APPRECIATION

The

Art of Appreciation
begins with

Self Appreciation
—Amit Abraham—
 —Embracing the Humanities—
WHAT IS HUMANITIES?
• The term “humanities” was first applied to the writings of
ancient Latin authors which were read not only for their
ability of language and forceful literary style, but also, and
more specially, for their moral teaching.
• It comes from the latin word humanus which means
educated.
• During the Medieval Age, the humanities dealt with the
metaphysics of the religious philosopher. The goal was
the cultivation of the spiritual life and the preparation for
the hereafter.
• During the Renaissance, the word came to refer to the set
of disciplines taught in the universities, which included
grammar, rhetoric, history, literature, music, philosophy,
and theology- a body of knowledge aimed to make man
human, cultured, and refined.
• The humanities serve to provide the student with certain
skills and values through arts. (Ortiz et al).
• The term humanities refers to the arts- the visual arts such
as architecture; painting and sculpture; music; dance; the
theater or drama; and literature. They are the branches of
learning concerned with human being and his feelings and
how he expresses those feelings have always been the
concern of the humanities (Sanchez, 2001).
WHAT ARE The DIFFERENCES OF HUMANITIES AND
SCIENCES?
The sciences deal with the external world of man, as
well as with the facets of man’s being that can be subjected
to observation, measurement, and experimentation. The
sciences enable man to understand and control nature and
to harness its energy to make his life more comfortable and
convenient.
On the other hand, The humanities deal with man’s
internal world-with his personality and experiences, matters
that cannot be exactly measured, classified, or controlled.
The humanities’ approach is subjective; it makes much use of
perception, feeling, intuition, and insight. It focuses on man
as an individuals.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HUMANITIES AND SCIENCES:
• Both the sciences and the humanities are necessary for
the development of the complete, social man, ready to
take on his responsibilities in this rapidly changing world
and to enjoy life as he lives it (Ortiz et al.).
—Art Appreciation—
When we look around, we see a lot of things that relate
to art. Art can come in the form of many items such as
posters, paintings, portraits, covers, and more. People look at
art in different ideas that they want to know more about or
may be studying. Art can shows ideas about the past, what is
currently happening and what may happen in the future. It
can also show meaning, love, boredom, and creativity (Ramos,
2012). Art can be meaningful because of the colors, shapes,
and depictions it can create.
Art Appreciation is a way to motivate ideas and allows
individuals to illustrate their feelings when they viewed an
artwork. It helps develops critical and innovative skills in
thinking and teaches essential qualities in listening, observing,
and responding to multiple viewpoints It also requires an
ability to differentiate what is apparent and what is not
(Gargaro & Jilg, 2016 and Sanger, 2012).
It is also the ability to interpret or understand
man-made arts and enjoy them either through actual or work
experience with art tools and materials or possession of these
works for one's admiration or satisfaction. Art appreciation,
therefore, deals with learning or understanding and creating
arts and enjoying them.
ART APPRECIATION AS A WAY OF LIFE
According to Jean-Paul Sartre, the role of art as a crea-
tive work is to depict the world in a completely different light
and perspective. Each artwork beholds beauty in its own kind,
the kind that the artist sees and wants the viewers to
perceive.
More often than not, people are blind to this beauty
and only those who have developed a fine sense of apprecia-
tion can experience and see the art the way the artist did.
Hence, refining one’s ability to appreciate arts allows him to
deeply understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize
the beauty it possesses.
In cultivating an appreciation of art, one should also
exercise and develop his taste for things that are fine and
beautiful. This allows individuals to make intelligent choices
and decisions in acquiring necessities and luxuries, knowing
what gives better value for time or money while taking into
consideration the aesthetic and practical value.
Learning to appreciate art no matter what vocation or
profession you have, will lead to a fuller and more meaningful
life.
—Activity 1—
Answer briefly.
In one of our encounters with art through museum
visits, musicals, and plays among others, have you ever felt
disconnected from an artwork? Was there a point in time
when you did not understand what message the art was
trying to convey? Explain why you think you did or did not
understand the art.
—Art, Creativity, Imagination & Expression—
It takes an artist to make art. One may perceive beauty
on a daily basis. However, not every beautiful thing that be
seen or experienced may truly be called a work of art.
Art is a product of man’s creativity, imagination, and
expression. Not everyone can be considered an artist, but all
are spectators of art. We are able to distinguish what is fine
and beautiful from what is not and what is good quality and
from poor. This give a role in the field of art appreciation.
