OP2 Proceedings OPTOIRS22009

P2

Determination of the Effective Refractive Index of Various Single Mode Fibres for Fibre Bragg
Grating Sensor Applications
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Abstract
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.<9A95GIF9A9BHDF=B7=D@9=G65G98CBH<9=BG7F=DH=CBDFC79GGC::=6F9F5;;;F5H=B;G !
=BHC H<9 CDH=75@ :=6F9G
,9GI@HG C: F9:F57H=J9 =B89L A95GIF9A9BHG 5H O BA K5J9@9B;H< CB GH5B85F8
H9@97CAAIB=75H=CB5B8GD97=5@=HMD<CHCG9BG=H=J9CDH=75@:=6F9G5F9DF9G9BH98
.<9A95GIF98J5@I9GC:neff
7CFF9@5H9K=H<!9)8CD5BH7CB79BHF5H=CB=BG=89H<97CF9GC:H<9:=6F9G
.<=GA95GIF9A9BHH97<B=EI975B
<5J95DD@=75H=CBG=BDFC79GG7CBHFC@:CFCDH=75@:=6F9A5BI:57HIF=B;5B8=B !DFC8I7H=CBH97<BC@C;M

Keywords:CDH=75@:=6F9:=6F9F5;;;F5H=B;G9::97H=J9F9:F57H=J9=B89LD<CHCG9BG=H=J=HM

1. INTRODUCTION
-=B79 H<9 :=FGH =BJ9GH=;5H=CB C: D<CHCG9BG=H=J=HM 6M "=@@ 5B8 7C KCF?9FG3 4 H<9 :CFA5H=CB C: :=6F9 F5;;
;F5H=B;G !<5G699B89ACBGHF5H98=B5@5F;9J5F=9HMC:8=::9F9BHHMD9GC:CDH=75@:=6F9GK=H<GD97=:=7
7<5F57H9F=GH=7G
!G<5J9697CA95B=ADCFH5BH:=@H9F89J=79:CFCDH=75@H9@97CAAIB=75H=CB5DD@=75H=CBG
5B85B9KHMD9C:CDH=75@:=6F9G9BGCF3 4

.<9HMD9GC:CDH=75@:=6F9GK<=7<5F97IFF9BH@MIG985F9:CF9L5AD@9D<CHCG9BG=H=J9:=6F9G<M8FC;9B5H98
GH5B85F8 H9@97CA :=6F9G 7@588=B; AC89 GIDDF9GG98 CF 9J9B DC@5F=G5H=CB A5=BH5=B=B; :=6F9G
#B H<9 GC
75@@98 D<CHCG9BG=H=J9 :=6F9G H<9 7CF9G C: H<9 :=6F9G 5F9 <=;<@M 8CD98 K=H< !9) CF CH<9F A5H9F=5@G =B
CF89F HC A5?9 H<9A ACF9 G9BG=H=J9 HC H<9 /0 @=;<H =B8I798 =B7F95G9 C: H<9 F9:F57H=J9 =B89L K<=7< =G
7CAACB@M?BCKB5GD<CHCG9BG=H=J=HM
.<97CB79BHF5H=CBC:H<98CD5BH5@GCGHFCB;@M89H9FA=B9GH<97CF9
F9:F57H=J9 =B89L 5B8 H<IG H<9 9::97H=J9 F9:F57H=J9 =B89L neff C: H<9 IB9LDCG98 :=6F9
CF 5 GH56@9 5B8
7CBHFC@@98 :56F=75H=CB C: !G =H =G B979GG5FM HC ?BCK DF97=G9@M H<9 9::97H=J9 F9:F57H=J9 =B89L 5H H<9
KCF?=B; K5J9@9B;H<
.<=G D5F5A9H9F =G F9GDCBG=6@9 :CF H<9 ;F5H=B; K5J9@9B;H< 5B8 ACGH@M BCH DFCJ=898
K=H<<=;<577IF57M6MH<9A5BI:57HIF9FGC:H<9:=6F9G

2. THEORY
BCDH=75@:=6F9F5;;;F5H=B;=G5D9FA5B9BHD9F=C8=7J5F=5H=CBC:H<9F9:F57H=J9=B89LK=H<=BH<97CF9C:
5BCDH=75@:=6F934
I9HCH<9D<CHCG9BG=H=J=HMC:CDH=75@:=6F9GH<9G9GHFI7HIF9G5F9;9B9F5H986M9LDCG=B;
CDH=75@:=6F9GHC5/0=BH9F:9F9B79D5HH9FB
1<9BH<9D<5G9A5G?H97<B=EI9 34=G9AD@CM98HC;9B9F5H9
H<9=BH9F:9F9B79D5HH9FB=HGD9F=C85B8H<IGH<9D9F=C8C:H<9 !=G8=F97H@MF9@5H98HCH<9D9F=C8C:
H<9D<5G9A5G?PM6M

