkage should not exceed span/250.
2. The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep & shrinkage occurring after
the erection of partition and the application of the finishes should not exceed span/350 or
20 mm whichever is less.
3. If finishes are to be applied to the prestressed concrete members, the total upward
deflection should not exceed span/300, unless uniformity of camber between adjacent
units can be ensured.
 133

Lecture Note – 25

Example:-
The floor slab shown in the figure below comprises precast pretensioned beams & an in-
situ concrete slab. If the span of the beam is 5 m & the imposed load is 5 kN/m2
(including finish), determine the stress distribution at the various load stages. Assume all
long-term losses have occurred before the beams are erected & that the net force in each
end is 19.4 kN.

75

250

40
600

Section properties of the beams:

Ac = 1.13 × 10 5 mm 2
I c = 7.5 × 108 mm4 ;
Z t = Z b = 6 × 106 mm3

Solution:-
Given,
Eccentricity of the wires, e = 125 - 40 = 85 mm
Self weight of the beams = 0.113 × 24 = 2.7 kN/m.
Moment due to self weight, M o = (2.7 × 5 2 ) / 8 = 8.4 kN/m.
The total prestress force after all losses have occurred is given by βPo = 6 × 19.4 =116.4
kN.
Stress distribution in the beams is thus given by
116.4 × 103 116.4 × 85 × 103 8.4 × 106
σt = − + = 1.03 - 1.65 + 1.40 = 0.78 N/mm2
1.13 × 105 6 × 106 6 × 106
116.4 × 103 116.4 × 85 × 103 8.4 × 106
σb = + − =1.03 + 1.65 - 1.40 = 1.28 N/mm2
1.13 × 105 6 ×106 6 ×106
 134

i) The weight of the slab is supported by the beams acting alone, so

M d = 8.4 + 0.075 × 0.6 × 24 × 5 2 / 8 =11.8 kNm
The stress distribution within the beams is now given by
11.8 × 10 6
σ t = 1.03 − 1.65 + = -0.62 + 1.97 = 1.35 N/mm2
6 × 10 6

σ b = 1.03 + 1.65 − 1.97 = 0.71 N/mm2

iii) The imposed load of 5 kN/m2 is supported by the composite section & the section
properties of this are now required. To find the neutral axis of the composite section,
taking moments about the soffit of the beams gives:
(1.13 × 10 5
) (
+ 75 × 600 y = 1.13 × 10 5 × 125 + 75 × 600 × 288 )
∴ y = 171mm
( )
I comp = 7.5 × 10 8 + 1.13 × 10 5 (171 − 125) + 75 3 × 600 / 12 + (75 × 600 ) / (288 − 171)
2 2

= 1.63 × 10 9 mm 4
The imposed load bending moment, (M des − M d ) = 0.6 × 5 × 5 2 / 8 = 9.4 kNm
The stress distribution within the composite section under this extra bending moment is
given by
9.4 × 10 6
σ t , slab = × (325 − 171) = 0.89 N/mm2
1.63 × 10 9
9.4 × 106
σ t ,beam = × (250 − 171) = 0.46 N/mm2
1.63 ×109
−9.4 × 106
σ b ,beam = × 171 = -0.99 N/mm2
1.63 × 109

The total stress distributions under the three load cases are shown in the fig. below
 135

0.89
1.35
0.78
0.46
1.81

1.28 0.71
(a) (b)
-0.28
(c)

Fig. Stress distribution for composite section

[(a) for beam, (b) for beam & slab (c) for beam , slab & imposed load ]

The maximum compressive stress occurs at the upper fibers of the beams, but is
significantly lower than the level of stress had the beam carried the total imposed load
alone. This explains the advantage of inverted T-section in composite construction, where
only a small compression flange is required for bending moments M o and M d , the
compression flange for bending moment M des being provided by the slab.
 136

Lecture Note – 26

Example:
Find the profile of prestressing cable with an effective force of 500kN, which can balance
the DL & LL on the beam. Sketch the profile of the cable along the length of the beam.
4kN/m 250

