Results and Formulae Needed in Examinations

Results and formulae needed in examinations
The MEI Students’ Handbook is designed for use during the course and contains a large
number of results, and other useful information. Not all of this is available in the booklet
provided for the examinations, currently designated MF2 and published by OCR.
Consequently there are some results which students need for examinations that they will have
to recall or derive. This file contains such results. They are listed by units, rather than by topic
as in the Students’ Handbook. In a few cases the list would be identical to a page in the
Students’ Handbook and in that case the page reference is given instead.
Before you go on to look at the lists, there are a number of points we would like to bring to
your attention.
• Learning formulae and results is not always the best thing to do. In some cases it is
better practice to know how to derive them and to be prepared to do so should the
need arise.
• By their nature such lists cannot be completely inclusive. There is almost no limit
to the elementary results that a candidate needs. The results listed are those that
are given in the Students’ Handbook but are not in the examination booklet, MF2.
• The results to be known for any unit include all those that need to be known for
earlier units in the same strand. Thus a candidate for C3 needs to recall or derive
the results required for C1 and C2.
• The results to be known for an applied unit include some of those needed for
equivalent pure units (see the Assumed Knowledge section on the unit’s title
page).
• There is an underlying assumption that students know all the results needed for
Intermediate Tier GCSE.
There is a typesetting error on page 12 of the current printing of the handbook (Fifth edition,
July 2004). The integral of sin 2 x is given at the bottom of the right hand column; the answer
should be 12 ( x − 12 sin 2 x ) and not 12 ( x − 12 sin 2 x ) . This will of course be corrected at the next
printing.
MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

C1 results that are not given in the examination booklet (page 1)
Quadratic equations
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
The roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are x = .
2a
The discriminant is ( b 2 − 4ac ) Discriminant > 0: 2 real roots
Discriminant = 0: 1 repeated root
Discriminant < 0: No real roots
Modulus
x means the positive value of x. For x ≥ 0, x = x ; for x < 0, x = − x .
x < a ⇔ − a < x < a (a > 0)
Binomial coefficients
⎛n⎞
The notations nCr and ⎜ ⎟ are equivalent.
⎝r⎠
n
C0 = Cn = 1
n
Binomial coefficients may be found using Pascal’s triangle:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
and so on.
Indices
a m × a n = a m+ n a m ÷ a n = a m−n a0 = 1
1
1
a−m = m
a
an = n a (a )m n
= a mn

Straight lines
The line joining ( x1 , y1 ) to ( x2 , y2 ) has:
y2 − y1
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
Gradient m= Length
x2 − x1
y − y1 y2 − y1 ⎛ x1 + x2 y1 + y2 ⎞
Equation = Mid-point ⎜ , ⎟
x − x1 x2 − x1 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Other formulae for the equation of a straight line:
Through ( 0, c ) with gradient m: y = mx + c

Through ( x1 , y1 ) with gradient m: y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
x y
Through ( a, 0 ) and ( 0, b ) : + =1
a b
Perpendicular lines: The product of their gradients m1m2 = −1
Circles
The circle with centre ( a, b ) radius r has equation ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = r 2

2 2

You are also expected to recall or derive C1 results that are not given in the examination
booklet.
Logarithms and exponentials
⎛x⎞
log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y log a ⎜ ⎟ = log a x − log a y
⎝ y⎠
log a ( x n ) = n log a x ( ) 1
log a n x = log a x
n
⎛1⎞
log a ⎜ ⎟ = − log a x
⎝ x⎠
log a a = 1 log a 1 = 0
y = a x ⇔ x = log a y
Trigonometric ratios of some angles
θ 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 180o
sin θ 0 1
2
1
2
3 1 0
2
cos θ 1 3 1
2
1
2
0 -1
2
tan θ 0 1
3
1 3 - 0
Trigonometric identities
sin θ
= tan θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
cos θ
Triangles
Area = 12 ab sin C = 12 bc sin A = 12 ca sin B
a b c
Sine rule: = =
sin A sin B sin C

Circular measure
2π radians = 360o Arc length s = rθ Area of sector A = 12 r 2θ
Trigonometrical relationships
sin ( −θ ) = − sin θ cos ( −θ ) = cos θ

sin (θ + 90° ) = cos θ cos (θ + 90° ) = − sin θ
sin (θ + 180° ) = − sin θ cos (θ + 180° ) = − cos θ
tan ( −θ ) = − tan θ
tan (θ + 180° ) = tan θ

