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orthographic drawing, two sepárate drawings must
be completed. An isometric drawing is considerad
a three-dimensional type of drawing. It has both the
horizontal and the vertical runs of the piping system
know what is reqmred m a piping u included on one drawing. All vertical runs are illus
thepiping system might be installed. Ibis is the vne ¬
ofInformation that is conveycd through a sketch ,r trated in the drawing as vertical lines and symbols,
**» Tw„ Wes of single-line whereas a line that has a 30° slope represents all h
in piping sketches: ortbograpbic and isometric ' or¬
The orthographic drawing is made by using izontal runs. A comparison of an isometric sketch
two sepárate views. One view is from tbe ton of and an orthographic sketch is shown in Figure 4-6.
the piping system (looking down) showing all of The only major problem that results from
the horizontal runs that are made. Ibis is referred using the orthographic sketch is in determining
to as a plan view. The other orthographic view is whether a fixture, fitting, or pipe, is turning toward
from the side to show all of the vertical runs Ibis
the interpreter or away from the interpreten This is
is referred to as an elevated view. In order to get
accomplished through the use of common symbols,
a complete picture of the piping system using an as shown in Figure 4-7.
M
Notice on a plan view that when a pipe makes a
90° vertical turn upward, it is depicted in the draw¬
ing as a full circle. An incomplete circle obscured by CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 71
the centerline of the pipe is depicted when a pipe H
makes a 90° vertical turn downward. On an elevated
view, when a pipe makes a 90° horizontal turn
toward the interpreter, it is depicted in the drawing
as a full circle. An incomplete circle obscured by the
centerline of the pipe is depicted when a pipe makes
a 90° horizontal turn away from the interpreter.
It is important to know that the line in a sketch
represents the centerline ofthe piping system. Fittings
41 6-9/16“ Eto E
-i
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L
T
Ap
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HYDRAULIC/PNEUMATIC pressure control. A valve is identified by its interna]
components, (lie number of ports, and the methoj
SYMBOLS AND DRAWINGS that is used to actúate the valve. Another pararneter
for valve description may be normally closed or nor
Fluid Power Symbol
mally open. Ibis Information is transmitted to the
Valves, cylinders, and motors, ate used in Unid
leader with the use of symbols. Figure 4-9 shows the
power svstems. Sonic oí the most common types
manydifferent types ofAmerican National Standards
of valving are directional conttol, llow contiol, and
Cylinders Instruments
Hydraulic pumps
Fixed displacement
Single-acting Silencer
O (p -®- Flow
Pressure Flow meter
gauge indicator
Single-acting, Lubricators/air dryers/separator
spring return
Lubricator Separator
Double-acting
Accumulators Reservoirs
Hydraulic motors
Fixed displacement Oscillators
©2014Cengag
Flow control Learninu
variable
displacement displacement
Normally closed
Pressure relief
Two-position, 4-way
Pressure-reducing
Unidirectional valve
Bidirectional
Three-position, 4-way
Pneumatic pumps
Two-position, 5-way
Variable
displacement, One-way
displacement
Pressure-compensated flow
Three-position, 5-way restrictor
T P2
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Two-position, 2-Way
Two-position, 3-way
CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 73
Solenoid operated;
spring return.
Pushbutton operated;
spring return.
Mechanically operated;
spring return.
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74 SECTION 1 General Knowledge
Double-acting
hydraulic cylinder
Spring-centered
4 port/3
valveposition To reservoir
i
Supply line
Pressure
Hydraulic relief
pump valve
I %
II
I•
Pressure-
L
l reducing
To reservoir
Vented reservoir
To reservoir
©2014Cen
Leatning
1
4-4
ELECTRICA!. SYMBOLS
AND DRAWINGS
Manv svmbols are used in electrical drawings
to convev meaning while conserving space. It is
important to become familiar with these symbols in
order to read and interpret electrical drawings.
Figure 4-13 shows some of the tvpical symbols
used to represent power sources and grounds. Ground
Chassis ground
Figure 4-14 shows the symbols used to represent
overcurrent protective devices such as fuses and Cir¬
cuit breakers. Notice that there are two symbols for
.\ f
fuses. There is often more than one recognized Sym¬
bol for a device. Technicians musí become familiar
o
with all tlie symbols, especially when dealing with
equipment or machinen7 that was manufactured in
Lowest Circuit potential Highest Circuit potential £
other countries. The symbols used in other coun-
tries are often different from the symbols used in FIGURE 4-13 Symbols for power sources and grounds.
CAUTION the United States.