50
6m

50
550

50
150

Solution:
Cross sectional area of the beam = 150 × 50 + 250 × 50+450 × 50
= 850 × 50
= 42500 mm2

y1
250 × 50 × 25 + 150 × 50 × 525 + 450 × 50 × 275
∴ y1 =
42500
∴ y1 = 245.59 mm
∴ y2 = 304.41 mm y2
3
RB = wl
8
3 wx 2
M X = wlx −
8 2
3× 2 3
If M X = 0 , x = l= l
8 4
Now, Dead load = A × 25 kN/m = 1.02 kN/m
Live load = 4 kN/m
Therefore, total load, w = (4+1.02) kN/m = 5.02 kN/m
wl 2
Ms = − = 22.59kNm
8
 137

Location
M s 22.59
es = = = 0.04518m = 45.18mm
P 500
Maximum moment
dM
For maximum moment, =0
dx

d ⎛3 wx 2 ⎞
⇒ ⎜ wlx − ⎟=0
dx ⎝ 8 2 ⎠
3
∴x = l
8
3 3 w 9
So maximum moment, Mmax = × wl × × L − × l 2
8 8 2 64
9 ⎛ 1⎞ 9
= wl 2 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = wl 2
64 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 128
9
= × 5.02 × 62
128
=12.71 kNm
12.71
Hence, e = = 0.02541 m = 25.41 mm
500

45.18 245.6

25.41 304.4
2.25m
1.5m

Fig. Cable profile

 138

Lecture Note –27

Flexural strength of prestressed concrete member

Types of flexural failure

1. Fracture of steel:- A minimum longitudinal reinforcement of 0.2% of the total concrete

area shall be provided in all the cases except in the case of prestressed units of small
sections. This reinforcement may be further reduced to 0.15% in the case of HYSD bars.
The percentage of steel provided, both tensioned & un-tensioned taken together should be
sufficient so that when the concrete in precompressed tensile zone cracks, the steel is in
position to take up the additional tensile stress, transferred on to it by the cracking of the
adjacent fiber of concrete & a sudden failure is avoided.

2. Failure of over reinforced section:- When the effective reinforcement index , which is
expressed in terms of the percentage of reinforcement, the compressive strength of the
concrete and the tensile strength of the steel, exceeds a certain range of values, the
section is said to be over reinforced. Generally, over-reinforced members fall by the
sudden crushing of concrete, the failure being characterized by small deflection and
narrow cracks. The area of steel being comparatively large, the stresses developed in steel
at failure of the member may not reach the tensile strength & in many cases it may well
be within the proof stress of the tendon.

3. Failure of under reinforced section:- If the cross-section is provided with a steel

greater than the minimum prescribed above, the failure is characterized by an excessive
elongation of steel followed by crushing of concrete. This type of behaviors is generally
desirable since there is considerable warning before the impending failure. As such, it is
common practice to design the under-reinforced sections, which become more important
in case of statically indeterminate structure.

Strain compatibility method

Assumption
1. The stress distribution in the compression zone of concrete can be defined by
means of coefficients applied to the characteristic compressive strength & the
average compressive stress & the position of the centre of compression can be
assessed.
2. The distribution of concrete strain is linear. (i.e. the plane section normal to axis
remains plane after bending)
 139

3. The resistance of concrete in tension is neglected.

4. The maximum compressive strain in concrete at failure reaches at a particular
level.

b
εcu k 1 f ck

k 2x
x Cu

A ps
Tu
(ε su
− ε se )
Fig. Stress-Strain Distribution at Failure

Total compressive force, Cu = k1 f ck bx

Total tensile force, Tu = Aps f pb
The ultimate flexural strength of the concrete, M u = k1 f ck bx ( d − K 2 x )
Where,
f ck ÆCharacteristic strength of the prestressing concrete
bÆEffective width
x ÆNeutral axis depth
Aps ÆArea of prestressing tendons
f pb ÆCharacteristic tensile strength of the prestressing tendon
k1 ÆA constant whose value varies from 0.5-0.7 for f ck = 60-20 Mpa
k2 ÆA constant whose value varies from 0.42-0.47 for f ck = 60-20 Mpa

The typical stress strain characteristic of different types of tendons used in prestressed
concrete as recommended by IS1343 is given in the figure below.
 140

Fig. Characteristic of Hognestad et al’s stress block

Steps
1. Compute the effective strain ε se in steel due to prestress after allowing for all
losses from the stress-strain curve of steel.
 141