Differentiation
Differentiation from first principles
dy δy f ( x + δx) − f ( x)
= Lim = Lim
dx δx →0 δx δx→0 δx
dy
is also written as f ′( x)
dx
dy
For y = x n , = nx n −1
dx
dy
For y = f ( x) + g( x), = f ′( x) + g′( x)
dx
Integration
x n +1
∫ x dx = + c, n ≠ −1
n
n +1
∫ ( f ′( x) + g′( x) ) dx = f ( x) + g( x) + c
Definite integrals
b
∫a
f ( x)dx gives the area of the region bounded by y = f ( x) , the x-axis and the lines x = a
and x = b .
b c c
∫a
f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx
b a
a b
∫b
f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
a

C3 results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive C1 and C2 results that are not given in the
examination booklet.
Exponentials
y = e x ⇔ x = log e x = ln x
eln x = x ln ( e x ) = x
Differentiation
Standard derivatives
f ( x) f ′( x)
e kx kekx
ln x 1
x
sin kx k cos kx
cos kx − k sin kx
Product rule
dy dv du
y = uv, =u +v
dx dx dx
Chain rule
dy dy du
y is a function of u and u is a function of x, = ×
dx du dx

Integration
Standard integrals
f ( x)
∫ f ( x)dx (+ a constant)
e kx 1 kx
e
k
1 ln x
x
sin kx 1
− cos kx
k
cos kx 1
sin kx
k
Integration by substitution
y = f (u ), u = g( x), ∫ f ′ [g( x)] g′( x)dx = f [g( x)] + c

C4 results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive C1, C2 and C3 results that are not given in the
Trigonometry
sec2 θ ≡ 1 + tan 2 θ
cosec 2θ ≡ 1 + cot 2 θ
sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ

cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 θ
2 tan θ
tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ
Vectors
⎛ u1 ⎞ ⎛ v1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ u2 ⎟ . ⎜ v2 ⎟ = u1v1 + u2 v2 + u3v3
⎜u ⎟ ⎜v ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

FP1 results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive relevant C1 and C2 results that are not given in
the examination booklet.
Finite series
∑ r = n ( n + 1)
r =1
1
2
Complex numbers
Real-imaginary form
For z = x + jy , Re( z ) = x and Im( z ) = y

mod( z ) = z = x 2 + y 2
x y
arg( z ) = θ where cos θ = and sin θ = and −π < θ ≤ π ( arg(0) is undefined)
z z
The conjugate of z is z* where z* = x − jy

2 1 x − jy z*
zz* = z , = 2 = 2
z x +y 2
z
Modulus-argument (polar) form
If z = r and arg( z ) = θ , then z = [ r , θ ] = r ( cos θ + jsin θ )

1 1
z* = r (cos θ − jsin θ ) , = ( cos θ − jsin θ )
z r

Mechanics 1 results that are not given in the examination booklet
No results for Mechanics 1 are given in the examination booklet.
You are expected to be able to recall those on page 14 of the Students’ Handbook.
You are also expected to recall or derive relevant C1 and C2 results that are not given in
the examination booklet.
Particular attention should be given to the constant acceleration formulae.
Written in scalars s = ut + 12 at 2 s= 1
2 (u + v ) s = vt − 12 at 2
v = u + at v 2 − u 2 = 2as
Written in vectors s = ut + 12 at 2 s = 12 ( u + v ) s = vt − 12 at 2
v = u + at
(There is no simple vector equivalent of v 2 − u 2 = 2as .)
Attention should also be given to the equations for general motion where the acceleration
need not be constant.
ds
Written in scalars v= = s s = ∫ vdt
dt
dv d2s
a= = v = 2 =
s v = ∫ adt
dt dt
These results can also be written using vectors; in that case the symbol r is often used
instead of s for displacement.