CREATIVITY
• Creativity requires thinking outside the box.
• In art, creativity is what sets apart one artwork from
another.
When can we say that something is creative?
• When we have not seen anything like it
• When it is out of the ordinary
• When it is not just a copy or imitation of someone’s
work
• When there is originality
IMAGINATION
Imagination is more important than knowledge. For
knowledge is limited to all we know and understand, while
imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will
be to and understand (Albert Einstein).
Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm,
but goes beyond that. Through imagination, one is able to
craft something bold, something new, and something better
in the hopes of creating something that will stimulate
changes.
In artist’s mind sits a vast gallery of artworks, an
artworks does not need to be a real thing, but can be
something that is imaginary. However, something imaginary
does not necessarily mean it cannot be called art. Artist use
their imagination that gives birth to reality through creation.
In the same way that imagination produces art, art also
inspires imagination.
EXPRESSION
What an artist does to an emotion is not to induce it,
but express it. Through expression, he is able to explore his
own emotions and at the same time create something beauti-
ful out of them (Robin George Collingwood)
Expressions emotions is different from describing
emotions. This makes people’s art not a reflection of what is
outside or external to them, but a reflection of their inner
selves.
—The Creation of Art—
In our life, we experience so much fragmentation of our
thoughts and feelings. But, by creating arts, it brings things
back together. We merely make art because of so many
reasons, and we enjoy the process of it.
The word “art” is from a Latin arti, which means
craftsmanship, inventiveness, mastery of form, skill. It
includes literature, music, paintings, photography, sculpture,
etc. It serves as an original record of human needs and
achievements.
It usually refers to the so-called “fine arts” (e.g.,
graphics, plastic, and building) and to the so-called “minor
arts” (everyday, useful, applied, and decorative arts). It is the
process of using our senses and emotions in making creative
activities (Marcos, 2010).
It is a human capability to make things beautiful (e.g.,
buildings, illustration, designing, painting, sculpture, and
Photography) through the production of his/her imagination
depending on the preparation, theme, medium, and values
used.
Significantly, the word artist comes from the French
word artiste and the Spanish artista, which means
“performer.” It is someone who creates art that is merely
trades and professions by which different people make their
livings (Goines, 2004).
Artist is most often refers to those who create within a
context of the fine arts such as acting, dancing, drawing,
filmmaking, painting, sculpture, writing, photography, and
music. They are those who use imagination, and a skill to
construct works that may be judged to have aesthetic
importance. Creativity is a characteristic of an artist that
progressed in the extent of his/her life to express feelings.
These are all processed in three significant phases namely:
Creation of Forms; Creation of Ideas; and Creation of the
Materials (Sanchez, 2011).
a. The Creations of ideas. Artists are usually
impressionable persons. They used their experiences as
their basis in the making of dance, picture, a poem, or a
play or a song. For example, a composer may write a
song on the developing romance between a man and a
woman, or on the pains of a broken-hearted.
b. The Creations of the Materials. The artist uses different
materials or mediums to give form to an idea. For
example, a painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses
wood, metal or stone; an author uses words; and a
composer who uses musical sounds to determine the
notes.
c. The Creations of Forms. There are diverse forms used
by the artists in expressing their ideas. It is a medium of
artistic expression recognized as fine art. This form is
used to explain the physical nature of the artwork like
in metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc.

—Importance of Art—
Art allows us to explore illuminating experiences, thus,
affording us an extra understanding, prudence, and sensitivity
towards cultural differences. It develops our ability to think
critically with our environment. It opens our senses and
transforms us from a torpid to pro-active and progressive
individuals.
Despite the fact that art unites people, it also divides
and creates distinction of culture. It documents and reveals
the way of life – practices, values, customs, tradition and
beliefs of people of a particular race that differ from other
groups.
ART AS A FORM OF EXPRESSION AND COMMUNICATION
• Good art is successful expression of emotion.
• Art is judged by its effectiveness in producing a desired
result through a particular emotional response in an
audience. The artist must induce in himself the
emotions he wishes to produce in his audience and thus
by expressing his own, implant similar feelings in the
audience.
• Since art is a form of expression and communication, it
should, therefore, not be in the confines of the few. It is
for everybody who wants change and transformations.
—Assumption of Arts—
ART IS UNIVERSAL
Art transcends culture, races and civilization. As long as
human beings exist, art is feasible, alive and dynamic.
