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CDMA / UMTS RF planing & optimization ‫اﻷرﺷﯿﻒ‬

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CDMA / UMTS RF PLANING & OPTIMIZATION
INTERVIEW
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CDMA /UMT S
Dr iv e t est en g in eer in g
GSM
sit es com pon en t s

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 QUESTIONS
1. What is “Mont e Carlo simulat ion”?
m onte carlo sim ulation is a algorithm used in planning tools to simulate users behaviors and
their impact on 3G networks capacity
Since UMTS cov erage is dependent on the loading, static cov erage and quality analy sis
(RSCP and Ec/Io) represents the network perform ance in no-load condition. Monte Carlo
sim ulation is therefore used to illustrate network perform ance under sim ulated loading
2. What is t he key difference bet ween a st at ic analy sis and a Mont e Carlo simulat ion?
Static analy sis can only show RSCP and Ec/Io in no-load condition. Monte Carlo sim ulation
not only can show RSCP and Ec/Io in sim ulated loading condition but also can show m any
m ore others: m ean serv ed, cell loading, uplink and downlink capacity lim its reached, etc.

3. What should be run first (what informat ion should be ready and loaded) before
running
a Mont e Carlo simulat ion?
Before running Monte Carlo sim ulation, the following should be com pleted or in place.
· Run prediction.
· Spread the traffic.

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 · Define term inal ty pes.

4. What are t he design KPI’s?

(RSCP, Ec/Io, m ean serv ed, soft handov er ratio…)

5. What plot s do y ou usually check aft er running Mont e Carlo for t rouble spot s?
(RSCP, Ec/Io, serv ice probability , reasons for failure…)

6. What are t he t y pical reasons of failure in Mont e Carlo simulat ion?

· Downlink Eb/No failure (Capacity ).
· Downlink Eb/No failure (Range).
· Uplink Eb/No failure.
· Low pilot SIR.
· Noise rise lim it reached.
· Etc.

7 . What does “t raffic spread” mean?

“Traffic spread” m eans spreading traffic (num ber of term inals) in a cell cov erage area.

OPTIMIZATION QUESTIONS:
8. What are t he opt imizat ion t ools y ou use?
Driv e test, analy sis, others

9. Are Sy st em Informat ion Blocks (SIB) t ransmit t ed all t he t ime?

No, sy stem inform ation block is m ultiplexed with sy nchronization channel.
Sy nchronization channel occupies the first tim e slot (TS) and SIB occupies the other 9 tim e slots.

10. How does UE camp (sy nchronize) t o a NodeB?

1 . UE uses the prim ary sy nchronization channel (P-SCH) for slot alignm ent (TS
sy nchronization).
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 2 . After aligning to NodeB tim e slot, UE then uses secondary sy nchronization channel (SSCH)
to obtain fram e sy nchronization and scram bling code group identification.
3 . UE then uses scram bling code ID to obtain CPICH, thus cam ping to a NodeB.

11. What could be t he cause of soft handover failure?

· UE issue.
· Resource unav ailable at target NodeB.
· Inadequate SHO threshold defined.
· Etc.

12. What are t he t hree set s in handover?

The 3 sets in handov er are:
· Activ e set – the list of cells which are in soft handov er with UE.
· Monitored set – the list of cells not in activ e set but RNC has told UE to m onitor.
· Detected set – list of cells detected by the UE but not configured in the neighbor list.

13. What are t he major differences bet ween GSM and UMTS handover decision?
GSM:

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 · Tim e-based m obile m easures of RxLev and RxQual – m obile sends m easurem ent report
ev ery SACH period (4 80m s).
· BSC instructs m obile to handov er based on these reports.
UMTS:
· Ev ent-triggered reporting – UE sends a m easurem ent report only on certain ev ent
“triggers”.
· UE play s m ore part in the handov er decision.

14. What are t he event s 1a, 1b, 1c, et c.?

· e1 a – a Prim ary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell to activ e set.
· e1 b – a prim ary CPICH leav es the reporting range, i.e. rem ov ed a cell from activ e set.
· e1 c – a non-activ e prim ary CPICH becom es better than an activ e prim ary CPICH, i.e.
replace a cell.
· e1 d: change of best cell.
· e1 e: a Prim ary CPICH becom es better than an absolute threshold.
· e1 f: a Prim ary CPICH becom es worse than an absolute threshold.

