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Art Appreciation (Mapúa University)

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 Art is everywhere: on street corners and
buses, in parks and restaurants, on your
computer and cell-phone screens.
 Art is a visual story of what being human is all
about, told in many forms and with many
voices.
 Understanding art will teach you to react
constructively to new ideas and divergent
perspectives and value diverse cultures and
various customs.
 It will stimulate your mind and your eyes: you
will look more attentively and think more
creatively.
 Art will inspire you to pursue your visions,
dreams, and hopes in your personal life and
professional path.
 Art is important and gratifying. Certain ideas
and works of art will confirm and enhance
what you know.
 Others will teach you to look beyond the
superficial layers to discover unexpected
meanings.
 You will like some artworks and dislike others.
 Some will shock you; others will leave you
indifferent.
 But don't reject art or ideas before you find
out more about them.
Art
"Works resulting from creative activities
which communicate forms, ideas, and emotions
and bring about reactions from viewers"
(dictionaries and encyclopedia)
Can be applied to a wide range of visual
expressions, establishing parity among works with
significant visual, conceptual, cultural, and
chronological differences
“It is not enough to believe what you see,”
argued Leonardo da Vinci (1452– 1519), “you
must also understand what you see.”
At the core of this new view are two
interrelated notions. First, that art is a changing
concept defined within specific cultural, historical,
and geo- graphical contexts by numerous
individuals, institutions, and factors. Second, that
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understanding art is an active and critical process
that engages the eye and the mind.
Assumption of Art
Art is universal
art has always been timeless and universal,
spanning generations and continents through and
through.
Art is not nature
Art is man's expression of his reception of nature.
Art is man's way of interpreting nature.
Art involves experience
Unlike fields of knowledge that involves data, art
is known by experiencing.
A work of art then cannot be abstracted from
actual doing.
In order to know what an artwork, we have to
sense it, see or hear it, and see AND hear it.
Purpose of Art
Art is created to communicate about and reflect
on a wide range of feelings, ideas, concerns, and
thoughts.
Overtime, the initial artistic intentions and
original functions may be altered by new
contexts, values and tastes.
Art, however, continues to connect with new
audiences beyond chronological restrictions,
cultural identities, geographical limitations, and
language barriers.
Eisner, 2009 - In the end, the aim of education
can be thought of as the creation of artists
Robinson, 2007 - Creativity now is as important in
education as literacy, and we should treat it with
the same status
Csikzentmihalyi, 2010 - something that leads to a
better world
Purpose or art
Art for art's sake - implies that art is a self-
referential entity with no ties to its environment
and should be appreciated for its own qualities.
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Art as Biography - In the past artists have
documented their professional and personal
concerns in self-portraits
Art as commentary on contemporary times and
issues - many works of art have reflected, directly
or indirectly, on their own times
Art and the community/public art - many works
of art have been created for public viewing
Art for commemorative purposes - An important
function of art is to commemorate individuals.
Art as documentation - cave paintings provide
modern audiences with valuable information
about the period in which they were created.
Art and emotions - art has often been created to
express artist's feelings or to produce an
emotional response from viewers.
Art as enjoyment - art should be something like a
good armchair in which to rest from physical
fatigue
Art and everyday life - in some culture’s art has
been closely intertwined with life
Art for functional purposes - masks, articles of
clothing, baskets, and other functional objects
were created in many cultures to be both used
and admired.
Art and history - Many works were created to
illustrate specific historical events. These images
are valuable sources for understanding the past.
They represent a point of view, not an objective
account.
Art as ideas and thought process - Should art be
about visual elements or ideas? What should
viewers do in front of a work of art: look at the art
or think about it?
Art and ideals - any artworks have been created
to expose the ideals of a society
Art as information - pagbibigay impormasyon
hinddil sa iba't-ibang pangyayari o produkto
Art and knowledge - knowledge is used by artists
in the creative process, but it can also be the
reason art is made.
Art and Nature - Art and Life/Nature Many
cultures have thought of art as a continuum of
life. In the Western tradition art has mostly been
