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200 TOP ELECTRONICS and

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1. Expand ECE ? Search Optio

Electronics & Communication Engineering.
2. What is Electronic?
The study and use of electrical devices that operate by
controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged
particles.
3. What is communication?
Communication means transferring a signal from the
transmitter which passes through a medium then the output
is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication says as
transferring of message from one place to another place called
communication.
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4. Different types of communications? Explain.
Analog and digital communication. Be the first of your friends to like this
As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or
video signal (the human voice) and translating it into
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electronic pulses. Digital on the other hand is breaking the
signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is Engineering
represented by a series of “1”s and “0”s. Follow
Digital signals are immune to noise, quality of transmission
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and reception is good, components used in digital
communication can be produced with high precision and
power consumption is also very less when compared with
analog signals.
5. Define What is engineering?

The application of science to the needs of humanity and a
profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and
natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is
applied with judgment to develop ways to use economically
the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
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6. Difference between electronic and electrical.

Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of -48vDC to
+48vDC. If the electronic device is plugged into a standard
wall outlet, there will be a transformer inside which will
convert the AC voltage you are supplying to the required DC
voltage needed by the device. Examples: Computer, radio,
T.V, etc…
Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc…).
Electric devices can also be designed to operate on DC
sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v. Examples: are
incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc…
7. What is sampling?
The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous
function of time x(t) is referred to as sampling.
8. State sampling theorem.

It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal,
it has to be taken care that the sampling rate is equal to or
greater than twice the cut off frequency and the minimum
sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.
9. What is pass band?

Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can
pass through a filter without being attenuated.
10. What is stop band?

A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits,
in which a circuit, such as a filter or telephone circuit, does
not let signals through, or the attenuation is above the
required stopband attenuation level.
11. Difference between mobile and a cell phone.
There is no difference, just language use, which differs from

country to country, so in Britain it is called a mobile, and in
USA and South Africa and other places a cell phone.
Even in Europe the name differs. The Germans call it a
“handy”, which in English has completely another meaning
as an adjective, meaning useful.
In Italy it is called a telofonino or “little phone”.
This difference in British and American English is also

evident in many other things we use every day, like lifts and
elevators, nappies and diapers, pickups and trucks. The list
goes on and on, any student of English has to decide which
he or she will use, as the default setting.
12. Explain RF?

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation
within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range
corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical
signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of
this range is beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical
systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in
electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation.
13. What is modulation? And where it is utilized?
Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of

a periodic wave with an external signals.
Radio communication superimposes this information
bearing signal onto a carrier signal.
These high frequency carrier signals can be transmitted
over the air easily and are capable of travelling long
distances.
The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the
carrier signal are varied in accordance with the information
bearing signal.
Modulation is utilized to send an information bearing
signal over long distances.
14. Define what is demodulation?

Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an
analog signal to get the original baseband signal back.
Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system
receives a modulated signal with specific characteristics and it
needs to turn it to base-band.
15. Name the modulation techniques.

For Analog modulation–AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM
Digital modulation–OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK, CPM,
PPM, TCM, OFDM
16. Explain AM and FM.
1. AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation

where the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the information bearing signal.
2. FM-Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where
the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance
with the information bearing signal.
17. where do we use AM and FM?
1. AM is used for video signals for example TV. Ranges

from 535 to 1705 kHz.
2. FM is used for audio signals for example Radio. Ranges
from 88 to 108 MHz.
18. How does a mobile work?

When you talk into a mobile telephone it converts the sound
of your voice to radiofrequency energy (radio waves). The
radio waves are transmitted through the air to a nearby base
station. The base station then sends the call through the
telephone network until it reaches the person you are calling.
When you receive a call on your mobile phone the message
travels through the telephone network until it reaches a base
station near to you. The base station sends out radio waves,
which are detected by your telephone and converted back to
speech. Depending on the equipment and the operator, the
frequency that each operator utilises is 900MHz, 1800MHz or
2100MHz.
The mobile phone network operates on the basis of a series of
cells. Each cell requires a radio base station to enable it to
function.
There are three types of base station and each has a

particular purpose:
The Macrocell is the largest type and provides the main
coverage for mobile phone networks.
The Microcell is used to improve capacity in areas where
demand to make calls is high, such as shopping centres.
The Picocell only has a range of a few hundred metres and
may be used to boost weak signals within large buildings.
Each base station can only cope with a certain number of

calls at any one time. So if demand exceeds the capacity of a
base station an additional base station is needed.
19. What is a base station?

