Square & Square Roots

Square : If a number is multiplied by itself then

the product is the square of the number. Thus  219961 = 469
the square of 5 is 5x5 = 25 2. Find the square root of 59.1361
2
 1 1 1 1 7.69
eg.    x 
2 2 2 4 7 59 . 13 61
2 49
2 2 2 4
   x  146 1013
3 3 3 9
876
Square root: The square root of a number is
one of two equal factors which is multiplied 1529 1 37 6 1
together gives that number. 1 37 6 1
eg. 121 = 11x11 = 11 0
10000 = 100 x 100 = 100  59.1361 = 7.69
Finding Square root by means of factorisation Properties of a perfect square
When a given number is a perfect square,  No perfect square ends with 2,3,7,8
we resolve it into prime factors and take the  No perfect square ends with an odd
product of prime factors, choosing one out of number of zeros.
each pair.
 The perfect square consisting of (n-1)
eg. Find the square root of 1156
Factors of 1156 is 2x2x17x17 or n digits will have n 2 digits in their
1 1 5 6 = 2 x 2 x 1 7 x 1 7 = 2 2x 1 7 2 root
1156 = 2 2 x 17 2 = 2x17 = 34  The square of a number other than unity
is either a multiple of 4 or exceeds a
General method to find the square root
multiple of 4 by 1.
In the given number mark off the digits
in pairs, from right and then find the square CUBE ROOT
root as shown in the example below. The cube root of a number is one of three
eg. 1. Find the square root of 219961 equal factors which if multiplied gives that
number. Cube root of a number can be found
469 out by using the following steps.
4 21, 99, 61 1 . Write down all the prime factors of the
16 given numbers.
86 599 2 . Write the prime factors in the index no-
tation, ie, in a n form.
516
3 . Divide the index by 3, then the result will
929 8361
be the cube root of the given number.
8361
0
eg. 1. Find the cube root of 512
x 4
512=(2x2x2) x (2x2x2) x (2x2x2) 3. If  , the value of x is
49 7
3 9 13 3
512 = (2 )  2  8 a) 7 b) 4 9 c) 1 6 d) 4
2. Find the cube root of 0.000027
196 18 65
13 4. If x =   the value
3  27 
0.000027   
13