created to reflect on life and nature rather than
being intertwined with them. Contemporary
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artists, however, including Walter De Maria and
Christo (both b. 1935), have established
innovative dialogues with nature and life.
Art as memory - Art has often been created in the
past as a visual record. Portraits have served as
personal and public memories.
Art and philosophy - Philosophy and art have
always been strongly interconnected.
Art and politics - For centuries and across the
globe political life has been closely intertwined
with art. In certain circumstances, both in modern
times and in the past, art has been created for
propaganda purposes.
Art and Reality - Art has reflected the
surrounding environment and, at times,
confirmed the identity of the space in which we
live. New media – photography, film and, more
recently, video and virtual reality – have
continued to offer images that parallel the
coherence of the world.
Art as Self-expression and personal statement -
pagpapahayag ng sariling ekspresyon
Art as social statement - pagpapahayag ng isyung
panlipunan gamit ang sining.
Art as truth - The notion that art has changeable
meanings and values is uncomfortable to many.
Picasso reflected on this issue, stating, “Art is a lie
that makes us realize truth.”2 The artists may be
true to themselves, but even this is not always
possible. Personal interpretations, views, and
feelings are at the core of both making and
understanding art.
Why is art made?
 The multiple and diverse purposes of art
are evident.
 Art is a visual journal of our past, present,
and future.
 But art is hardly an open book.
 Many works, even when familiar, intrigue
audiences.
 This mystery is not threatening, but it is
intimidating.
 Some of the mystique of art will be
uncovered in the following chapters.
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 The issues presented will clarify what
makes art both powerful and necessary.
 Some of these elements are awe-inspiring,
others banal; some are visible, others
invisible; and some are familiar, others
unknown.
 They all, however, confirm that art is an
indispensable ingredient of life, culture,
and society.
 Art makes the ordinary extraordinary
Form
Elements of design - The basic elements used to
create a work of art.
Principles of design - The arrangement of formal
elements in a work of art.
Medium/Media
The term medium (plural media) has several
meanings:
1. The means and methods used by artists to get
across their ideas or specific category, such as
painting, sculpture, etc.
2. The specific materials used in making art.
3. Medium is also used as a synonym for the term
solvent, or thinner, a liquid used to dilute and mix
dry pigments.
Content
Refers to what work of art is about, what is
depicted, and what its meaning might be.
Theme. A recurring broad subject (such as love or
nature) represented across time and cultures.
Subject Matter. The specific story depicted in a
work of art.
Title. The name or brief description that defines a
work of art and helps explain its meaning. Many
titles of older art have been added later, based on
the content of the work.
ELEMENTS OF ART
Elements of Art is Visual Arts
COLOR
Hue - the purest form of any color of the
spectrum/color wheel.
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Pigment - The powder that contains the color.
Pigments can be natural, mineral, animal, or
synthetic.
Saturation - The amount of pure pigment in the
color.
Value - The amount of light or dark added to the
pigment.
Primary Colors - red, yellow and blue
Secondary Colors - are formed by mixing two
primary colors, e.g., red and yellow=orange.
Color wheel is divided into two sides:
warm colors - yellow, orange, and red
cool colors - green, blue, violet
Complementary colors are on the exact opposite
side of the wheel.
Local Color is the color of an object as it appears
in reality.
Arbitrary colors are not connected to reality.
Optical color is an effect created by the eye,
which mixes small patches of colors placed one
next to the other and produces a new one: e.g.,
blue next to yellow would be seen as green.
Complementary contrast is between two colors
opposite each other on the color wheel.
Simultaneous contrast is a visual effect created
by a complementary contrast of pure hues.
A palette is a surface used to mix colors. It also
defines the colors specific to a work or an artist.
A monochromatic palette implies the use of only
one (mono) color.
LIGHT
Light is used to create a sense of space in both
two- and three-dimensional works.
Value is the amount of light and dark.
Modeling is used to define a process of creating
the illusion of volume, using light and shadows or
by sculpting a form in clay.
Chiaroscuro is the visible contrast between light
and dark, achieve by modeling.
Tenebrism/tenebroso is a strong contrast favored
particularly during the baroque.
Sfumato is a modeling technique where the
transition from dark to light is so subtle that no
contours are visible.
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LINE Implied or visual texture is the suggestion of a