Base station is a radio receiver/transmitter that serves as the
hub of the local wireless network, and may also be the gateway
between a wired network and the wireless network.
20. How many satellites are required to cover the

earth?
3 satellites are required to cover the entire earth, which is
placed at 120 degree to each other. The life span of the
satellite is about 15 years.
21. What is a repeater?

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto
the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover
longer distances without degradation.
22. What is attenuation?

Attenuation is the reduction in amplitude and intensity of a
signal. Signals may attenuate exponentially by transmission
through a medium, or by increments calculated in electronic
circuitry or set by variable controls. Attenuation is an
important property in telecommunications and ultrasound
applications because of its importance in determining signal
strength as a function of distance. Attenuation is usually
measured in units of decibels per unit length of medium
(dB/cm, dB/km, etc) and is represented by the attenuation
coefficient of the medium in question.
23. What is multiplexing?

Multiplexing (known as muxing) is a term used to refer to a
processwhere multiple analog message signals or digital data
streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium.
The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in
telecommunications, several phone calls may be transferred
using one wire.
24. What is CDMA, TDMA, FDMA?

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access
methodutilized by various radio communication technologies.
CDMA employsspread-spectrum technology and a special
coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to
allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical
channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA)
divides access by time, whilefrequency-division multiple
access (FDMA) divides it byfrequency.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room
(channel) in which people wish to communicate with each
other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking
(time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division),
or speak in different directions (spatial division). In CDMA,
they would speak different languages. People speaking the
same language can understand each other, but not other
people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given
a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only
users associated with a particular code can understand each
other.
25. Difference between CDMA and GSM.

These are the two different means of mobile communication
being presently used worldwide. The basic difference lies in
the Multiplexing method used in the aerial communication i.e.
from Mobile Tower to your mobile and vice versa.
CDMA uses Code Division Multiple Access as the name itself

indicates, for example you are in a hall occupied with number
of people speaking different language. You will find that the
one language you know will be heard by you and the others
will be treated like noise. In the same manner each CDMA
mobile communication takes place with a “code”
communicating between them and the other end if one is
knowing that code then only it can listen to the data being
transmitted i.e. the communication is in the coded form.
On the other hand GSM (Global System for Mobile

Communications)uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight
simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency. TDMA works
by dividing a radio frequency into time slots and then
allocating slots to multiple calls. In this way, a single

frequency can support multiple, simultaneous data channels.
26. What is an Amplifier?

An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost
(amplify) the power, voltage or current of an applied signal.
27. What is Barkhausen criteria?

Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which
conditions, are to be satisfied for oscillations.
“Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator
frequency, the magnitude of the product of the transfer gain of
the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback factor of the
feedback network ( the magnitude of the loop gain ) are less
than unity”.
The condition of unity loop gain -Aβ = 1 is called the
Barkhausencriterion. This condition implies that | Aβ|= 1and
that the phase of – Aβ is zero.
28. Explain Full duplex and half duplex.
Full duplex refers to the transmission of data in two

directions simultaneously. For example, a telephone is a
full-duplex devicebecause both parties can talk at once. In
contrast, a walkie-talkie is ahalf-duplex device because only
one party can transmit at a time.
Most modems have a switch that lets you choose between
full-duplex and half-duplex modes. The choice depends on
whichcommunications program you are running.
In full-duplex mode, data you transmit does not appear on
yourscreen until it has been received and sent back by the
other party. This enables you to validate that the data has
been accurately transmitted. If your display screen shows
two of each character, it probably means that your modem
is set to half-duplex mode when it should be in full-duplex
mode.
29. What is a feedback? And explain different types

of feedback.
Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output
signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. This is
often used to control the dynamic behaviour of the system.