PM

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.<9/09LDCGIF97F95H9G5
D9F=C8=7 =B89L J5F=5H=CB K=H< 5AD@=HI89 n 5B8 D=H7< H<5H 9LH9B8G CJ9F 5 79FH5=B @9B;H< L C: H<9 :=6F9
G99 =;IF9
.<97<5B;9C:H<9F9:F57H=J9=B89L5@CB;H<9F9;=CBC:5:=6F9F5;;;F5H=B;75B698=J=898
=BHC 5 C::G9H A95B 5AD@=HI89 5B8 5B D5FH G=BIGC=85@ J5F=5H=CB
.<9 F9:F57H=J9 =B89L C: 5 :=6F9
H<5HK5G9LDCG98HC579FH5=B5ACIBHC:/0@=;<H8CG9d75B695DDFCL=A5H9@M89G7F=6985G5:IB7H=CBC:
DCG=H=CBz5B8/08CG9d

neff z d neff nUV z d neff nDC d n AC d z

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:CF579FH5=BK5J9@9B;H<GI7<5D9F=C8=7GHFI7HIF957HG5G5F5;;F9:@97HCFK=H<5DFCBCIB798F9:@97H=J=HM

.<=GK5J9@9B;H<H<9GC 75@@98F5;;K5J9@9B;H<G5H=G:=9GH<97CB8=H=CB34

B neff
FCH<G<A
98ID<CB9

SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings 119
K<9F9 neff =G H<9 A95B 9::97H=J9
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H<9 CDH=75@ :=6F9 neff 75B 69
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7<5B;9=BH<9;F5H=B;D9F=C85B8CF
=BH<99::97H=J9F9:F57H=J9=B89Lneff8I9
HC 9LH9FB5@ =B:@I9B79G K=@@ F9GI@H =B 5
G<=:HC:H<9F9:@97H98F5;;K5J9@9B;H<

.<9 A95GIF9A9BH C: H<=G K5J9@9B;H<
G<=:H 5G 5 7CBG9EI9B79 C: 9LH9FB5@ Fig. 1: Refractive index profile of a fibre Bragg grating.
=B:@I9B79G=GH<965G=G:CFCDH=75@ !
G9BGCFG
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neff

neff
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C:H<9:=6F9G9AD@CM98<9F934

"9F9K9:C7IGCBH<99::97H=J9F9:F57H=J9=B89LC:H<9DF=GH=B9:=6F9H<9F9:CF9HKC:IFH<9F5GD97HG<5J9HC
697CBG=89F98
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8I9 HC H<9 87 7CADCB9BH n C: H<9 /0 =B8I798 =B89L 7<5B;9
.<9F9:CF9 H<9 A95GIF98 F5;;
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d n d n
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K<=7<=G8=F97H@MF9@5H98HC neff 6975IG9C: neff d neff

d
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d=GC6H5=B985G
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B u p
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3. EXPERIMENTAL
)IF=BH9BH=CB=BH<=GGHI8MK5GHC7CAD5F9H<99::97H=J9F9:F57H=J9=B8=79GC:CDH=75@:=6F9GK<=7<8=::9F=B
A5H9F=5@7CADCG=H=CB5B87CF98=5A9H9F
#BH<=G=BJ9GH=;5H=CBK97<CCG9GH5B85F8CDH=75@:=6F9G-'
-=97CFCFB=B;5D<CHCG9BG=H=J9:=6F9K=H<@CK(! (I:9FB5B8<=;<@M!9 8CD98D<CHCG9BG=H=J9
120 SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings

:=6F9G *,- #*".$9B5
.<9A5=BD5F5A9H9FGC:H<9:=6F9GIG98=BH<=G
=BJ9GH=;5H=CB 5F9 7CAD=@98 =B .56@9
.<9 J5@I9G C: H<9 8=5A9H9FG C: H<9 7CF9 5B8 7@588=B; K9F9
A95GIF98 K=H< 5 A=7FCG7CD9 5B8 H<9 7C5H=B; 8=5A9H9FG K9F9 C6H5=B98 K=H< 5 A=7FCA9H9F
CF !
;9B9F5H=CBK9IG98CIF=B <CIG9 !=BG7F=DH=CB:57=@=HM34K<=7<=G65G98CB5BL7=A9F@5G9FL7=-H5F
-./#C<9F9BH5B85D<5G9A5G?)&5B8G99 =;IF9
9:CF99LDCGIF9H<9:=6F97C5H=B;G
K9F9F9ACJ98K=H<5GH5B85F8GHF=DD=B;HCC@

Tab. 1: Optical fibres investigated in the present study
Fibre type / coating Diameters: core / Core dopant / Speciality
Manufacturer material cladding / coating concentration
[μm]
-'
7FM@5H9
!9)O
-H5B85F8H9@97CA
-=97CF
-'
7FM@5H9
!9)O
-H5B85F8H9@97CA
CFB=B;
*<CHCG9BG=H=J9@CK
! (I:9FB 7FM@5H9
!9)O
(
#*". 7FM@5H9
!9)O *<CHCG9BG=H=J9
#*". ),'),34
!9)O *<CHCG9BG=H=J9
*,#*". 7FM@5H9
!9)O *<CHCG9BG=H=J9
- *<CHCG9BG=H=J9@CK
),'),34
!9)O
#*". @CGG

