TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope of the Manual.............................................................................................................................. 1.1
1.2 Basic Concepts ....................................................................................................................................... 1.1
1.3 Analogy.................................................................................................................................................... 1.3
1.4 Subsystems and Classification of Structural Health Monitoring.................................................... 1.3
1.5 Advantages of Structural Health Monitoring .................................................................................... 1.4

2 COMPOSITION OF STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

2.1 Acquisition of Data ............................................................................................................................... 2.1
2.2 Communication of Data....................................................................................................................... 2.3
2.3 Intelligent Processing of Data.............................................................................................................. 2.3
2.4 Storage of Processed Data.................................................................................................................... 2.4
2.5 Diagnostics.............................................................................................................................................. 2.4
2.6 Retrieval of Data .................................................................................................................................... 2.4

3 STATIC FIELD TESTING

3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 3.1
3.2 Types of Static Tests ............................................................................................................................. 3.1
3.2.1 Behaviour Tests....................................................................................................................... 3.2
3.2.2 Diagnostic Tests...................................................................................................................... 3.2
3.2.3 Proof Tests............................................................................................................................... 3.3
3.3 Equipment for Testing.......................................................................................................................... 3.3
3.4 Case Histories......................................................................................................................................... 3.4
3.4.1 Girder Bridges ......................................................................................................................... 3.4
3.4.1.1 Bridge with Timber Decking ................................................................................. 3.5
3.4.1.2 A Non-Composite Slab-On-Girder Bridge ......................................................... 3.8
3.4.1.3 A New Medium Span Composite Bridge ..........................................................3.10
3.4.2 Steel Truss Bridges ...............................................................................................................3.11
3.4.2.1 Interaction of the Floor System with the Bottom Chord ...............................3.12
3.4.2.2 Component Interaction ........................................................................................3.13
3.4.3 Misleading Appearance ........................................................................................................3.14
3.4.3.1 Cantilever Sidewalk................................................................................................3.14
3.4.3.2 A Bridge Without Construction Drawings........................................................3.14
3.4.4 Summary.................................................................................................................................3.15
3.5 Proof Loads ..........................................................................................................................................3.16
3.5.1 Proof Loads Versus Legal Loads .......................................................................................3.16
3.5.2 Proof Loads for Deficient Bridges.....................................................................................3.18

4 DYNAMIC FIELD TESTING

4.1 Stress History Tests ............................................................................................................................... 4.1
4.2 DLA Tests............................................................................................................................................... 4.1
4.2.1 Definition of Dynamic Increment ....................................................................................... 4.1
4.2.2 Factors Responsible for Misleading Conclusions.............................................................. 4.4
4.2.2.1 Vehicle Type ............................................................................................................. 4.4
4.2.2.2 Vehicle Weight ......................................................................................................... 4.5
4.2.2.3 Vehicle Position with Respect to Reference Point............................................. 4.5
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4.2.3 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 4.5

4.3 Ambient Vibration Tests ...................................................................................................................... 4.6
4.3.1 Low Sensitivity Damage ........................................................................................................ 4.7
4.3.2 Complexity of the Damage Identification Algorithms ..................................................... 4.8
4.3.3 Effect of Factors Other Than Damage............................................................................... 4.8
4.4 Pull Back Tests ....................................................................................................................................... 4.8

5 PERIODIC MONITORING
5.1 Monitoring Through Ambient Vibrations......................................................................................... 5.1
5.2 Monitoring Through Testing Under Moving Traffic ..................................................................... 5.1
5.3 Monitoring Through Static Field Testing .......................................................................................... 5.3
5.4 Monitoring Crack Growth ................................................................................................................... 5.4
5.5 Periodic Monitoring of Repairs ........................................................................................................... 5.5