Types of feedback:
1. Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but

in amplifiers, stabilizes and linearizes operation).
Negative feedback feeds part of a system’s output,
inverted, into the system’s input; generally with the
result that fluctuations are attenuated.
2. Positive feedback: This tends to increase output.
Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as “cumulative
causation”, is a feedback loop system in which the system
responds to perturbation (Aperturbation means a
system, is an alteration of function, induced by external
or internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the
perturbation. In contrast, a system that responds to the
perturbation in the opposite direction is called a negative
feedback system.
3. Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or
decrease output.
30. Advantages of negative feedback over positive

feedback.
Much attention has been given by researchers to negative
feedback processes, because negative feedback processes lead
systems towards equilibrium states. Positive feedback
reinforces a given tendency of a system and can lead a system
away from equilibrium states, possibly causing quite
unexpected results.
31. Example for negative feedback and positive

feedback.
Example for –ve feedback is —Amplifiers
And for +ve feedback is – Oscillators
32. What is Oscillator?

An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a
direct current input. The two main types of oscillator are
harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic oscillators have
smooth curved waveforms, while relaxation oscillators have
waveforms with sharp changes.
33. What is a transducer and transponder?

A transducer is a device, usually electrical, electronic, electro-
mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, or photovoltaic that
converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another
for various purposes including measurement or information
transfer.
In telecommunication, the term transponder (short-
forTransmitter-responder and sometimes abbreviated to
XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR or TP) has the following meanings:
An automatic device that receives, amplifies, andretransmits a
signal on a different frequency (see alsobroadcast translator).
An automatic device that transmits a predetermined
messagein response to a predefined received signal.
A receiver-transmitter that will generate a reply signal upon
proper electronic interrogation.
A communications satellite’s channels are called
transponders, because each is a separate transceiver or
repeater.
34. What is an Integrated Circuit?

An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an
electronic circuit etched onto a silicon chip. Their main
advantages are low cost, low power, high performance, and
very small size.
35. What is crosstalk?

Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in nearby
conductors. The most common example is hearing an
unwanted conversation on the telephone. Crosstalk can also
occur in radios, televisions, networking equipment, and even
electric guitars.
36. What is a rectifier?
A rectifier changes alternating current into direct current.

This process is called rectification. The three main types of
rectifier are the half-wave, full-wave, and bridge. A rectifier
is the opposite of an inverter, which changes direct current
into alternating current.
HWR- The simplest type is the half-wave rectifier, which
can be made with just one diode. When the voltage of the
alternating current is positive, the diode becomes forward-

biased and current flows through it. When the voltage is
negative, the diode is reverse-biased and the current stops.
The result is a clipped copy of the alternating current
waveform with only positive voltage, and an average
voltage that is one third of the peak input voltage. This
pulsating direct current is adequate for some components,
but others require a more steady current. This requires a
full-wave rectifier that can convert both parts of the cycle to
positive voltage.
FWR- The full-wave rectifier is essentially two half-wave
rectifiers, and can be made with two diodes and an earthed
centre tap on the transformer. The positive voltage half of
the cycle flows through one diode, and the negative half
flows through the other. The centre tap allows the circuit to
be completed because current cannot flow through the
other diode. The result is still a pulsating direct current but
with just over half the input peak voltage, and double the
frequency.
37. What is resistor?

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that
opposes anelectric current by producing a voltage drop
between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in
accordance with Ohm’s law: V= IR.
38. What is capacitor?
A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store

energyin the electric field between a pair of conductors
(called “plates”). The process of storing energy in the
capacitor is known as “charging”, and involves electric
charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building
up on each plate.
Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits
asenergy-storage devices. They can also be used to
differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency
signals. This property makes them useful in electronic
filters.
Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This
term is considered archaic in English, but most other
languages use acognate of condenser to refer to a capacitor.
39. What is inductor?