Figure 4-15 shows various types of switch
arrangements. Figure 4-16 shows manually oper-
ated switches, and Figure 4-17 shows switches that
Overcurrent protection
are operated automatically. These are not all of the
possible switches and switch arrangements; often,
the symbols are combined so that a more complex
switch can be represented. For example, a four-pole
double-throw7 normally open (NO) switch symbol
would combine two double-pole, double-throw Fuse
(DPDT) normally open switch symbols. Circuit breaker
Figure 4-18 shows the symbols used to repre¬
sent various types of contacts, relays, motor start-
ers, motors, and generators. Notice that the same
symbol is used to represent motors and generators. ©2014Cenga
The main difference is the qualifier. A fíat horizontal Learning
line is used to denote de, and a sine wave is used to Heater
denote ac. The letter M is used to represent a motor, Overload contad
a G is used to represent a generator, and the letters
MG are used to represent a motor-generator set. FIGURE 4-14 Symbols for overcurrent protective
devices.
Switches
o
o o o
o
SPST - NO SPST-NC
SPDT- Center off SPDT - 1 NC-1 NO
E
O
<u
rr>
03
a>
o•T
dpdt-no
dpdt-nc 8
DPDT - Center off ©
DPDT-1 NC-1 NO
FIGURE 4-
5 Symbols of various switching arrangements.
1
2014Cengagalea
rning
manual switches.
Proximity
Proximity Flow switch - NO
switch - NO
switch - NC
Pressure
Liquid level
switch - NO Liquid level switch - NO
switch - NC
V
y
Temperature
Temperature switch - NC
Limit switch - NC
held open Flow switch - Pressure
NC switch - NC
Resistors and capacitors are shown in form a drawing. An electrical drawing can prov
Figure 4-19. Notice the alternative symbols for the following information:
these devices. Symbols for inductors and trans- □ Circuit operation
formers are shown in Figure 4-20. Again, notice
□ Component location
the alternative symbols. Figures 4-21A and 4-21B
(see in page 80)show the different types of sym¬ □ Electrical connections
bols used to represent various solid-state devices. ■ Component function or purpose
Finally, integrated circuits and digital logic gates ■ Manufacturer’s information
are shown in Figure 4-22 on p. 81.
Remember, these figures show the essential ■ Wiregauge
symbols used in the electrical held. Many more sym¬
■ Wirelength
bols are in use. You need to become familiar with
the symbols used on the machinery and equipment ■ Component specifications
in your facility. If you have any questions about a
■ Circuit specifications
particular symbol, ask your facility's supervisor or
the equipment manufacturer's representative. □ Motor specifications
Electrical symbols, by themselves, convey little □ Power specifications
information. Appropriate symbols are combined to
W 1 M | «
■ y &
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78 SECTION 1 General Knowledge
TD
CR
Time delay
Contad - NO Contad - NC Relay coil relay Coil
—T~
Time delay
Time delay Time delay Time delay NCTC
NOTC NCTO NOTO
Series field
DC
AC generator
Motor-generator set (alternator)
AC motor-generator s
et
FIGURE 4-18 Symbols for contacts, relays, motor starters, motors, and generators.
Resistor - fixed
0 'K U
Resistor - fixed Resistor - variable
Resistor - variable
Potentiometer Potentiometer
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Leammg
Capacitor - fixed
i
Capacitor - fixed
Capacitor - variable Capacitor - variable
FIGURE 4-19 Symbols for resistors and capacitors.
CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 79
Transformer Current
Transformer - variable
altérnate Symbol trransformer Current transformer
altérnate Symbol altérnate Symbol
Potential
transformer
Potential transformer
altérnate Symbol
FIGURE 4-20 Symbols for inductors and transformers.
s'af'ety' Electrical drawings are typically drawn with isolated for maintenance or repair. Using a single-
AWW components de-energized. Hiere are four basic line drawing, the technician can determine where
types of drawings used to convey information in the to electrically isolate one particular section for
electrical field: the single-line drawing, the pictorial maintenance without interrupting other portions
diagram, the schematic diagram, and the ladder ofthe facility.
diagram.
The single-line drawing in Figure 4-23 shows
the power distribution grid of a manufacturing
facility. Notice that all of the wires are shown as a
Single-Line Drawings
lile single-line drawing, shown in Figure 4-23, single line, henee the ñame single-line drawing.
is generally used to provide an overview but not Notice also that there is not a lot of detail. The com¬
A a lot of detail. Single-line drawings do not show ponents have been arranged so that the highest
/ !\ the actual electrical connections or the actual voltage rating is located at either the top or on the
CautÍon Physical location of the devices, but they do left side of the drawing. Lower voltage ratings are
show that some type of connection exists among located below or to the riglit. Consequently, the
components. devices with the highest voltage rating are at the top
Probably the most common use for single-line or left, and the ones with the lowest voltage rating
are at the bottom or riglit.