6 GLOSSARY OF CASE HISTORIES

6.1 Beddington Trail Bridge ....................................................................................................................... 6.1
6.1.1 Bridge Description.................................................................................................................. 6.1
6.1.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring........................................................................................... 6.2
6.1.3 Diagnostic Results .................................................................................................................. 6.2
6.2 Salmon River Bridge.............................................................................................................................. 6.2
6.2.1 Bridge Description.................................................................................................................. 6.2
6.2.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring........................................................................................... 6.3
6.2.3 Diagnostic Results .................................................................................................................. 6.4
6.3 Chatham Bridge ..................................................................................................................................... 6.4
6.3.1 Bridge Description.................................................................................................................. 6.5
6.3.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring........................................................................................... 6.6
6.4 Confederation Bridge............................................................................................................................ 6.7
6.4.1 Bridge Description.................................................................................................................. 6.7
6.4.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring........................................................................................... 6.8
6.4.3 Diagnostic Results .................................................................................................................. 6.9
6.5 Crowchild Trail Bridge.......................................................................................................................... 6.9
6.5.1 Bridge Description.................................................................................................................. 6.9
6.5.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring.........................................................................................6.10
6.5.3 Field Testing ..........................................................................................................................6.11
6.5.4 Diagnostic Results ................................................................................................................6.11
6.6 Taylor Bridge ........................................................................................................................................6.11
6.6.1 Bridge Description................................................................................................................6.12
6.6.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring.........................................................................................6.13
6.6.3 Diagnostic Results ................................................................................................................6.14
6.7 Joffre Bridge .........................................................................................................................................6.17
6.7.1 Bridge Description................................................................................................................6.17
6.7.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring.........................................................................................6.18
6.7.3 Diagnostic Results ................................................................................................................6.18
6.8 Waterloo Creek Bridge........................................................................................................................6.19
6.8.1 Bridge Description................................................................................................................6.19
6.8.2 Bridge Instrumentation for Monitoring............................................................................6.20
6.8.3 Diagnostic Results ................................................................................................................6.21
6.9 Sainte Emelie-de-l’Energie Bridge ....................................................................................................6.22
6.9.1 Bridge Description................................................................................................................6.22
6.9.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring.........................................................................................6.23
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6.9.3 Field Testing ..........................................................................................................................6.23

6.10 Hall’s Harbour Wharf .........................................................................................................................6.24
6.10.1 Structure Description...........................................................................................................6.24
6.10.2 Instrumentation for Monitoring.........................................................................................6.26

7 NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

7.1 Notation and Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 7.1

8 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

8.1 References and Bibliography................................................................................................................ 8.1

APPENDIX A - SENSORS
A.1 Strain Measurement.............................................................................................................................. A.1
A.1.1 Foil Strain Gauge ................................................................................................................... A.1
A.1.1.1 Strain Gauge Selection ........................................................................................... A.2
A.1.1.2 Attachment Techniques......................................................................................... A.6
A.1.1.3 Environmental and Mechanical Protection........................................................ A.9
A.1.1.4 Lead Wire Effects .................................................................................................A.11
A.1.1.5 Sensitivity to Transverse Strain...........................................................................A.11
A.1.1.6 Temperature Effect ..............................................................................................A.11
A.1.1.7 Noise Control........................................................................................................A.14
A.1.2 Fibre Optic Strain Gauges..................................................................................................A.16
A.1.2.1 Installation and Protection Techniques.............................................................A.16
A.1.2.2 Temperature Effect ..............................................................................................A.17
A.1.3 Vibrating Wire Strain Gauges ............................................................................................A.18
A.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformers .....................................................................................A.18
A.3 Accelerometers....................................................................................................................................A.19
A.3.1 Spring-mass Accelerometers ..............................................................................................A.20
A.4 Temperature Sensors..........................................................................................................................A.20
A.4.1 Resistive Temperature Sensors..........................................................................................A.20
A.4.2 Vibrating Wire Temperature Sensors ...............................................................................A.20

APPENDIX B – DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

B.1 Sensor Readout Units and Signal Conditioners ............................................................................... B.2
B.2 Data Acquisition Boards...................................................................................................................... B.3
B.3 Data Acquisition Program................................................................................................................... B.5

APPENDIX C – ALGORITHMS FOR VIBRATION-BASED DAMAGE DETECTION

C.1 Methods Based on Changes in Resonant Frequencies ................................................................... C.1
C.2 Damage Detection Based on Modal Residual Vector .................................................................... C.6
C.3 Methods Based on Mode Shape Curvature ...................................................................................... C.9
C.4 Matrix Update Methods..................................................................................................................... C.11

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