 
33 7 324 169
3. 1000000  3 13 of x is
100  a) 12 b) 1 0 c) 8 d) 1 5
3
 0.03
= 484 324
100 5. x x 0.4  ?
Learn by heart the following square roots 11 9
SQUARES AND CUBES 5 8 9 10
No. Square Cube No Square a) b) c) d)
8 5 5 5
1 1 1 16 256
2 4 8 17 289 169
6. If  169
. , the value of x is
3 9 27 18 324 x
4 16 64 19 361
5 25 125 20 400 a) 100 b) 1 0 0 0
6 36 216 21 441 c) 10000 d) 1, 00, 000
7 49 343 22 484
8 64 512 23 529 144 324 104
7.  x ?
9 81 729 24 576 6 6 169
10 100 1000 25 625
a) 26 b) 1 4
11 121 1331 26 676
12 144 1728 27 729 c) 10 1. 82 d) 3 6
13 169 2197 28 784 8. 8 ? + 44 = 25% of 400
14 196 2744 29 841
a) 3 b) 3 6 c) 4 9 d) 1 6
15 225 3375 30 900
2= 1. 41421 6 =2. 44949 81
9. If x = , the value of x is
3= 1. 73205 7 = 2. 64575 0.09
5=2. 2360 10 = 3.1622 a) 3 b) 3 0 c) 3 0 0 d) 0 . 3
PRACTICE TEST 1 0 . The largest of four digit numbers which
is a perfect squre is
1 . If x = 3018 + 36+169, the value a) 9801 b) 9 9 0 4
of x is
c) 9804 d) 9 8 0 9
a) 44 b) 5 5 c) 6 9 d) 4 3
1 1 . A certain number of people collected Rs.
125. If each person contributed as many five
169
. x 0.9
2. If x = , the value of x is paise as they are in number, the number of
13
. x0.13 person were
a) 3 b) 1 3 c) 3 9 d) 0 . 3 9 a) 25 b) 5 0 c) 1 0 0 d) 1 2 5
1 2 . A gardener plants an orchard with 5776 a) 16x10 - 4 b) 16x10 - 3
trees. In each row there were as many trees
as the number of rows. Find the number of c) 16x10 - 5 d) 16x10 - 6
rows.  1 1 1 
a) 7 6 b) 9 6 c) 6 6 d) 1 8 6 1 9 . The value of  2  1  3  2  2  3  is
1 3 . Each student in a class contributed as (a) -1 b) 0
many rupees as the number of studnets in the
class for a picnic. The school contributed Rs. 1 1 
150 per teacher who led the trip. If the total c) 1 d) 3  
amount collected was Rs. 1350 and the num-  2  3
ber of teachers who led the trip was 3, how
many students were there in that class? 2 0 . The value of 400  1 6 8 1 is
a) 36 b) 3 5 c) 3 4 d) 3 0 a) 41 b) 2 1 c) 3 1 d) 5 1
1 4 . Some persons contributed Rs. 1089. Each 2 1 . if 5  2.2 4 and 6  2 .4 5 , the
person gave as many rupees as they are in
number. Find their number. 2 5
a) 3 3 b) 6 6 c) 4 5 d) 2 3 value of  is
3 6
x 13 a) 1 . 3 7 b) 1 . 5 7 c) 1 . 7 3 d) 1 . 7 5
1 5 . If 1   then x is equal to.
144 12 2 2 . If 1 5 6 2 5  1 2 5 then the value of
a) 0 b) 1 2 c) 1 3 d) 2 5
. 6 2 5 is
1 5 6 2 5  1 5 6 .2 5  15
 169 4 81 a) 1. 38 75 b) 13 . 8 75
1 6 .  225  9   121
?
  c) 13 8. 75 d) 15 6. 25

9 11 1 45 2 3 . If 4 0 9 6 = 64 to then the value of

a) b) c) 4 d)
55 45 11 11
40.96  0.4096  0.004096  0.00004096
7 5
17. is equal to is
7 5 a) 7 . 0 9 b) 7. 10 14
c) 7. 11 04 d) 7 . 1 2
a) 6  35 b) 6  35
2 4 . The expression
c) 2 d) 1
1 1
1 8 . If 2  2   equals
0.04 x 0.4 xa = 0.004 x 0.4 x b, 2  2 2 2
a a) 2 b) 2 2
then is
b c) d) 2  2
2 2

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE TEST

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5 . (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c)

9. (b) 1 0 . (a) 1 1 . (b) 1 2 . (a) 13. (d) 1 4 . (a) 1 5 . (d) 16.(b)

1 7 . (a) 1 8 . (c) 1 9 . (c) 2 0 . (b) 21.(c) 2 2 . (c) 2 3 . (c) 2 4 . (a)

 Laws of Exponents
A long product axaxa ....m factors can be ex-
pressed, in short by notation a m, where `a' is iv). abm  am . bm
called the base and `m' the power (or index
or exponent) Thus axaxa.... 10 factors = a 10. v). a 1
Definition am: If a is a natural number, then am
m 1
stands for the product of `m' factors each vi). a 
equal to `a'. am
Property 1: a m x a n = a m+n SOLVED EXAMPLES :
(eg. a 3xa 4 = a 3+4 = a 7 ) 1. 81 3 x 161 4 x 2 2  ?
m-n
Property 2 : a n=a
3 13 4 14
(eg.
a3
= a 5-3 = a 2 ) 2  x 2  x 2 2
am
Property 3 : (am )n  amn 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 2  2 112  2   1
a5
3 2
(eg. (a2 )3  a6 2. 2  x 2 
2 3
26  ?
Meaning of a° : Any non-zero number raised
to zero power is equal to 1. 26 x 26
 26  64
ie. a° = 1 where a  0 eg. 5° = 1. 26