2. Assume a trial value for neutral axis depth x & evaluate ( ε su − ε se )

3. Using the stress-strain curve for steel, determine the value of stress in steel at
failure f pb corresponding to ε su
4. Compute total compression C & tension T.
5. If C = T the assumed value of x is OK. Otherwise if tension is less than the
compression decrease the value of x & vice versa to repeat the process 2-4 again.
6. Evaluate moment of resistance (ultimate moment), M = Aps f pb ( d − k2 x )

Example
A pretensioned concrete beam with a rectangular section, 100 mm wide by 160 mm deep,
is prestressed by 10 high–tensile wire of 2.5 mm diameter located at an eccentricity of 40
mm. The initial force in each wire is 6.8 kN. The strain loss in wires due to elastic
shortening, creep and shrinkage of concrete is estimated to be 0.0012 units. The
characteristic cube strength of the concrete is 40 N/mm2. Given the load-strain curve of
2.5 mm diameter steel wire (fig below), estimate the ultimate flexural strength of the
section using strain compatibility method.
 142

Solution:-
From the above figure (Hognestad stress block) we can have for fck = 40 N/mm2,
ε cu = 0.0033 ,;k1 = 0.57 ; k2 = 0.45.
As per figure strain due to load of 6.8 kN in wire is 0.0073
So effective strain in steel after all losses is given by
ε se = ( 0.0073 − 0.0012 ) =0.0061

First trial
Assuming x = 60 mm
From the strain diagram ( ε su − ε se ) =0.0033
Therefore, ε su = ( 0.0033 + 0.0061) =0.0094
Corresponding force in the wire =8.4 kN
Total tensile force = 10 × 8.4 = 84 kN.
Total compressive force = ( k1 ⋅ f ck ⋅ b ⋅ x )

=
( 0.57 × 40 ×100 × 60 ) =136.8 kN
1000
Since tension is less than compression, x is decreased for second trial

Second trial
Assuming x = 43 mm
From the strain diagram ( ε su − ε se ) =0.0059
ε su = ( 0.0059 + 0.0061) = 0.012
Corresponding force in the wire =9.9kN
Total tensile force = (10 × 9.9 ) =99 kN

Total compressive force =

( 0.57 × 40 ×100 × 43) =98 kN
1000
Since tension is nearly equal to compression, strain compatibility is established.
M u = Aps f pb ( d − k2 x )
= 99 × 103 (120 - 0.45 × 43)
=9.96 × 106 Nmm
=9.96 kNm
 143

Lecture Note –28

Design of Prestressed Concrete Member

Indian code (as per IS 1343 1980)

Assumption
1. The plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete at outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.35%
in bending regardless of the strength of concrete.
3. The relationship between stress & strain distribution in concrete is assumed to be
parabolic. The maximum compressive stress is equal to 0.446 f ck
Where, fckÆCharacteristic strength of the concrete
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
5. The steel & concrete are bonded completely.
6. The stresses in bonded prestressing tendons are derived from the respective stress-
strain curve for the particular steel.

If
M u ÆUltimate moment of resistance of the section
f pu ÆTensile strength developed in tendons at the failure stage of the beam
f p ÆCharacteristic tensile strength of the prestressing steel
f pe ÆEffective prestress in tendon after losses
 144

Ap ÆArea of prestressing tendons

d ÆEffective depth
b ÆEffective width
xu ÆNeutral axis depth
Then moment of resistance, M u = f pu Ap ( d − 0.42 xu )
The value of f pu depends upon the effective reinforcement ratio
⎛ Ap f p ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ bdf ck ⎠
For pre-tensioned & post-tensioned members with an effective bond between concrete &
tendon, the value of f pu & xu are given in table 11 of IS1343. The effective prestress f pe
after all losses should not be less than 0.45 f p . For post-tensioned rectangular beams with
un-bonded tendons, the value of f pu & xu are influenced by the effective span to depth
ratios, and their values for different span/depth ratios are given in Table-12 of IS1343.
 145

Moment of resistance of flanged section

The ultimate moment of resistance of flanged sections in which the neutral axis falls
outside the flange is computed by combining the moment of resistance of web & flange
portion & considering the stress block is shown below.
 146

b 0.45f ck 0.45f ck

Df 0.42xu 0.45xu(b-bw)Df

xu

(d-0.5Df )

Aps
f puApw f pApf

bw

Fig. Moment of Resistance of flanged sections (xu>0.5Df )