Mechanics 2 results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive Mechanics 1 results that are not given in the
Friction
F = μR when sliding takes place

F ≤ μR when no sliding takes place
Centre of mass
( ∑ m ) x = ∑ ( mx ) ( ∑ m ) r = ∑ ( mr )
Work, energy and power
Work done by a constant force, W = F ( s cos θ ) = ( F cos θ ) s
Kinetic energy = 12 mv 2
Work done against gravity = mgh
dW
Power = = Fv cos θ
dt
The work energy principle
The total work done by the forces acting on a body is equal to the increase in the kinetic
energy of the body.

Mechanics 2 results that are not given in the examination booklet (page 2)
Impulse
Impulse = Ft for constant F

Impulse = change in momentum = mv − mu
Impacts
Newton’s Experimental Law
v2 − v1 = −e ( u2 − u1 )
where e is the coefficient of restitution
velocity of separation v2 − v1
e= =
velocity of approach u1 − u2

Statistics 1 results that are not given in the examination booklet (page 1)
Samples
There are two notations, according to whether the data are grouped or not.
Ungrouped data A sample has n observations of x, x1 , x2 , ... xn .
Sample mean: x=
∑x i
n
(∑ x )
2
Sum of squares of deviations: S xx = ∑ ( xi − x ) = ∑ x = ∑ xi2 − nx 2

2 2
−
i
i
n
Grouped data A sample has n observations of x, with fi observations of xi . ∑f i =n
Sample mean: x=
∑x f i i
n
Sum of squares of deviations: S xx = ∑ ( xi − x ) f i
2
(∑ x f )
2
=∑x f − = ∑ xi2 f i − nx 2
2 i i
i i
n
For both notations
S xx
Mean square deviation: msd =
n
Root mean square deviation: rmsd = msd
S xx
Sample variance: s2 =
n −1
Sample standard deviation: s = s2
Some calculators give both rmsd and s; make sure you understand the output from your
calculator.
Coding
If y = a + bx then y = a + bx and s y2 = b 2 sx2

Selections and arrangements
Number of ways of
* arranging n unlike objects in line = n !
* selecting r objects from n unlike objects when the order does not
⎛n⎞ n!
matter = n Cr = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ r ⎠ r !( n − r ) !
* selecting r objects from n unlike objects when order does matter
n!
= n Pr =
( n − r )!
Conditional probability
P ( A ∩ B)
P( B A) =
P ( A)
Discrete random variables
[The formulae for finding the mean or expectation, E ( X ) , and the variance, Var( X ) , of X
are given in MF2.]
E ( a + bX ) = a + bE ( X ) , Var ( a + bX ) = b 2 Var ( X )
The binomial distribution
For the binomial distribution, B ( n, p ) , the random variable, X, is the number of successes
from n independent trials of a process for which P(success) = p .
P( X = r ) = nCr p r q n − r for r = 0,1, 2, ... , n where q = 1 − p .

The binomial hypothesis test
(A description of the process of hypothesis testing is given on page 18 of the Students’

Handbook.)
Null hypothesis H0: The probability of the underlying population, p, has a given
value
Alternative hypotheses H1: p ≠ the given value (2-tail test)
or p > the given value (1-tail test)
or p < the given value (1-tail test)
Test statistic Observed number of successes in a sample of size n trials
Critical values Can be calculated, or derived from cumulative frequency tables

Statistics 2 results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive Statistics 1 results that are not given in the
The χ2 test on a contingency table
( fo − fe )
2
The test statistic is X = ∑

2
.
fe
For a contingency table with r rows and c columns there are ( r − 1)( c − 1) degrees of
freedom.
Product moment correlation and regression
The formulae are given in the examination booklet but you are advised to work with the
forms using sums of squares and sums of products, as given below.
S xy
Correlation coefficient: r =
S xx S yy
S xy
Least squares regression line: y − y = b ( x − x ) where b =
S xx

Decision Mathematics 1 results that are not given in the examination
booklet
No results are given in the examination booklet.
You are expected to be able to recall or derive those on page 26 of the Students’
Handbook, and those at the top of page 28.

booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive Decision Mathematics 1 results that are not
given in the examination booklet.
Decision trees
Decision
node
Chance node
Payoff node
EMV Expected monetary value
Propositional connectives
∨ or ∧ and
⇔ equivalence ⇒ implies
~ not
Distributive laws
a ∧ (b ∨ c ) = ( a ∧ b ) ∨ ( a ∧ c )
a ∨ (b ∧ c ) = ( a ∨ b ) ∧ ( a ∨ c )
de Morgan’s Laws
~ ( p ∧ q ) ⇔ ~ p∨ ~ q
~ ( p ∨ q ) ⇔ ~ p∧ ~ q

booklet (page 2)
Algorithms and vocabulary
See page 28 of the Students’ Handbook for step-by-step descriptions of various algorithms
and also for explanations of standard terms used in linear programming.