ART AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
People share a common means of expressing their
thought and feelings that is through arts like music, dances,
literary pieces, decorative arts, paintings and drawings,
sculptures and others. These forms of art are utilized to
establish and strengthen communication.
Art is also used to call for unity and reconciliation. Our
country's anthem, for instance, is there to bind us; to make us
feel that we are one in our dreams and mission. Monuments
and other historical heritage remind us of our past, the
struggles that each one shared, and the unity we formed in
the name of freedom. In contrast, art can also be used to
communicate mutiny and rebellion. For instance, the work of
Rizal in his book "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo"
extends his utmost disagreement with the Spaniards' control
over the Filipinos.
ART IS TIMELESS
Art is timeless because it goes beyond the time of our
own experience. Art is timeless because it continually evolves.
Classical music, for instance, never fades and goes out of
style. It continually invades our time – listened and
appreciated by many. It remains strong because it became a
witness, a company, a reflection and journal of our
forefathers' young lives.
Art defines time. In watching film, for example, even
when you do not have the idea when it was created, the style
of directing and filming, the clothing and bearing of the
characters, musical scoring and the setting and the plot of the
story would make the viewers guess the period when it was
produced.
While art defines time, time also defines art. It
identifies the artwork that would "click" in a particular time
for the particular audience.
ART ADDRESSES HUMAN NEEDS
Art addresses human needs because it addresses needs
of people from all over the world. Through directly functional
and indirectly functional arts, we are provided with a variety
of offerings – comfort, entertainment and education, which
would somehow lead us to self-fulfillment and satisfaction.
ART IS NOT NATURE
Art is not nature because art is man-made. It is a
creation of man that may reflect a profound skillfulness and
craftsmanship. It undergoes process and planning: a result of
study and research.
Art is artificial because it is just an imitation or even ap-
propriation of ideas, thoughts, feelings, ang emotions that are
communicated in creativity and artistic way.
Art can never be natural because nature is evanescent,
in constant transformation of change2, and yet art is
permanent: it does not change b itself, unless manipulated by
its creator, man.
The beauty of nature is innate and silent. It is given. It
does not ask for attention since it is naturally part of it, while
it is true that beauty in art demands human attention for it
leads us to its valuation.
ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE
Art is a representation of our experiences. It demands
involvement. The only way to find conviction and affirmation
in art is through immersion to the arts. We can only
appreciate art it we spend time to look at it, listen to it, tough
it and feels it presence.
—Functions of Arts—
From the very beginning, arts have been part of human
history. It described, defined, and deepened the human
experience. In the Prehistoric period for example, peoples
performed songs and dances to gratify their ancestors.
Likewise, hunters brushed different figures on the walls of
caves to depict their day to day experiences. Arts also serve
several functions which are item outcome to its purpose
(Menoy, 2009).
Generally, Art can be classified into two; the functional
art and indirectly functional art.
 Functional art refers to art that we use in our daily lives
as tools, architectural structures, roads, bridges, buildings,
furniture, kitchen utensils, coins, bills, dress, weapon, etc. on
the other hand, Indirectly functional art refers to the arts that
are perceived through the sense such as fine arts, painting,
music, sculpture, dance, literary piece, theatrical
performances and the like.
Art can also be functioned artistically. Artistic functions
can be classified into; Aesthetic Function, Utilitarian Function,
Social Function, and Cultural Function.
a. Aesthetic Function
It functions aesthetically when it becomes instrument
for man to be cognizant of the beauty of nature.
b. Utilitarian Function
It serves this function when it is utilized to give comfort,
convenience to human beings. It is used to serve the
basic needs of man such as food, shelter, clothing,
medicine, comfortable environment, transportation,
entertainment, communication and expression an other
important things that make man live with happiness
and ease.
c. Social Function
When art bridges connection among people, it serves
a social function. Art also Art here encourages good
relationship-unity and cooperation are facilitated and
established.
d. Cultural Function
Art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge,
attitude, customs, and traditions of different groups of
people. Art helps, preserves, shares, and transmits
culture of people from one generation to another.
—Activity 2—
State whether the statement is true or false.
1. In a society, art has served a particular purpose.
2. Art can serve as a vehicle for propaganda.
3. The function of art varies from person to person.
4. Art does not communicate anything.
5. Where there is life, there is art.
6. Art has nothing to do with religion and morality.
7. Art can be used to control the thinking or behavior of
people in society.