A line is the trace left on a surface. It can be material or finish that is not actually there.
straight, curved, or free form. Analytical lines
have mathematical precision and present a Time and Motion
systematic process. In two- or three-dimensional art time can be
Contour lines outline exterior shapes and may represented as a frozen moment, a succession of
suggest volume. developments or in symbolical ways.
Expressive lines have variations in their shape Motion can be suggested when lines and forms
and direction. They are perceived to represent are perceived to "move", implied by the
artist's emotional states. repetition of certain forms and shapes, or actual
when real movement is used, such as in kinetic
sculptures.
PATTERN
The repetition of formal elements creates a Elements of art in Auditory Arts
pattern. Music moves through time, thus it is called
temporal Music appreciation
SPACE is the acquired ability to listen to music
Perspective is a convention used to represent intelligently.
space on a two-dimensional surface. 3 components:
Linear perspective is based on mathematical  ability to appreciate music is not inborn
principles that create the illusion of depth on a  acquired by anyone who makes up his
picture plane. In one-point perspective, the mind to do so
parallel lines that run from the viewer converge in  conscious
one vanishing point on the horizon line. Music
Two-point perspective uses converging points, Composed of tones and silences organized in such
each with their own converging lines. a manner to convey the emotions and ideas
Atmospheric/aerial perspective refers to the conceived by the composer.
air/atmosphere has on visual perception. Objects The composer's work must be interpreted by
and forms closer to the viewer appear to be more another artist the performer who makes the
defined and have more color, while those further composer's work come to life.
away seem to be less clear and have less contrast
and color. Functions of Music
Shape marks the outline of a two- or three- 1. An attempt to imitate the natural sound
dimensional form. 2. Release of one's emotions or feeling
Mass or positive space is a form with three- (therapeutic)
dimensional form. 3. As signals in wars
Void or negative space is literally the air around 4. Means of worship and vehicles of rituals
the mass. 5. Used to accompany dance
6. A form of entertainment in community
Texture celebrations
Texture is the visual or tactile quality of a work of 7. Symbols of life's cycle
art.
Actual or physical texture is the physical quality
of the surface, such as impasto, a thick layer of
paint.