2 2 4

m 1 3. 3  x 3  2
 2 7 
4

Negative Index : If a  0 then a  m

a 8
34 x 38 34 x 3 31 2
  1
1 3 4 312 31 2
(eg. a3 
a3
) 3 
4. Evaluate
1n n
Fractional Index : a  a 1 2
3  9 
3   3 2  (2 7 )2 3
 26   
 25 
3
eg. a1 2  a , a2 3  a2
1
If `a' and `b' are non-zero integers, `m' and 1 2 3 13  3  2  2

`n' are rational numbers, then

= 1
32
 3   3
 2   6
   
 5  

i). am xan  am n 1 5
= 1  32  2 2 
9 3
am 1 5 7 7
ii).  am n = 1  9  4   14  1  15
an 9 3 9 9
m n 5. If 5 a  3 1 2 5 , find the value of 5 a 3
iii). a   amn
5a  3125  5a  55
 a  5 9. A boy was asked to write the value of

5 a3  5 5 3  5 2  2 5
2 x 9 2 . He wrote it as 2592. The difference
5

between the obtained and the actual value is

6. If m and n are whole numbers such that
a) 2 1 x 9 2 b) 2 2 x 9 3
mn 121 , find the value of (m  1)n1 c) 2 3 x 9 4 d) Zero
mn  121  112  m  11, n  2 1
10. 5 4x (125 )0.25 is equal to
n 1 2 1 3
 (m  1)  (1 1  1)  1 0  1 0 0 0 0
a) 5 b) 2 5 c) 5 d) 5 5
PRACTICE TEST
1 1 . If a3 b  ab3 c  180 and a, b, and c are
1. 25 25 is divided by 24, the remainder is
a) 23 b) 2 2 c) 1 d) 2 positive integers, the value of c is
1 4 a) 1 0 b) 1 5 c) 2 5
2. (6 4 ) 2  (3 2 ) 5 equals d) data inadequate
1 1 3 1 2 . (4 )0 .5 x (0 .5 ) 4 is equal to
a) b) c) d) 2
16 8 16 1 1
a) 1 b) 4 c) d)
3. If n 8 32
2  64 , the value of n is
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 1 2 1 3 . If 2 x 1  2 x 1  1280 ,then the value of x is
4. If 1.125x10 k=0.001125,the value of k is
a) -4 b) -3 c) -2 d) -1 a) 7 b) 8 c) 9 d) 1 0
5 . The unit's digit in the product of 2
153 72 721  1  3
2 4 6 7  x 3 4 1 x 2 2 5  is 1 4 . The simplification of   gives
1 25 
a) 1 b) 3 c) 5 d) 7
2 x 1 1 1 1
6. If 2  , the value of x is a) b)
8 x 3 25 25
a) 0 b) -1 c) -2 d) 2
c) 25 d) -25
1 2 n 2 n 7
3 x9
7. The value of is 1 5 . The units digit in 2 4 6 9 1 5 3 will be
35n
a) 1 b) 3 c) 7 d) 9
1 9 1 2
a) b) c) d)
3 13 9 3 16. 2 4 3 0 .1 2 x 2 4 3 0 .0 8 equals
x 1 x 3
 a  b a) 3 b) 9 c) 1 2 d) 27
8. If     , x is equal to
b  a
1 7 . The value of 4 7  1 6 4 x 1 6 is euqal to:
1 7
a) 1 b) c) d) 2 1 1
2 2 a) b) c) 4 d) 1
16 4
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE TEST

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5 . (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d)

9. (d) 1 0 . (c) 1 1 . (d) 1 2 . (c) 13. (c) 1 4 . (c) 1 5 . (d) 1 6 . (a)
1 7 . (d)