Ackermann, B., Cliffton, C., Driscoll, T., (2013).

The Usefulness of On-Site Physical

Therapy-Led Traige Services for Professional Orchestras Musicians – A National

Cohort Study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 14(1). 1-9.

This study took instrumentalists from professional symphony orchestras in

Australia and had them do physical therapy sessions for musculoskeletal

disorders or issues that they had developed as a result of playing their

instrument. There were instrumentalists from every family of instruments

involved. They went to regular physical therapy sessions where they received

advice for dealing with their pain. A majority of the participants said that the

advice they received was helpful. This study could help to start looking at

solutions to dealing with pain associated with playing instruments.

Bazon, I., Plevnik, M., Pisot, R. (2015). Playing-Related Health Risks Among Students

and Teachers of Music Department at the Koper Art School. Annales

Kinesiologiae, 6(2). 119-135.

This study compared and contrasted the playing-related health problems among

music students and music teachers, as well as how each group perceives the

importance of preventing these issues. It found that teachers and students

experience similar kinds of pain and amounts of pain. However, teachers place a

larger emphasis on having good physical and mental health to avoid playing-

related health problems. This source will be used to demonstrate the importance
 of teachers discussing these risks and how they deal with them themselves in

order to give students an example of how to prevent injury.

Braulio, B. (2017). The Reality of Injuries in a Musician’s Career. American Music

Teacher. 66(7). 16-20.

This article discusses musician’s reluctance to get help for injuries. Many

musicians avoid getting their pain looked into until an injury becomes serious for

fear of not being able to grow as a musician if they have to take time off of

playing. Playing through the pain becomes a common theme. The article also

touches upon preventative strategies that can help musicians avoid playing

related injuries. This source would be used to demonstrate the need to teach

beginning students about the physicality of playing an instrument, how to prevent

injury, and when and how to seek help for pain or an injury.

Galuscan, A., Samoila, C., Podariu, A. (2010). Oral-Dental Health Evaluation in

Wind Instrumentalists. REVART: Specialized Review of Theory & Critique of

Arts, 2(2). 91-102.

This is a study of a specific bassoonist who had dental crowding. While he was

being treated for it, the way the bassoon affects his skeletal structure was

studied. They found that the position of the bassoon, the pressure of blowing air

through the instrument, and the position of the tongue can all change the
 structure of the instrumentalist’s teeth. They concluded that many different fields

would be required to work together to decide treatment for adjusting the skeletal

issues. This source will be used to touch upon an issue specific to wind

instrumentalists.

Hadlich R. (2017). Proper and incorrect body posture in students from music schools.

Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 7(2). 562-584.

This study looked specifically at the effects of playing an instrument on posture. It

did not find that posture has an effect on instrument playing, but that instrument

playing has a serious effect on posture. It can cause the spine to bend severely

and the study suggests a major need for medical help in music schools to correct

this. This study will be used to address the issues related to posture and to argue

for more education on how playing an instrument affects the body for beginning

instrumentalists.

Harris, E., Leaver, R., Palmer, K. (2011). Musculoskeletal Pain in Elite Professional

Musicians of British Symphony Orchestras. Occupational Medicine. 61(8). 549-

555.

This study studied professional musicians with musculoskeletal pain and

gathered data on the risk factors associated with this pain. It found that

performance anxiety did not affect pain, but participants with somaticizing
 tendencies were more likely to have more pain. The study also mentions the

importance of making physicians aware of pain related to playing an instrument.

This source will be used to explore the underlying risk factors that can lead to

playing related pain.

Henning, R., Warner, L. (2016). Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in College

Music Majors and Non-Music Majors. Noise and Health. 18(80). 10-20.

This study looked at the effects of playing an instrument for a long period of time

on one’s hearing. It found that music majors had more affected hearing than non-

music majors, and that those who had been playing longer had more hearing

damage. Young musicians do not demonstrate severe hearing loss, but those

who play an instrument long term do demonstrate damage to their hearing. This

source will be used to argue for the need to educate beginning students about

the effects playing an instrument can have on their hearing and the importance of

using protective measures (earplugs, etc.) while playing.

Moller, H., Rigotti, T., Seidel, W., Steinmetz, A. (2012). Playing-Related Musculoskeletal

Disorders in Music Students-Associated Musculoskeletal Signs. European

Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 48(4). 1-9.

This is a study of musculoskeletal disorders in music students. It found that

music students are much more likely to have musculoskeletal disorders and that
 they are likely related to playing. Through questionnaires, they found that

instrumentalists tend to find that pain during practice is normal and made

comments on how this perception needs to chance if music students are going to

be able to better care for their bodies. This source outlines the kinds of disorders

that can develop from playing an instrument and how the medical community

finds it concerning.

Ranelli S, Smith A, Straker L. (2011). Playing-related musculoskeletal problems in child

instrumentalists: The influence of gender, age and instrument exposure.

International Journal of Music Education, 29(1). 28–44.

This study looks specifically at pain in young instrumentalists across childhood. It

was found that child instrumentalists do experience playing related

musculoskeletal problems ranging from low amounts of pain to pain harsh

enough to keep a child from playing. The study looks at a number of risk factors,

including the number of instruments played and the amount of time spent

practicing per week. This is the only study of this type that has focused on child

instrumentalists. This source will be used to relate the data from studies involving

professional musicians directly to young, beginning instrumentalists.

Ranelli, S., Straker, L., Smith, A. (2014). Soreness During Non-Music Activities is
Associated with Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Problems: An Observational

Study of 731 Child and Adolescent Instrumentalists. Journal of Physiotherapy,

60(2). 102-108.

This study looked at how playing-related musculoskeletal problems can cause

soreness during non-music activities in young instrumentalists. A majority of the

participants in the study reported that they associated the pain they experienced

during non-music activities to their playing-related problems, but very few

associated their playing related problems to pain experienced during non-music

activities. This study will help outline how playing-related problems can affect

other activities and daily life.