If Apw Æ Area of prestressing steel for web

Apf Æ Area of prestressing steel for flange
DfÆ Thickness of flange
Then, Ap = ( Apw + Apf )
⎛D ⎞
But, Apf = 0.45 f ck ( b − bw ) ⎜ f ⎟⎟
⎜ f
⎝ p ⎠

After evaluating Apf , the value of Apw is obtained as

Apw = ( Ap − Apf )
⎛ Apw f p ⎞
For effective reinforcement ratio of ⎜ ⎟ the corresponding values of
⎝ bw df ck ⎠
⎛x ⎞
(f / 0.87 f p ) & ⎜ u ⎟ are obtained from Table – 11 of IS 1343 1980. The moment of
pu
⎝d ⎠
resistance of the flange section is obtained from the expression
M u = f pu Apw ( d − 0.42 xu ) + 0.45 f ck ( b − bw ) D f ( d − 0.5 D f )
 147

Example
A pretensioned prestressed concrete beam having a rectangular section 150 mm wide
350 mm deep has an effective cover of 50 mm If fck = 40 N/mm2 & fp = 1600 N/mm2 &
the area of prestressing steel Ap = 461 mm2, calculate the ultimate flexural strength of
the section using IS code method.

Solution:-
Given data,
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck=40 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of tendon, fp = 1600 N/mm2
Area of tendon, Ap =461 mm2;
Width, b = 150 mm
Effective depth, d = 300 mm
The effective reinforcement ratio is given by
⎛ f p Ap ⎞ ⎛ 1600 × 461 ⎞
⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 0.40
⎝ f ck bd ⎠ ⎝ 40 ×150 × 300 ⎠
From Table- 11, the corresponding values of the ratios are
⎛ f pu ⎞ ⎛ xu ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.9 and ⎜ ⎟ = 0.783
⎝ 0.87 f p ⎠ ⎝d ⎠
∴ f pu = ( 0.87 × 0.9 ×1600 ) =1253 N/mm2
∴ xu = ( 0.783 × 300 ) = 234.9 mm
Hence, the ultimate flexural strength of the section is
M = f pu Ap ( d − 0.42 xu )
= 1253 × 461( 300 − 0.42 × 234.9 )
= 116 × 106 Nmm = 116 kNm

Example
A pretensioned T-section has a flange, which is 300 mm wide 200 mm thick. The rib is
150 mm wide by 350 mm deep. The effective depth of the cross section is 500 mm.
Given: Ap =200 mm2, fck=50 N/mm2 & fp = 1600 N/mm2, estimate the ultimate moment
capacity of the T-section using IS code method.

Solution:-
Given data,
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 50 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of tendon, fp = 1600 N/mm2
 148

Area of tendon, Ap =200 mm2;

Width, b = 300 mm; Depth, d = 500 mm

Assuming that the neutral axis falls within the flange, the value of b = 300 mm for
computations of effective reinforcement ratio.
⎛ f A ⎞ ⎛ 1600 × 200 ⎞
∴⎜ p p ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.04
⎝ f ck bd ⎠ ⎝ 50 × 300 × 500 ⎠
From Table- 11, the corresponding values of the ratios are
⎛ f pu ⎞ ⎛x ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.0 and ⎜ u ⎟ = 0.09
⎝ 0.87 f p ⎠ ⎝d ⎠
∴ f pu = ( 0.87 ×1600 ) =1392 N/mm2
∴ xu = ( 0.09 × 500 ) = 45 mm
The assumption that the neutral axis falls within the flange is correct. Hence, the ultimate
flexural strength of the section is:
M = f pu Ap ( d − 0.42 xu )
= 1392 × 200 ( 500 − 0.42 × 45)
= 134 × 106 Nmm = 134 kNm
 149

Lecture Note –29

Shear Resistance of Prestressed Concrete

Failure due web-shear cracks

The ultimate shear resistance of prestressed concrete section with web-shear cracking but
without flexural cracks is mainly governed by the limiting value of the principal tensile
stress developed in concrete. The failure is assumed to take place when the principal
tension exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete.
If
Vcw Æ Ultimate shear resistance of concrete in a section due to web-shear cracks.
bw Æ Breadth of web of the member
D Æ Overall depth of the member
f cp Æ Compressive prestress at the centroid of a section
ft Æ Tensile strength of concrete
S Æ Statical moment (i.e. first moment of area)
I Æ Second moment of area
τ v Æ Maximum shear stress at failure