An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in
electrical circuits for its property of inductance. An inductor
can take many forms.
40. What is conductor?

A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat,
electricity, sound, etc. Copper is a good conductor of
electricity.
41. What is a semi conductor?

A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical
conductivityin between that of a conductor and that of an
insulator(AnInsulator is a material that resists the flow of
electric current. It is an object intended to support or separate
electrical conductorswithout passing current through itself); it
can vary over that wide range either permanently or
dynamically.
42. What is diode?

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have
two active electrodes between which the signal of interest may
flow, and most are used for their unidirectional current
property.
43. What is transistor?

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device
commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. The
transistor is the fundamental building block of computers,
and all other modernelectronic devices. Some transistors are
packaged individually but most are found in integrated
circuits.
44. What is op-amp?

An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp , is a DC-
coupledhigh-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential
inputs[1] and, usually, a single output. Typically the output of
the op-amp is controlled either by negative feedback, which
largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain, or
by positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and

oscillation.
45. What is cut-off frequency?

The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to
the maximum response.
ECE Interview Questions ::

1.The impedance curve of an R-L-C network cuts the
frequency axis only when the frequency is such that
(a) XL=XC (b) XL=XC=0
(c) R=0 and XL=XC (d) none of these
2.In a semiconductor diode, P-side is grounded and

N-side is applied a potential of -5V through a
resistance of 100 ohms. the diode shall
(a) conduct fully (b) not conduct
(c) conduct partially (d) none of these
3. the junction diode’s capacitance that is made use

of in varactors is known as
(a) transition capacitance (b) diffusion capacitance
(c) space charge capacitance (d) inter-electrode capacitance.
4. when current through a zener diode increases by a

factor of 2, voltage across its terminals
(a) is halved (b) is doubled too
(c) is practically unchanged (d) none of these
5. SCRs are connected in series to enchance

(a) their overall dv/dt rating (b) their voltage ratings
(c) their current handling capabilities (d) none of these
6. the condition that decides the oscillator’s out put

frequency is :
(a) loop gain should at least be unity
(b) loop phase-shift should be zero or integral
multiple of 2p radians
(c) loop gain should be precisely unity
(d) loop phase-shift should be precisely zero radian.
7. most popular oscillator configuration for audio

applications is :
(a) Hartley oscillator (b) colpitt’s oscillator
(c) wein-bridge oscillator (d) R-C phase shift oscillator.
8. pick the odd-one out :

(a) Hartley oscillator (b) collpitt oscillator
(c) clap oscillator (d) wein bridge oscillator
9.the output voltage at no load in an unregulated

power supply is the same as its output voltage at
rated load current. its internal resistance is
therefore
(a) extremely small (b) zero
(c) infinite (d) extremely large.
10. mark the rectifier circuit that produces the least

ripple
(a) single rectifier,half wave, single phase (b) four
rectifiers,full wave,single phase
(c) two rectifiers,full wave,single phase (d) six
rectifiers,full wave,three phase.
11. indicate the false statement

(a) closed loop gain is always less than the open loop gain.
(b) input impedance is always greater than the out put
impedance
(c) the open loop gain falls to zero decibel at a frequency equal
to unity gain crossover frequency
(d) closed loop bandwidth is always greater than the
open loop babdwidth.
12. one of the following statements in reference to a

unity gain noninverting buffer using an opamp is in
correct. identify this statement
(a) it has extremely high input impedance,much higher than
even its open loop input impedance
(b) its input impedance is very high almost
approaching its open loop input impedance
magnitude
(c) the voltage gain is unity. (d) the inputis applied to the non-
inverting input
(e) the feed back magnitude is 100 per cent.
13.the SLEW RATE specification of an opamp is

usually measured in
(a) microvolts per second (b) volts per microsecond
(c) decibels (d) volts per microvolt
14. a given opamp has an open loop gain of 110dB