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Sound (Tones): The Physical Material Property of
Music
Vibration is what produced a sound
Regular vibrations produce tones or musical
sounds
Irregular sound yield noise
Sound in general has 4 qualities:
1. Timbre
2. Pitch
3. Intensity
4.
Elements of Music
 Pitch is as aspect of a sound that we can hear,
reflecting whether one musical sound, note or
tone is "higher" or "lower" than another
musical sound, note or tone.
 A Melody (also called a "tune") is series of
pitches(notes) sounding in succession, often
in a rising or falling pattern. The notes of a
melody are typically created using pitch
systems such a scales or modes. Melodies also
often contain notes from the chords used in
the song.
 Harmony refers to the "vertical" sounds of
pitches in music, which means pitches that are
played or sung together at the same time to
create a chord. Usually this means the notes
are played at the time, although harmony may
also be implied by a melody that outlines a
harmonic structure.
 Form describes how the overall structure or
plan of a song or piece of music, and it
describes the layout of a composition as
divided into sections.
 Tone color/Timber is the quality or sound of a
voice or instrument. Timbre is what makes a
particular musical sound different from
another, even when they have the same pitch
and loudness.
 Texture is the overall sound of a piece of
music or song. The texture of a piece or sing is
determined by how the melodic, rhythmic,
and harmonic materials are combined in a
composition, thus determining the overall
nature of the sound in a piece. Texture is
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often described in regard to the density, or
thickness, and range, or width, between
lowest and highest pitches.
Elements of Art in Combined Arts
Combines arts is where different artforms
interact and create something new and exciting
across outdoor arts, carnival, festivals, spectacle,
interdisciplinary work, live art and participatory
and social art practice. It can mean several
different things. It can refer to a collection of
mediums, such as painting, singing and musical
performance. It can also refer to organizations,
that work over multiple platforms and venue to
promote artistic endeavors.
Relevance or Significance in the 21st Century
 Two common examples of Combined Arts
are Movies and Video Games.
 They both require several fields of
expertise, skills, and talents to produce a
finished product.
 Developing a video game or producing a
film is very significant to the economy of a
country.
The combined arts can be refer to events that
combine variety of media or materials which can
be both seen and heard, which exist in both space
and time.
Combined arts can mean several different things.
It can refer to a collection of different art
mediums, such as painting, singing and musical
performance.
It can also refer to organizations, that work over
multiple platforms and venues to promote and
venues to promote artistic endeavors.
Performance - That require human beings to
demonstrate certain skills.
Theater - As a combined art may put together
literature or drama, music, actors on stage where
scenery, props and lighting are arranged, plus
other media to complete a production.
Music - May include sound, spectacular
impressions and video.
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Cinema - May creatively integrate elements of  Medium - refers to the material used by
photography, video, film, music and literature and the artist. There are a variety of materials
other materials in its production. used
 Subject Matter - is what the artwork is
The Spatio Temporal Frames in the Combined about. It may be a person, nature, an
Arts event, feeling or idea that is central in the
Locus - The specific space in which Music, Film art piece.
and Theater and other Combined Arts occur.  Style - refers to the set of characteristics
Space - must conform to the plastic feature of the that identifies an artwork with an
actor or the actress, and that it must work to individual, a historical period, a school of
serve his or he is moving, alive and three- artists, or a nation.
dimensional character.
Principles of Design
Display of Skills in the Combined Arts Balance
Theater - display of prowess • Balance is the visual equilibrium between
Music - demonstration of virtuosity various parts of a work of art.
Cinema- display of aural and visual images • Symmetrical balance is achieved when a
composition has similar or identical parts along a
The structure of the Combined Arts central axis. In an asymmetrical balance, the two
Music parts are not the same or distributed unevenly
 Rhythm along the axis. Radial balance is based on a
 Melody central point from which all parts are distributed.
 Harmony Emphasis and Focal Point
 Texture •A composition has a focal point of attention,
usually the essence of the work, highlighted in
Theater some way to draw viewers’ attention.
 Plot Rhythm
 Character • The consistent repetition of elements creates a
 Thought rhythm, which contributes to and enhances unity.
 Diction Scale and Proportions
 Music • Scale is size of an object in relationship to its
 Spectacle original dimensions, or reality.
• Proportions refer to the relationships of various
Cinema parts to the whole
 Script Unity and Variety
 Acting • Unity is the consistent use of the same forms,
colors, and shapes to create a sense of oneness.
 Production Design
• Variety is the interruption of this continuity and
 Staging or Directing
the introduction of new elements
 Cinematography
 Editing
 Sound Design

The Analysis of the Combined Arts

 Form - refers to the elements, principles of
composition, conventions and techniques
that are used to organize a work of art.

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Aesthetic Theories about Art

Aesthetic theories are used to better
understand works of art. They can be used as
standards for "good" art or help define art.
Aesthetic theories are different from
"styles" of art. Styles are the characteristics of a
group of artists that have similar features or
purposes.

Instrumentalism
This aesthetic theory places emphasis on
commentary about social issues. Under this
theory, art is created as a tool or instrument to
persuade the viewer, influence change, and shape
society. This type of art conveys an opinion.

Realism (Imitationalism/Representationalism)
This aesthetic theory places emphasis on
portraying our world in a realistic manner.
According to this theory, a work is considered
successful if it looks like and reminds the viewer
of what is seen in the real world. This type of art
is an accurate mirror of the world. It imitates
nature or an ideal form.

Emotionalism (Expressionism)
This aesthetic theory places emphasis on
expressive qualities. The most important thing
about a work of art

Formalism
This aesthetic theory places emphasis on the
formal properties of the artwork - lines, shapes,
colors, textures, etc. It is the structural qualities
that are important instead of the content of the
artwork. The effective organization of the
elements of art through the use of the principles
of design is the most important thing about the
artwork.

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