For the condition at failure, equating the minor principal stress with the tensile strength of
concrete, we get
⎡⎛ f cp ⎞ 1 ⎤
⎢⎜ ⎟− f cp2 + 4τ v2 ⎥ = − ft
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎦
Vcw S
Here, τ v =
Ib
Hence,
⎡⎛ f ⎞ 1 ⎛V S ⎞
2 ⎤
⎢⎜ cp ⎟ − f cp2 + 4 ⎜ cw ⎟ ⎥ = − ft
⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ Ib ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎛I⎞
On simplification, Vcw = bw ⎜ ⎟ f cp2 + f cp f t
⎝S⎠
The values of (I/S) varies from 0.67D (for rectangular section) to 0.85D (for flanged
section)
The British code (BS:8110:1985) & the Indian standard code specify a modified version
of the above relation given by
 150

Vcw = 0.67bw D f cp2 + 0.8 f cp f t

In the above expression for computing Vcw , the tensile strength of concrete may be
assumed as
f t = 0.24 f ck
Where, f ck Æ Characteristic strength of concrete

Design of shear reinforcement (AS per IS 1343)

At any given section, the ultimate shear resistance Vc of the concrete alone should be
taken as the lesser value of Vcw & Vcf . When V, the shear force due to the ultimate loads,
is lesser than Vc the shear force which can be carried by the concrete, minimum shear
reinforcement should be provided in the form of stirrups such that
A 0.87 f y
Sv = sv [Ref. clause 22.4.3.1 of IS1343:1980]
0.4b
Where,
S v ÆSpacing of stirrups along the length of a member
Asv ÆTotal cross sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear
bÆBreadth of the member Æfor T, I & L beams should be taken as the
breadth of the rib bw
f y ÆCharacteristic strength of stirrups reinforcement, which shall not be
taken greater than 415 N/mm2

If the shear force V is less than 0.5Vc & in a member of minor importance shear
reinforcement need not to be provided.

When V exceeds Vc, [as per clause 22.4.3.2 of IS1343:1980] shear reinforcement should
be provide conforming to the relation
A 0.87 f y dt
Sv = sv
(V − Vc )
Where, dtÆ Depth from the extreme compression fiber either to the longitudinal
bars or to the centroid of tendons, which ever is greater.

The spacing should exceed neither 0.75dt nor 4 times the web thickness for flanged
members. When V exceeds 1.8Vc, the maximum spacing should be reduced to 0.5dt. The
lateral spacing of the individual legs of the stirrups provided at a cross section should not
exceed 0.75dt. The maximum shear stress permissible for different grades of concrete are
 151

shown in Table:-1 . If the nominal shear stress (V/bd) exceeds these vales the section has
to be redesigned.
Table:1 (Ref. Table 7 of IS1343:1980)Maximum shear stress (N/mm2)
Concrete Grade M30 M35 M40 M45 M50 M55& above
Max. Shear stress 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.8

The value of minimum shear reinforcement as per clause 22.5.4.4 of IS1343:1980 is

given by
A 0.87 f y
bsv = sv
0.4
Where, bsvÆ Centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the width

Example
The support section pf a prestressed concrete beam, 100 mm wide & 250 mm deep is
required to support an ultimate shear force of 60 kN. The compressive prestress at the
centroidal axis is 40 N/mm2. The cover to the tension reinforcement is 50 mm. If the
characteristic tensile strength of steel in stirrups is 250 N/mm2, design suitable
reinforcements at the section using IS recommendation.

Solution:-
Given:
Breadth of web, bw =100 mm; Depth, D = 250 mm; d = 200 mm
Compressive prestress at the centroid of a section, f cp = 5 N/mm2
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete f ck = 40 N/mm2
Characteristic tensile strength of steel, f y = 250 N/mm2
Ultimate shear force, V = 60 kN

For the support section uncracked in flexure

Vcw = 0.67bw D ft 2 + 0.8 f cp f t

ft = 0.24 f ck = 0.24 40 =1.517 N/mm2

So Vcw = 0.67 × 100 × 250 1.517 2 + 0.8 × 5 × 1.517 = 48407 N = 48.407 kN

∴ Balance shear = (V-Vc )
= (60-48.4) kN = 11.6 kN
 152

Using 6 mm diameter two-legged stirrups, the spacing is obtained as

⎡ Asv 0.87 f y ⎤ ⎡ 2 × 28.2 × 0.87 × 250 × 200 ⎤
Sv = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎦ =211.5 mm
⎣ (V − Vc ) ⎦ ⎣ 11600

Maximum permissible spacing =0.75d = 0.75 × 200 =150 mm

∴ Adopting 6 mm diameter two-legged stirrups at 150 mm centre to center.