8. Artists reveal themselves through their art.
—Art Work—
Clip an editorial cartoon from any newspaper or magazine.
Explain the comment it makes about society or certain
people. How effective is its presentation.
—Visual Arts—
Creations that fall under the category of visual arts are
those that appeals to the sense of sight and are mainly visual
in nature.
Artists produce visual arts driven by their desire to
reproduce things that they have seen in the way that they
perceived them. There are also other artistic disciplines that
also involve a visual aspects, such as performance art, theater,
and applied arts.
Some mediums of visual arts include paintings,
drawings, letterings, printing, sculpture, and digital imaging.
FILM
film refers to the art of putting together successions of
still images in order to crate an illusion of movement.
Filmmaking focuses on its aesthetic, cultural, and social value
and is considered both an art an industry.
Techniques in film-making process:
• Motion– picture camera (also known as movie camera)
• Animation techniques
• Computer-generated imagery (CGI)
Film-making simulates experiences or creates one that
is beyond the scope of our imagination as it aims deliver
ideas, feelings, or beauty to its viewer.
PERFORMANCE ART
Performance art is a live art and the artist’s medium is
mainly the human body which he or she uses to perform, but
also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props, or
sound.
Elements of performance arts:
• Time
• Where the performance took place
• The performer’s body
• Relationship between the audience and the performer
The fact that performance art is live makes it tangible,
which means it cannot be bought or traded as a commodity.
POETRY PERFORMANCE
Poetry is an art form where the artist expresses his
emotions not by using paint, charcoal, or camera, but
expresses them through words. These words are carefully
selected to exhibit clarity and beauty and to stimulate strong
emotions of joy, anger, love, sorrow among others.
It is uses a word’s emotional, musical, and spatial values
that go beyond its literal meaning to narrate emphasize,
argue, or convince. These words combined with movements,
tone, volume, and intensity of the delivery add to artistic, val-
ue of the poem.
ARCHITECTURE
Art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while
Architecture is the making of beautiful buildings. However, —Activity 3—
not all building are beautiful because some only embody the
functionality they need, but the structure, lines, forms, and A. Essay: Answer the following questions as precisely yet
colors are not beautifully expressed. thoroughly as possible.
Important elements: 1. what art field you explore? Why?
• Plan 2. How can you utilize the arts to express yourself, your
community, and your relation to others?
• Construction
B. Using the table below, write down examples of the
• Design
different art forms. Provide ways on how these art forms
Buildings should embody these three important express and unmask creativity from the artist.
elements if they wish to merit the title architecture.
DANCE
Dance is series of movements that follows the rhythm
of the music accompaniment. Dancing is a creative art form
that allows people to freely express themselves (it has no
rule).
Choreography may seem not to allow this, but in art
expression, dancers are not confined to set steps and rules
but are free to create and invent their own movements as
long as they deem them graceful and beautiful.
LITERARY ART
Artists who practices literary arts use words to express
themselves and communicate emotions to the readers. Simply
becoming a writer does not make one a literary artist.
Literary art goes beyond the usual professional, —Subject and Content of Arts—
academic, journalistic and other technical forms of writing. It
focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a In viewing art, there are clues that mediate between
specific format or norm. it may include both fiction and the artwork and the viewer, allowing the viewer to more
non-fiction such as novels, biographies, and poems. easily comprehend what he is seeing. These clues are the
three basic components of a work of art:
THEARTER
A. Subject– the visual focus or the image that may be
Theater uses live performers to present accounts or
extracted from examining the artwork; the “WHAT”
imaginary events before a live audience. Theater art
performance usually follows follow a script, though the should B. Content– the meaning that is communicated by the
not be confused with literary art. artist or the artwork; the “WHY”
Like in a film-making, theater also considers several C. Form– the development and configuration of the art
elements such as acting, gesture, lighting, sound effects, work– how the elements and the medium or material
musical scores, scenery and props. Like performance art, thea- are put together; the “HOW”
ter also is a live performance. SUBJECT
There are various genres of a theater, like musical, trag- Subject is a term used for whatever is represented in a
edy, comedy and improvisation. work of art. It refers to any identifiable object, individual,
APPLIED ARTS thing, place or event illustrated in a work of art. A subject
answers the question “what is it?” or “what is it about?”