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7@CG9 HC H<9 :C7IG @=B9 C: H<9 @5G9F 695A K=H<=B H<9 =BH9F:9F9B79 D5HH9FB H<5H K5G 7F95H98 6M H<9 D<5G9
A5G? G
=;IF9
.<9 5J9F5;9 @5G9F DCK9F K5G A95GIF98 69:CF9 5B8 5:H9F 957< =BG7F=DH=CB DFC79GG
IG=B; 5 DCK9F A9H9F =9@8'5GH9F C<9F9BH
=J=8=B; H<9 5J9F5;9 DCK9F 6M H<9 DI@G9 F9D9H=H=CB
:F9EI9B7M*, G;=J9G5B9GH=A5H9C:H<9A95B/0DI@G99B9F;M
.<9F9:@97H=CBGD97HFIAC:
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Fig. 3: Phase mask inscription schematic

Fig. 2: Schematic of the experimental set-up.


Fig. 4: Absorption spectra of Acetylene (12C2H2). Fig. 5: Experimental verification of the accuracy of
the optical spectrum analyser.

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A95GIF985;5=B
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!=BG7F=DH=CB:57=@=HM

Fig. 6: Formation of a FBG during inscription. Inset:
Example of a polynomial fit on the spectral shape Fig. 7: Inscription of a highly photosensitive fibre
function of a fibre Bragg grating (F86). Inset: Example of a linear fit along the first 10
measurement points of the inscription curve

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CF5@@CDH=75@:=6F9G=BJ9GH=;5H98=BH<=GGHI8MH<989G=;BK5J9@9B;H<G D 5B8GHF5=B=B8I798K5J9@9B;H<
7<5B;9G K9F99J5@I5H98:FCAH<9 !=BG7F=DH=CB7IFJ9G5G89G7F=69856CJ9
.<9C6H5=B98J5@I9G
5F9 7CAD=@98 =B .56@9
.<9 IB79FH5=BHM =B D K5G 9GH=A5H98 HC 69 D K<=7< =G A5=B@M
5HHF=6IH98HCH<9:57HH<5H<9F95BCB @=B95FF9@5H=CBG<=DK5G5DDFCL=A5H986M5@=B95F:IB7H=CB
5F9K5G
H5?9B H<5H H<9 :=FGH 85H5DC=BH C: H<9 ! =BG7F=DH=CB 7IFJ9 K5G H5?9B 5H H<9 GA5@@9GH DCGG=6@9 /0 8CG9
K<=7< K5G ;=J9B 6M H<9 7CB8=H=CB H<5H H<9 ! F9:@97H=CB @=B9 GD<5D9 K5G GH=@@ J=G=6@9 -(, =B H<9

GD97HFIA
.<9 K5J9@9B;H< 577IF57M 5B8 H<9 @=B95F=HM
9FFCF C: H<9 )- 75B 69 B9;@97H98 F9@5H=J9 HC H<9
IB79FH5=BHM=BH<9@=B95F9LHF5DC@5H=CBC:H<9=BG7F=DH=CB
7IFJ9
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75@7I@5H98 577CF8=B; HC E
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VA U
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7CBHF=6IH=CB HC H<9 CJ9F5@@ IB79FH5=BHM =B H<9
89H9FA=B5H=CBC: neff
88=H=CB5@IB79FH5=BH=9GK9F9H<9
H=@H C: H<9 CDH=75@ :=6F9 5B8 @5G9F 695A F9@5H=J9 HC H<9
Fig. 8: effective refractive indices with
D<5G9 A5G? neff neff 5B8
alignment their total uncertainties
H9AD9F5HIF9 8F=:HG 8IF=B; H<9 A95GIF9A9BHG
neff neff

.<9 HCH5@ IB79FH5=BHM =B 89H9FA=B=B; neff 5H H<9 7CFF9GDCB8=B;
K5J9@9B;H<G75B699GH=A5H98HC69 neff neff

.<9A95GIF989::97H=J9F9:F57H=J9=B8=79G

K=H<H<9=FHCH5@IB79FH5=BH=9GC:5@@:=6F9GIG98=BH<=GGHI8M5F989D=7H98=B =;IF95B8G<CKB=B.56@9

.<9 J5@I9G :CF H<9 7CB79BHF5H=CB C: !9) =B H<9 :=6F9G 7CF9G 5G DFCJ=898 6M H<9 A5BI:57HIF9FG K9F9
;=J9B=B =;IF9HCC

Tab. 2: Design wavelengths and mean effective refractive indices with their total uncertainties
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Acknowledgements
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References

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Fig. 3: Phase mask inscription schematic

SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings 121

122 SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings

K5J9@9B;H<G75B699GH=A5H98HC69 neff neff

SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings 123

124 SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings

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OP2 Proceedings OPTOIRS22009

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OP2 Proceedings OPTOIRS22009

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120 SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings

Fig. 3: Phase mask inscription schematic

SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings 121

122 SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings

K5J9@9B;H<G75B699GH=A5H98HC69  neff neff    

SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings 123

124 SENSOR+TEST Conference 2009 - OPTO 2009 Proceedings

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