 153

Lecture Note – 30

Statically Indeterminate Prestressing Structure

Advantage of continuous member

1. The BMs are more evenly distributed between the centre of span & the supports
of members.
2. Reduction in the size of members results in lighter structure.
3. The ultimate load-carrying capacity is higher than in a statically determinate
structure due to the phenomenon of redistribution of moments.
4. Continuity of beams in framed structures leads to increased stability.
5. Continuous girder is formed by segmental construction using pre-cast units
connected by prestressing cables.
6. In continuous post-tensioned girders, the curved cables can be suitably positioned
to resist the span & support moments.
7. A reduction in the number of anchorage in a continuous pre-stressed beam in
comparison with a series of simply supported beams.
8. Only one pair of post-tensioning anchorages & a single stressing operation can
serve several members.
9. The deflections are comparatively small as compared to simply supported spans.

Disadvantage of continuous structure

1. Loss of prestress due to friction is appreciable in the long cables with reversed
curves & considerable curvature.
2. Secondary stresses due to prestressing, creep, shrinkage and temperature &
settlements of supports may induce very high stresses unless controlled.
3. Cables positioned to cater for secondary moments are not generally suitable to
provide the required ultimate moment under a given system of loads.
4. The computation of collapse or ultimate load is influenced by the degree of
redistribution of moments in the continuous structure.

Effect of prestressing indeterminate structure

When an indeterminate structure is prestressed, redundant reactions will develop due to
the redundancies exercising a restraint at the supports. While a statically determinant
structure is free to deform when prestressed, a continuous structure cannot deform freely.
However, the deflections should conform to the law of consistent deformation. The
redundant reactions, which develop as a consequence of prestressing an indeterminate
 154

structure, result in secondary moments. The formation of redundant reactions &

secondary moments are shown below:-

P e P

A B C

B C
A

B C
A
L L
Secendary
RL/2
moment

Figure:- Redundant reactions secondary moments in a continuous PSC beam

Under the action of the prestressing force, P, the beam will deflect if it is not restrained at
the central support B. A redundant reaction R develops at the central support if the beam
is restrained at B so that deflections are not possible at this support. As a consequence of
this redundant reaction acting downwards, secondary moments develop in the continuous
beam ABC.

Codal provision for moment redistribution

As per clause 21.1.1 of IS1343:1980

(a) Equilibrium between the internal forces & the external loads is maintained for
appropriate load combination.
(b) The ultimate moment resistance provided at any section of a member is not less
than 80% of the moment at that section obtained from an elastic maximum
moment diagram covering all appropriate combination of loads.
 155

(c) The elastic moment at any section in a member due to a particular combination of
loads shall not be reduced by more than 20% of the numerically largest moment
covering all appropriate combination of load.
(d) At section where the moment capacity after redistribution is less than that from
the elastic maximum moment diagram, the following relation should be satisfied:-

⎡⎛ xu ⎞ ⎛ δ M ⎞⎤
⎢⎜ d ⎟ + ⎜ 100 ⎟⎥ ≤ 0.5
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
Where,
x u ÆDepth of the neutral axis
dÆEffective depth
δ M ÆPercentage reduction in moment

(e) In multistory framed structures involving lateral stability, the reduction in moment
allowed is restricted to 20% for structures up to four storeys & 10% for structures over
four storeys.

The British code of practice BS:8110-1985 permits the redistribution of peak moments up
to a maximum of 30%. The code formally defines the moment distribution ratio β b as
⎛ Moment at a sec tion after redistribution ⎞
βb = ⎜ ⎟ ≤1
⎜ Momentat a sec tion before redistribution ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The neutral axis depth x should be checked to ensure the condition that
⎛ xu ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≤ (β b − 0.4 ) or 0.6 which ever is less.
⎝d ⎠

Guyon’s theorem
“In a continuous prestressing beam, if the tendon profile is displaced vertically at any
intermediate supports by any amount, but without altering its intrinsic shape between the
supports, the resultant line of thrust is unchanged.”