15. What are event 2a-2d and 3a-3d?

Ev ents 2 a-2 d are for inter-frequency handov er m easurem ents and ev ents 3 a-3 d are for IRAT
handov er m easurem ents.
· e3 a: the UMTS cell quality has m ov ed below a threshold and a GSM cell quality had
m ov ed abov e a threshold.
· e3 b: the GSM cell quality has m ov ed below a threshold.
· e3 c: the GSM cell quality has m ov ed abov e a threshold.
· e3 d: there was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.

16. What may happen when t here’s a missing neighbor or an incorrect neighbor?
· Access failure and handov er failure: m ay attem pt to access to a wrong scram bling code.
· Dropped call: UE not aware of a strong scram bling code, strong interference.
· Poor data throughput.
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 · Poor v oice quality .
· Etc.

17 . What can we t ry t o improve when access failure is high?

When access failure is high we can try the following to im prov e RACH perform ance:
· Increase m axim um UE transm it power allowed: Max_allowed_UL_TX_Power.
· Increase power quickly : power_Offset_P0.
· Increase num ber of pream bles sent in a giv en pream ble cy cle: pream ble_Retrans_Max.
· Increase the num ber of pream ble cy cles: m ax_Pream ble_Cy cle.
· Increase num ber of RRC Connection Request retries: N3 00.

18. What are t he condit ions y ou t y pically set t o t rigger IRAT handover?
RSCP and Ec/Io are used to trigger IRAT handov er:
· RSCP ≤ -1 00dBm .
· Ec/Io ≤ -1 6 dBm .

19. What are t he t y pical KPIs y ou use t o measure a net work and what crit eria?
· Access failure rate (≤ 2 %).
· Call setup tim e (CS: ov er 9 5% of the tim e < 6 -second for m obile-to-PSTN, 9 -second for
m obile-m obile. PS: ov er 9 5% of the tim e < 5-second).
· Dropped call rate (≤ 2 %).
· BLER: ov er 9 5% of the blocks ≤ 2 %.
· Av erage DL/UL throughput for PSD: 2 1 0kbps for loaded, 2 4 0kbps for unloaded.

20. What is t he t y pical UE t ransmit power?

Varies - m ost of the tim e below 0dBm .

21. What is t he t y pical event sequence of IRAT Handover from 3G t o 2G

· Ev ent 2 d – entering into com pressed m ode – m easurem ent of 2 G candidates – Ev ent 3 a
– Verification of 2 G resources – Handov er from UTRAN Com m and from 3 G RNC to
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 UE

22. What are t he possible causes for an IRAT Failure?

· Missing 2 G relations

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 · Non av ailability of 2 G Resources
· Poor 2 G Cov erage
· Missing 3 G Relations

23. What is Paging Success Rat io? What is t he t y pical PSR t hat y ou have seen in a UMTS
net work?
· PSR – Paging Responses to the Paging Attem pts
· About 9 0%

24. What are t he possible causes for a lower PSR?

· Non-continuous RF Cov erage – UE going in and out of cov erage area frequently
· Very High ‘Periodic Location Update Tim er’ – Keeping UEs in VLR long tim e after it
m ov ed out of cov erage
· Lower Paging Channel Power
· Access Channel Param eter Issues
· Delay ed Location Update when crossing the LA / CN Boundaries

25. What are t he possible causes for a Drop Call on a UMTS net work?
· Poor Cov erage (DL / UL)
· Pilot Pollution / Pilot Spillov er
· Missing Neighbor
· SC Collisions
· Delay ed Handov ers
· No resource av ailability (Congestion) for Hand in
· Loss of Sy nchronization
· Fast Fading
· Delay ed IRAT Triggers
· Hardware Issues
· External Interference

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 26. A UE is served by 2 or 3 SC in AS. It is ident ify ing a SC from 3rd t ier, St ronger and
meet s t he crit eria for Event 1a or Event 1c. But SHO did not happen because of missing
neighbor relat ions? How do y ou opt imize t his issue?
· Study the Pilot spillov er from the 3 rd Tier SC and control its cov erage
· Ev en after controlling the cov erage, if the spillov er is there, Add the neighbor.