Applied arts is incorporating elements of style and
However, it should be noticed that not all arts have subjects.
design to everyday items with the aim of increasing their
Some arts do not have any. Those arts with subjects are called
aesthetic value. Artists in this field bring beauty, charm, and
objective or representational art, while those that do not have
comfort into many things that were useful in everyday life.
are called non-objective or non-representational art. They are
This includes: what they are without reference to anything in the natural
• Industrial design world.
• Interior design TYPES OF SUBJECT
• Fashion design 1. Representational Art– these types of art have subjects
that refer to objects or events occurring in the real world. It is
• Graphic design also termed figurative art because the figures depicted are
Easy to make out and decipher.
2. Non-Representational Art– art forms that do not make
a reference to the real world, whether it is a person, place,
thing, or even a particular event. It is stripped down to visual
elements, such as shapes, lines, and colors that are employed
to translate a particular feeling, emotion, and even concept.
SOURCES AND KIDS OF SUBJECT
For Non-Representational art, a higher level of
perceptiveness and insight might be required to fully grasped
the feeling, emotion, or concept behind the work. While
Representational art is easier to infer the subject matter
because from the figures depicted in the artwork, there is
already a suggestion as to its implication.
The following are the Sources of Subject:
• Nature
• History
• Greek and Roman Mythology
• Judeo-Christian Tradition
• Sacred Orientation Texts
• Other Works of Art
KINDS OF SUBJECT
• Landscape, Seascape and Cityscape- Artists have always
been fascinated with their physical environments.
Fernando Amorsollo romanticized Philippine landscapes,
turning the rural areas into idyllic places where agrarian
problems are virtually unkown. Modern painters seem to
more attracted to scenes in cities.
• Animals- The earliest known paintings are representations
of animals on the walls of caves. Carabao has been a favor-
ite subject of Filipino artists.
• Portraits, human Figures, couples- A portrait is a realistic
likeness of a person in a sculpture, painting, drawing, or
print. Besides the face, other things worth noticing in por-
traits are the subject’s hand, which can be expressive, and
his particular attire and accessories. They reveal so much
of the person and his time. Portraits are also used to mark
milestones in people’s lives.(baptisms, weddings)
• Everyday life- Artists have always shown deep concern
about life around them.
• Still life-Group of inanimate objects arranged in an indoors
setting such flower and fruit arrangements, musical
instruments, dishes of food on dining tables.
• Image of Divinity-The sculpture’s chief subject has
traditionally been the human body, nude or clothed. The
grace and ideal proportions of the human form were
captured in religious sculpture by the ancient Greeks. To
them, physical beauty was the symbol of moral and
spiritual perfection; thus, they portrayed their gods and
goddesses as possessing human shapes.
• History-Luna’s prize-winning Spolarium depicts a scene
during the days of the early Roman Empire when
gladiatorial fights were a popular form of entertainment
for the upper class.
-At Ford Santiago are paintings showing incidents in the life
of Jose Rizal.
-Malakas and Maganda and Mariang Makiling are among
the legendary subjects which have been rendered in
painting and sculpture by not a few Filipino artists.
• Religion and myths-Most of the world’s religions have
used arts to aid worship, to instruct, to inspire feelings of
devotion, and to impress and convert non-believers. Some
Filipino artists attempted to render in art not only
traditional religious themes but folk beliefs in creatures of
lower mythology as well.
• Dreams and Fantasies-Dreams are usually vague and
illogical. Artist, especially the surrealist, have tried to
depict dreams, as well as the grotesque terrors and
apprehensions that lurk in the depths of the subconscious.
METHODS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT
Every artist has his individual style of doing artwork.
This style is almost always governed by his choice of the
method of presenting his subject. He can choose from any of
the following methods: realism, abstractionism, surrealism,
symbolism, fauvism, Dadaism, impressionism, expressionism
and futurism.
Realism- Realism is the method of presenting subjects
as they appear in real life. If an apple is the subject, it is shown
as is with either red or green color. If a plant is the subject, it
is presented with a brown trunk and branches, green leaves,
yellow fruits and an appropriate size.
Abstraction/Abstractionism- Abstractionism is
“drawing away from realism.” His product is a departure from
what is present in real life. For example, in painting a human
body, a person is shown with no facial features, no fingers, no
toes, and no hair. An abstractionist selects from any of the
following methods: distortion, mangling, elongation, cubism,
and abstract expressionism.
Distortion- It is presenting the subject in a misshaped
form. For example, an apple is shown as a square or circle or a
star apple as ovoid (egg-shaped) or cylindrical (funnel-like).