drawings is to show the power distribution within
a facility. This information is helpful when, for The simple nature of a single-line drawing
example, a particular section of the plant must be allows you to easily trace the flow of power through
O-r
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80 SECTION 1 General Knowledge
Solid-state dovices
1 of 2
—M— “I
Diode
Zener diode Tunnel diode
<
A “S
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Learmng
Unijunction
(UJT)transistor
- N type
Solid-state devices
J J
- 11 »
11
0
'1—1
-MOSFET MOSFET MOSFET MOSFET
- P Channel - - N Channel - - P Channel - - N Channel -
D
Enhancement only - Enhancement only - Depletion-enhancement - Depletion-enhancement - *1
I
(E-MOSFET)
A (E-MOSFET) (DE-MOSFET) (DE-MOSFET)
C Silicon-controlled rectifier TRIAC
(SCR)
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Silicon-controlled switch Learning
(SCS)
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©2014Cenga
Leaimng
CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 81
J **' Q S Q r
> > 3
K Q R o* Q s
OR gate ÑOR gafe o
(XOR) J-K Type R-S Type §
flip-flop flip-flop 9
Exclusive ÑOR gate
(XNOR)
FIGURE 4-22 Symbols for integrate
d
circuits and digital logic gates.
Aj^ 9200 V
aT 2300 V
á disconnect
Fused
Pictorial Diagrams
The pictorial diagram is also called a wiring dia-
gram. A pictorial diagram shows the relative
the drawing. However, you can also use a single- physical location of the components, wires, and
line drawing in reverse. For example, to determine
the source of power for a specifíc component, begin
at that component and trace upward (or to the left)
until you arrive at the source of power. In this way,
the single-line drawing helps identify the power
source and any disconnects that can be used to
isolate the component from the remainder of the
Circuit.
termination points. A pictorial diagram does not
tell you how the Circuit operates.
Pictorial diagrams are valuable because they
help lócate a specific component or termination
point. Figure 4-24A is a pictorial diagram show-
ing the front view of the cover of a control box, and
Figure 4-24B shows the same control box with the
cover opened. You can now see the back side of
the control box cover as well as the inside of the
control box.
Tlie circuit represented by Figure 4-24B is a
forward-revcrse control with pushbutton and elec-
trical interlocks. Hiere are also indicator lights to
indicate whether power is applied to the circuit,
//Al
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82 SECTION 1 General Knowledge
(A)
FIGURE 4-24A Pictorial diagram: (A) front view of the cover of a contro
i—r CR1
Forward Power
3 Forward 10 (green) (white)on
i * 11 * 11
1
*L1mL2 L3
o
3 Reverse A 1
MS-F T
t t
o
±
* 1 h 11 a L
11
sTT l7
*
o c
r 120 v
(B)
FIGURE 4-24B (B) Same control box with the cover opened.
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CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 83
©2014Cen
earnmg
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84 SECTION I General Knowledge
480 V
rails. Notice that the drawing resembles a ladder, from the machine so that you can troubleshoot
henee the ñame. Numbers along the left power rail it. You need to understand how a portion of the
identify rung numbers. Numbers along the right machine operates, and you must identify a possible
power rail, next to coils, identify the rung number defective component and then lócate it. You could
of the contacts that are controlled by that particular proceed as follows:
coil. (A line under the number denotes a normally
1. Use a single-line drawing to determine the
closed contact. The absence of the line indicates a
source of power to the machine.
normally open contact.)
Components on a ladder diagram are generally a. Use the single-line drawing to dentify the
arranged in a logical order. Typically, the first compo- disconnect that can be used to remove power
nent to opérate (manually or automatically) is located from the machine.
at the top of the diagram. This component may then 2. Use a schematic or ladder diagram to under¬
control other components on the same rung or on
stand the control logic for the machine.
rungs below. Sometimes, components control other
a. Use the schematic or ladder diagram to iden¬
components on rungs above. This depiction may
seem confusing, but, with practice, ladder diagrams tify voltages and connections to check.
can become quite easy and logical to use. 3. Use a pictorial diagram to lócate the conipo-
nent and wiring.
Using the Drawings and Diagrams a. Use the pictorial diagram to determine
Now imagine you are a maintenance technician. where to place meter leads for voltage and
You must troubleshoot a defective machine on the current measurements.
plant floor. You know where the machine is located, b. Use the pictorial diagram to determine con-
but you must determine how to remove the power nection points that should be checked.
CIIAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 85
1=0=1
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earning
Butt welds
c
Square
5 Vee
figure 4-27 ANSI welding symbols.
Bevel
□
Fiare V
Fiare bevel
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86 SECTION 1 General Knowledge
Weld information
around through
Contour of weld
Convex
FIGURE 4-28 ANSI symbols indicating the location of a weld, method of welding, and
contour of the weld.
F
Fillet is to be welded on the side that the arrow is touching. F = Finish
A — = Flush weld
R A = Groove angle
R = Root opening
Fillet is to be welded on the opposite side that the G This weld should be ground to a flush
arrow is touching. finish. The joint is a V-butt joint with no
©2014Cengage
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88 SECTION 1 General Knowledge
SUMMARY