and a CMRR rating of 106dB. what should be the
open loop common mode gain of this op-amp?
(a) it cannot be determined from the given data (b)4dB
(c) 216 dB (d) 110Db
15. in a 555 astable multivibrator operating from Vcc

of 15V, the output wave from duty cycle is 0.4 (duty
cycle = ON-time/total time period.) the circuit is
slightly modified with the capacitor now charging
from a voltage of 30V rather than Vcc. the duty cycle
of the output waveform in the modified circuit will
(a) remain unchanged (b) become about 0.6
(c) be approximately 0.2 (d) none of these
16. the pulse width in a 555 monostable

multivibrator is given by
(a)t = 0.69 RC (b)t = 1.1 RC
(c)t = RC (d) none of these
17. in the astable mode of operation of IC 555, the

timing capacitor always charges between
(a) 0 and 1/3 Vcc (b) 1/3 Vcc and 2/3Vcc
(c) 0 and 2/3 Vcc (d) 0 and Vcc
18.when a PLL is being used as an FM

demodulator,the demodulated signal appears at
(a) the output of phase comparator (b) the output of low
pass filter
(c) the VCO output (d) none of these.
19.”A NOR gate is equivalent to a bubbled AND gate”.

this statement is an outcome of
(a) demorgan’s theorems (b) involution law

(c) absorption law (d) idempotent law
20.for one of the following conditions, clocked j-k

flip flop can be used as DIVIDE BY 2 circuit where
the pulse train to be divided is applied at clock input.
(a) J=1, K=1 and the flip flop should have active
HIGH inputs
(b) J=1, K=1 and the flip flop should have active LOW inputs
(c) J=0, K=0 and the flip flop should have active high inputs
(d) J=1, K=1 and the flip flop should be a negative edge
triggered one.
21. in a presettable, clearable positive edge triggered

J-K flip flop, the Q output when the flip flop is
clocked for J=1,K=0,preset=1 and clear = 0 will be
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) indeterminate (d) complement of what it was at the time of
clocking
(assume all the inputs to be active LOW inputs).
22. A 4-bit circulating register is initially set to

0001(1 is the true output of the first flip flop and
represents LSB).
4-bit number preset in the register at the end of 16
clock pulses is
(a) 0001 (b) 0010
(c) 0100 (d) 1000
23. a shift counter comprising of 5 flip flops with an

inverse feedback from the output of the MSB flip flop
to the input of the LSB flip flop is a
(a) divide by 32 counter (b) divide by 10 counter
(c) 5-bit shift register (d) modulus-5 counter
24. number of comparators needed to build a 6-bit

simultaneous A/D converter is
(a) 63 (b) 64
(c) 7 (d) 6
25. the average conversion time in a 4-bit counter

type A/D converter run by a 10 MHZ clock shall be
(a) 8ms (b) 400ns
(c) 800ns (d) none of these
26. out of the following,the fastest A/D converter

type is
(a) counter type A/D converter
(b) successive approximation type A/D converter
(c) dual slope integrating type A/D converter
27. if the received carrier frequency in an AM

communications broadcast receiver is changed from
560kHz to 1120kHz the resonant frequency of the IF
tuned circuits
(a) would have to be changed from 455Khz to 910kHz.
(b) would remain unchanged at 455kHz
(c) would also change in the same proportion but in the
opposite direction.
28. in a broadcast communication receiver,most of

the receiver selectivity is achieved in
(a) RF Section (b) IF Section (c) Mixer
29. antenna reciprocity is put to use in :

(a) television broadcast systems (b) commercial radio
broadcast
(c) radar systems (d) none of these
30. an antenna behaves as a resonant circuit only

when its length is :
(a) l/2 (b) l/4
(c) l/2 or its integral multiple (d) none of these
31. an antenna should have :

(a) a very high SWR (b) a very small SWR
(c) a moderate value of SWR (d) none of these
32. the input impedance of a centre-fed half-wave

dipole is :
(a) 300 W (b) 288 W

(c) 75 W (d) none of these
33. an antenna is radiating 100 watts and is drawing

2A from the transmitter, its radiation resistance is :
(a) 100 W (b) 50 W
(c) 25 W (d) none of these
34.smaller the beamwidth angle :