27 . A UE is served by 2 SC in AS, a SC is coming in t o Monit ored Set and Event 1a is

t riggered. But UE is not receiving Act ive Set Updat e from NodeB and t he call drops.
What could be possible causes for t his drop?
· Delay ed Handov er
· Loss of Sy nchronization
· Fast Fading
· Pilot Pollution / Spillov er issues

28. What is Hard Handover in UMTS? When will it happen?

· Hard Handov er in UMTS is a break before m ake ty pe Handov er
· It can happen in the inter RNC boundaries where there is no Iur link.

29. What is t he t y pical Call Set up Time for a 3G UE t o 3G UE Call? What are t he possible
RF relat ed causes for a delay ed CST in t his t y pe of call?
· 6 to 9 seconds
· Multiple RRC Attem pts (UE is on poor cov erage – need m ore than Access Attem pt)
· Delay ed Page Responses
· High Load on Paging and/or Access Channel
· Paging / Access Param eters

30. What is Soft Handover Overhead? What is t he t y pical value in UMTS net work?
· Soft Handov er Ov erhead is calculated in two way s.
1 ) Av erage Activ e Set Size – TotalTraffic / Prim ary Traffic.
2 ) Secondary / Total Traffic
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 · Ty pical Values are like 1 .7 (Av g Activ e Set Size) or 3 5% (Secondary / Total )

31. What will happen t o t he Soft Handover Overhead when y ou apply OCNS on t he
net work? And Why ?
· With OCNS, the interference (load) increases. This leads to reduction in Ec/Io of a
Pilot, which reduces the pilot spillov ers. Reduction in Pilot Spillov er will reduce the
Soft Handov er Ov erhead.

32. What are t he possible causes for an Access Failure in UMTS?

· Missing Neighbors
· Poor Cov erage
· Pilot Pollution / Spillov er
· Poor Cell Reselection
· Core Network Issues
· Non – av ailability of resources. Adm ission Control denies
· Hardware Issues
· Im proper RACH Param eters
· External Interference

33. What is RTWP? What is t he significance of it ?

· Receiv ed Total Wide-band Power
· It giv es the Total Uplink Power (Interference) lev el receiv ed at NodeB

34. What are t he t y pical values for ‘report ingrange1a’ and ‘report ingrange1b’?
· 3 dB and 5 dB respectiv ely .

35. What will be t he impact when y ou change ‘report ingrange1a’ from 3 t o 4 dB and
‘t imet ot rigger1a’ 100 t o 320 ms, wit hout changing any ot her paramet ers?
· Reduction in num ber of Ev ent1 a
· Delay ed Ev ent1 a trigger
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 · Reduction in Av erage Activ e Set Size
· Delay in Ev ent1 a could increase DL interference, which could lead to a drop call or
increase in Av erage Power Per User (reduction in cell capacity )

36. What is Admission Cont rol?

· Adm ission Control is an algorithm which controls the Resource Allocation for a new
call and additional resource allocation for an existing call. Incase, if a cell is heav ily a
loaded and enough resources in term s of power, codes or CEs are not av ailable,
adm ission control denies perm ission for the additional resource requirem ent.

37 . What is Congest ion Cont rol?

· Congestion Control m onitors the dy nam ic utilization of specific cell resources and
insures that ov erload conditions do not occur. If ov erload conditions do occur,
Congestion Control will im m ediately restrict Adm ission Control from granting
additional resources. In addition, Congestion Control will attem pt to resolv e the
congestion by either down switching, or term inating existing users. Once the
congestion is corrected, the congestion resolution actions will cease, and Adm ission
Control will be enabled.

SEE TOO
CDMA/UMTS RF Interview questions
CDMA / UMTS RF Interview Questions 2
CDMA / UMTS RF Interview Questions 3
CDMA/UMTS RF Interview questions 4
CDMA/UMTS RF Interview questions 5

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