Decision Computation results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive Decision Mathematics 1 results that are not
given in the examination booklet.
Recurrence relations
First order
For un +1 = aun + f (n) ( a ≠ 1) ,
if f (n) = 0, un = a n u0
otherwise, un = Aa n + particular solution
For un +1 = un + f (n) (i.e. a = 1 in the above relation),

n
un +1 = u0 + ∑ f (i )
i =0
Second order
For un + 2 + aun +1 + bun = f (n)
The auxiliary equation is λ 2 + aλ + b = 0 with roots λ1 and λ2
If f (n) = 0, un = Aλ1n + Bλ2n ( λ1 ≠ λ2 )

un = ( An + B ) λ n ( λ1 = λ2 = λ )
If f (n) ≠ 0 , a particular solution is added to the corresponding expression for un where

f ( n) = 0 .
Algorithms and vocabulary
See page 28 of the Students’ Handbook for step-by-step descriptions of various algorithms
and also for explanations of standard terms used in linear programming.

Numerical Methods results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive C1 and C2 results that are not given in the
You will be given all the results except those below for numerical differentiation.
Numerical differentiation
f ( x + h) − f ( x) f ( x + h) − f ( x − h)
f ′( x) ≈ , f ′( x) ≈
h 2h

Results and Formulae Needed in Examinations

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Results and formulae needed in examinations

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

x means the positive value of x. For x ≥ 0, x = x ; for x < 0, x = − x .

x < a ⇔ − a < x < a (a > 0)

Binomial coefficients may be found using Pascal’s triangle:

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

The line joining ( x1 , y1 ) to ( x2 , y2 ) has:

Other formulae for the equation of a straight line:

Through ( 0, c ) with gradient m: y = mx + c

Perpendicular lines: The product of their gradients m1m2 = −1

The circle with centre ( a, b ) radius r has equation ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = r 2

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

Logarithms and exponentials

Trigonometric ratios of some angles

θ 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 180o

Area = 12 ab sin C = 12 bc sin A = 12 ca sin B

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

2π radians = 360o Arc length s = rθ Area of sector A = 12 r 2θ

sin ( −θ ) = − sin θ cos ( −θ ) = cos θ

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

Differentiation from first principles

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

y = f (u ), u = g( x), ∫ f ′ [g( x)] g′( x)dx = f [g( x)] + c

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

For z = x + jy , Re( z ) = x and Im( z ) = y

The conjugate of z is z* where z* = x − jy

Modulus-argument (polar) form

If z = r and arg( z ) = θ , then z = [ r , θ ] = r ( cos θ + jsin θ )

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

No results for Mechanics 1 are given in the examination booklet.

Particular attention should be given to the constant acceleration formulae.

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

F = μR when sliding takes place

Work, energy and power

Work done by a constant force, W = F ( s cos θ ) = ( F cos θ ) s

Work done against gravity = mgh

The work energy principle

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

Impulse = Ft for constant F

Newton’s Experimental Law

where e is the coefficient of restitution

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

Ungrouped data A sample has n observations of x, x1 , x2 , ... xn .

Sum of squares of deviations: S xx = ∑ ( xi − x ) = ∑ x = ∑ xi2 − nx 2

Grouped data A sample has n observations of x, with fi observations of xi . ∑f i =n

For both notations

Root mean square deviation: rmsd = msd

Sample standard deviation: s = s2

If y = a + bx then y = a + bx and s y2 = b 2 sx2

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

Selections and arrangements

* arranging n unlike objects in line = n !

Discrete random variables

The binomial distribution

P( X = r ) = nCr p r q n − r for r = 0,1, 2, ... , n where q = 1 − p .

MEI Structured Mathematics: Formulae and results

The binomial hypothesis test

(A description of the process of hypothesis testing is given on page 18 of the Students’

Test statistic Observed number of successes in a sample of size n trials

Critical values Can be calculated, or derived from cumulative frequency tables