(a) smaller the directivity (b) higher the directivity
(c) higher the power gain (d) none of these
35. in a broadside array :

(a) maximum reception is in a direction
perpendicular axis
(b) maximum reception is along the axis
(c) the directional pattern is undirectional
(d) none of these
36. in an end-fire array:

(a) maximum reception is along the axis
(b) maximum reception is perpendicular to the axis
(c) directional pattern is bi-directional
(d) none of these
37.the simplest parasitic array comprises of :

(a) two elements (b) three elements
(c) five elements (d) none of these
38. a yagi-antenna in horizontal plane :

(a) produces an end-fire pattern (b) produces a broadside
pattern
(c) produces a figure eight pattern (d) none of these
39. a television transmitting antenna should have :

(a) an omnidirectional pattern (b) an end-fire pattern
(c) a broadside pattern (d) none of these
40. by increasing the height of the TV receiving

antenna :
(a) the range of TV broadcast decreases (b) signal pick up is
less
(c) antenna may fail to receive the signal (d) the range of
TV broadcast increases
(e) none of these
41. a transmission line is having a reflection

coefficient of 1/3 when terminated in a certain load.
it is SWR is :
(a) 2 (b) ½
(c) 3 (d) none of these
42. medium wave travel as :

(a) space waves (b) surface waves
(c) sky waves (d) none of these
43. high frequency waves follow :

(a) the ground wave propagation (b) the line of sight direction
(c) the ionosphere propagation (d) the bend along the
curvature of earth.
44. VHF waves travel as :

(a) space waves (b) sky waves
(c) ground waves (d) surface waves
45. UHF waves travel as :

(a) space waves (b) surface waves
(c) ground waves (d) sky waves
46. during night- time the ionosphere consists of :

(a) D,E,F1,F2 layers (b) D,E,F1, layers
(c) E,F1,F2 layers (d) E and F2 layers.
47. if the heights of the transmitting and receiving

antennas are doubled, the range of TV broadcast:
(a) decrease by a factor of 2 (b) increases by a factor of 2
(c) increases by factor of 1:414 (d) is reduced to one-
fourth.
48. in electromagnetic waves, polarisation is :

(a) due to transverse nature of waves (b) always vertical
in isotropic medium
(c) due to longitudinal nature of waves (d) caused by

reflection of waves
49. the UHF waves are also called as :

(a) millimeter waves (b) centimeter waves
(c) long waves (d) short waves
50. a transmission line has an SWR of 3 when

terminated in a certain load. the reflection co-
efficient is
(a) 3 (b) ½
(c) 1/3 (d) none of these
51. lines of constant resistance on a smith chart are

(a) parallel to each other (b) all circle tangent to each
other on one extreme
(c) arcs of circles (d) none of these
52. electromagnetic wave in which the electric field

is entirely transverse to the direction of propogation
is known as
(a) TE wave (b) TEM wave
(c) TM wave (d) TE10 wave
(e) TE11 wave
53. one of the following modes does not exist in wave

guides
(a) TE10 mode (b) TE11 mode
(c) TEM mode (d) TM01 mode
54. the dominant mode in rectangular waveguides is

the
(a) TE10 mode (b) TM01 mode
(c) TE11 mode (d) TM11 mode.
55. for a rectangular wave guide with a=2 cm and b=1

cm, the cut-off wavelength for TE10 mode will be
(a) 2 cm (b) 1 cm
(c) 4 cm (d) none of these.
56. in a radar system, a rotating system is used to

(a) determine the target range (b) determine the target cross-
section
(c) determine the target bearing (d) none of these
57. a device that is used to detect objects under water

is known as
(a) radar (b) sonar
(c) MTI (d) pulse compression radar
58. a radar system that can determine the range of

the target along with the target velocity is
(a) CW radar (b) MTI
(c) pulse radar (d) Doppler radar
59. market the correct expression