Guyon’s theorem can be proved by considering a continuous member prestressed by a

straight cable.
 156

e
P P

A B C

Primary moment Pe

Secondary moment MB

MB-Pe
Pe
Resultant moment

MB/P-e
P e
P
L

If PÆ Prestressing force
The resultant moment at the central support = Pe/2.
The shift of pressure line above centroidal axis = e/2
If the cable is linearly transformed by displacing it vertically at the central support so that
the eccentricity is zero at this section, the resultant moment has the same value Pe/2 &
the shift of pressure line is also be same.

However, it is important to note that as a result of linear transformation of the tendons,

additional reactions are induced while there is no change in the resultant moment
distribution.
 157

Example:-
A prestressed concrete continuous beam of two equal spans AB = BC = 10 m is
prestressed by a continuous cable having a parabolic profile between supports. The
eccentricity of the cable is zero at all three supports & 100 mm towards the soffit at the
centre of the span. The beam is of rectangular section, 100 mm wide & 300 mm deep.
The effective force in the cable is 100 kN. Determine the resultant thrust line in the beam.
Show there is no change in the thrust line if the cable is linearly transformed with a
vertical lift of 100 mm towards the top of beam at interior support B.

Solution:-

e=100mm
P P

A B C
L=10m L=10m

Equivalent load = 8Pe/L2

e=100mm 100mm

A B C

⎛ 8 Pe ⎞ ⎛ 8 × 100 × 0.1 ⎞
we = ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =0.8 kN/m
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 10 × 10 ⎠
Resultant moment at B = 0.125 we L2 = 0.125 × 0.8 × 10 2 =10 kNm
M ⎛ 10 × 1000 ⎞
Shift of thrust line at B = =⎜ ⎟ =100 mm from centroidal axis.
P ⎝ 100 ⎠
If the cable is linearly transformed with a vertical shift of 100 mm towards the top fibers
at support B, the equivalent load is unchanged since the eccentricity e measured from the
line joining the cable centers at A & B to the bottom of the cable at the mid-span still
remains unchanged at 100 mm. Hence, there is no change in the resultant moment &
position of trust line at B.
 158

Concordant cable profile

Tendon profiles which do not induce secondary moments are referred to as concordant
profile.

Prestressing a statically indeterminate structure generally results in secondary moments

due to the redundant reactions developed at the immediate supports. However, it is
possible to arrange the cable profile in such a way that the structure does not deform at
the supports or at other points of restrain. In such a case, redundant reactions &
secondary moments are not induced by prestressing the cables.

x1 x2

CG M =Pe CG

P e P

A L AB B L BC C
IAB IBC

Figure: Analysis of Indterminate beam

Depending upon the degree of inderminancy of the structure, concordant tendon profiles
satisfy a set of geometrical conditions, derived from Mohr’s moment area theorems. Thus
for a two-span continuous beam ABC with a degree of indetminancy one, the condition of
concordant profile is given by,
⎡ A1 x1 ⎤ ⎡ A2 x 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=0
⎣ ( EI )1⎦ ⎣ ( EI ) 2 ⎦

Where,
A1, Æ The free BMD representing the area between the cable profile & the
longitudinal axis of the beam in the adjacent span.
x1 Æ The distance of the centroid of the moment diagram from the exterior
support.
(EI)1ÆThe flexural rigidity of the span AB
A2, x2, (EI)2Æ the corresponding values for the span BC
 159

Example:-
A continuous concrete beam ABC (AB = BC) has a uniform cross-section throughout its
length. The beam is prestressed by a straight cable carrying an effective force P. The
cable has an eccentricity e towards the soffit at end supports A & C & e/2 towards the top
fibre at the central support B. Show that the cable is concordant.

2 L /3
C a b le p r o file
e /2

e L /3

A B C
L L

Solution:-
Refereeing to the figure, the geometrical condition of concordancy is expressed as
A1 x1 + A2 x2 = 0
Since EI is constant for spans AB & BC
AB
A1 x1 = P ∫ (exdx )
0

⎡ ⎛ 1 2L 1 2 L ⎞ ⎛ 1 L e 8L ⎞ ⎤
= P ⎢− ⎜ × ×e× × ⎟+⎜ × × × ⎟
⎣ ⎝2 3 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 3 2 9 ⎠ ⎥⎦
= P.0 = 0
Similarly A2 x2 = 0
Hence the given cable profile is concordant.