(a) Doppler shift = 2vrf/c (b) Doppler shift = 2cf/v4
(c) Doppler shift = 2f/cv4 (d) Doppler shift = vrf/c
60. in a TV picture tube, the deflection of electron

beam is achieved by :
(a) electrostatic means
(b) electromagnetic means
(c) electrostatic means for horizontal deflection and
electromagnetic means for vertical deflection
(d) electromagnetic means for horizontal deflection and
electrostatic means for vertical deflection
61. identify secondary colours

(a) red,green,blue (b) red,cyan,yellow
(c) cyan,yellow,magneta (d) magneta,cyan,green
62. luminance signal is expressed by

(a) Y = R+G+B (b) Y=0.3 R +0.59G+0.11B
(c) Y = 0.5 R + 0.5 G + 0.5 B (d) Y=0.59R + 0.3 G +0.11B
63. one of the following camera tubes is based on

photo emissive principle
(a) vidicon (b) saticon
(c) image orthicon (d) newvicon
64. pick the odd one out

(a) vidicon camera (b) plumbicon camera
(c) CCD camera (d) saticon camera
65. transient response of a control system is the one

(a) which approaches zero when the time
approaches infinity
(b) which does not depend up on time
(c) which is time dependent
(d) none of these
66. a causal system is the one in which the output

depends up on
(a) input as well as output
(b) present and past inputs
(c) present as well as future inputs
(d) present and past inputs and past outputs
67. area under a unit impulse function is

(a) infinity (b) zero (c) unity (d) none of these
68. stability of a control system can be determined

from one of the following responses.
(a) impulse response (b) step response
(c) ramp response (d) steady state response
69. a feed back control system has a transfer

function given by
P (s) = (s+1)(s+3)/s(s+2)(s+4)
it’s a
(a) type-5 system (b) type -2 system (c) type-3 system (d)
type-4 system
70. gain margin can be determined from the root

locus plot by
(a) value of gain factor (K) at imaginary
crossover/design value of (k)
(b) design value of gain factor (k) / value of gain factor (k) at
imaginary crossover
(c) value of gain factor (K) at real axis crossover/design value
of (k)
(d) none of these
71. a higher value of gain factor (K) at the imaginary

axis crossover of the root locus part of a control
system
(a) brings it closer to instability (b) takes it farther from
instability
(c) is always undesirable (d) none of these
72. for drawing the root locus plot of a certain closed

loop control system, one needs to know
(a) only the open loop transfer function of the
system
(b) the closed loop transfer function
(c) the closed loop system pole-zero map
(d) the open loop transfer function, gain and phase margins
73. when the PLL is being used as a frequency

multiplier or a frequency divider, the output is taken
from
(a) the VCO input (b) the output of phase comparator
(c) the VCO output (d) LPF output
74. the essential building blocks of a phase locked

loop are
(a) the VCO , the phase comparator and the error amplifer
(b) the VCO, the phase comparator and the low pass
filter
(c)the VCO, the low pass filter and the error amplifer
(d) the phase comparator,the low pass filter and the error
amplifier
(e) the phase comparator and the VCO
75. while connecting SCRs in series, the individual

SCRs chosen for the purpose should have closely
matched
(a) di/dt rating (b) reverse biased characteristics
(c) forward and reverse blocking characteristics (d)
forward ON-state characteristics
76. while connecting SCRs in parallel, the SCRs to be

connected in parallel should have closely matched
(a) forward ON- state characteristics
(b) forward and reverse OFF- state characteristics
(c) forward OFF-state and ON-state characteristics
(d) SCRs cannot be connected in parallel
77. a UJT relaxation oscillator circuit produces a

sawtooth like waveform
(a) at B1 terminal (b) at B2 terminal
(c) across the capacitor (d) none of these
78. in half wave SCR power control circuit, if the

firing angle is 300 c, then for one complete cycle of
operation,the load gets power for
(a) 600 (b) 1500 (c) 3300 (d) 300
79. most popular oscillator configuration for audio

applications is :
(a) Hartley oscillator (b) colpitt’s oscillator
(c) wein-bridge oscillator (d) R-C phase shift oscillator.
80. the multivibrator characterized by one quasi-

stable state is:
(a) bistable multivibrator (b) monostable multi vibrator
(c) astable multivibrator (d) Schmitt trigger
81. one of the following can be used to generate a

pulse when ever triggered:
(a) flip-flop (b) monostable multivibrator
(c) astable multivibrator (d) Schmitt trigger
82. one of the following opamp type number is a

comparator
(a) LM710 (b) LM 741
(c) LM748 (d) LM747
83. the operation of a thermocouple is based on :

(a) seebeck effect (b) peltier effect
(c) Thomson effect (d) faraday’s laws
84. a high Q-factor coil has:

(a) a flat response (b) a response with slightly lower
bandwidth
(c) a higher power loss (d) a peaked response
85.lower the thermal resistances (junction-to-case-

to-ambient) of a bipolar transistor,
(a) lower is the power dissipation capability for a given
ambient temperature
(b) higher is the power dissipation capability for a
given ambient temperature
(c) higher is the probability of the device going to thermal
runaway
(d) better is its high frequency performance
86. pulse communication system that is inherently

highly immune to noise is
(a) PCM (b) PAM (c) PPM (d) PAM
87. the characteristic impedance of a certain

transmission line section is 75 ohms. if the length of
the line is doubled, the characteristic impedance
would
(a) reduce to half (b) double too
(c) increase four times (d) characteristic impedance is
independent of length of line.
88. one of the following is a tracking radar

(a) monostatic radar (b) bistatic radar
(c) monopulse radar (d) secondary surveillance radar
89. the radar that has a higher range resolution and

that makes use of matched filter design is
(a) pulse compression radar (b) MTI
(c) pulse Doppler radar (d) monopulse radar
90. in the radar guidance of missiles where the

missile has its own radar and it extracts the tracking
data from the target reflected energy, the technique
is known as

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6/14/2018 200 TOP ELECTRONICS and COMMUNICATION Engineering Questions & Answers PDF ECE Questions

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200 TOP ELECTRONICS and

Interview Questions DC to AC Inverter

A Questions and Answers Electronic Parts

ELECTRONICS and COMMUNICATION

1. Expand ECE ? Search Optio

ECE Interview Questions

5. Define What is engineering?

6. Difference between electronic and electrical.

8. State sampling theorem.

9. What is pass band?

10. What is stop band?

11. Difference between mobile and a cell phone.

There is no difference, just language use, which differs from

This difference in British and American English is also

12. Explain RF?

13. What is modulation? And where it is utilized?

Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of

14. Define what is demodulation?

15. Name the modulation techniques.

16. Explain AM and FM.

1. AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation

17. where do we use AM and FM?

1. AM is used for video signals for example TV. Ranges

18. How does a mobile work?

There are three types of base station and each has a

Each base station can only cope with a certain number of

19. What is a base station?

20. How many satellites are required to cover the

21. What is a repeater?

22. What is attenuation?

23. What is multiplexing?

24. What is CDMA, TDMA, FDMA?

25. Difference between CDMA and GSM.

CDMA uses Code Division Multiple Access as the name itself

On the other hand GSM (Global System for Mobile

allocating slots to multiple calls. In this way, a single

26. What is an Amplifier?

27. What is Barkhausen criteria?

28. Explain Full duplex and half duplex.

Full duplex refers to the transmission of data in two

29. What is a feedback? And explain different types

often used to control the dynamic behaviour of the system.

1. Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but

30. Advantages of negative feedback over positive

31. Example for negative feedback and positive

32. What is Oscillator?

33. What is a transducer and transponder?

34. What is an Integrated Circuit?

35. What is crosstalk?

36. What is a rectifier?

A rectifier changes alternating current into direct current.

alternating current is positive, the diode becomes forward-

37. What is resistor?

38. What is capacitor?

A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store

languages use acognate of condenser to refer to a capacitor.

39. What is inductor?

40. What is conductor?

41. What is a semi conductor?