Mangling- It is presenting the subject with parts which
are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with repeated blows.
Cubism- It is presenting the subject with the use of
cubes and other geometric figures.
Elongation- As the word suggests, elongation is
presenting the subject in an elongated form. It is done by
stretching the object, for example, the human body, vertically.
Abstract Expressionism- Abstract expressionism is
presenting the subject with the use of strong color, uneven
brush strokes, and rough texture and with the deliberate lack
or refinement in the application of the paint.
Surrealism-It is “beyond realism.” It is presenting the
subject as if the subject as if the subject does not form part of
the real world, but belongs to the world of dreams and
fantasy.
 Symbolism- It is presenting the subject symbolically, Analysis:
that is, the artist shows his subject as it appears in real life, Subject: Biblical Art
but he intends to let it represent something.
Fauvism- It is optimistic realism. It is presenting real-life Factual Meaning: Creation Story (Creation of man)
subject with the use of bright colors suggesting comfort, joy, Conventional Meaning: man was created in the image
and pleasure. The colors are bright red, yellow, orange, and likeness of God
purple, and the like are used instead or blue, black, gray, Subjective Meaning: Endowment of intellect to man
green, and brown. For example, the tree trunk is colored from God.
orange instead of brown.
Dadaism- It is shocking realism. It is presenting the real- —Activity 3—
life subject with the intention to shock the audience through
A. Analysis:
the exposition of the evils in society.
Expressionism- It is emotional realism. It is presenting analyze the pictures below by giving the subject, factual
the real-life subject with the intention to express emotions, meaning, conventional meaning, and subjective meaning of
pathos (feeling of sympathy and sorrow for the misfortunes of each picture.
others), chaos, fear, violence, defeat, morbidity, and tragedy.
Impressionism- It is realism based on the artist’s
impression. It is presenting the real-life subject with emphasis
on the impression left in the artist’s mind or perception,
particularly the effect of light on the object used as subject.
CONTENT IN ART
The meaning or the message hat is expressed or
communicated by the artwork is called the content. In
understanding the content of art, it is important to note that
there are various levels of meaning: ‘The Fishermen’, 1981 © Ang Kiukok
Factual Meaning– the most rudimentary level of
meaning for it may be extracted from the identifiable or
recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how
these elements relate to one another.
Conventional Meaning– pertains to the acknowledged
interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs, and symbols
and other cyphers as bases of its meaning. These conventions
are established through the time. Strengthened by recurrent
use and wide acceptance by its viewers or audience and
scholars who study them.
Subjective Meaning– when subjectivities are consulted,
a variety of meanings ma arise when a particular work of art is ‘The Fruit Gatherer’, 1950 © Fernando
read. These meanings stem from the viewer’s o audience’s Amorsolo
circumstances that came into play when engaging with art B. Site one painting and get the following information.
(what we know, what we learned, what we experienced, what • Title
values we stands for). The meaning may not be singular,
• Artist
rather, multiple and varied.
Example: take a look at the picture below; • Year Created
• Medium
• Location
• form
• Art history
• Art Description
• Content

Creation of Adam by Michelangelo ( 1814)


—Artist and Artisan—
WHO IS AN ARTIST?
An artist generally defined as an art practitioner who
produces or creates indirectly-functional arts with aesthetic
value using imagination. Artists produce us pieces as the
means of provoking our thought, ideas and emotions that are
necessary to discover ourselves and our feelings.
JOD RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ARTIST
• Developing ideas for a canvas product
• Selecting a medium for a final work, including texture,
size, or area.
• Collecting work for a portfolio
• Applying for grants for financial support
WHO IS AN ARTISAN?
An artisan is a craftsman who produces directly
functional and decorative arts. They help us in meeting our
basic needs such as food, clothing, dwelling, furniture, kitchen
utensils and everything that makes our life easy are crafted by
artisans.
JOD RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ARTISAN
• Using and mixing mediums like paint, metal, glass, or
fabric
• Shaping, gluing sewing, testing and producing products
• Displaying work at various sites including auctions, craft
shows or online markets
• Estimating costs and material need
—Activity 4—
A. Search at least one famous artist and artisan and have
an intensive research about their lives. Highlight the
following information:
a. Name
b. Birthday
c. Education
d. Address
e. Type
f. Sample Artwork (clip an illustration with description)
B. Reflection:
What is the importance or value of art in your life?
—The Filipino Art and Crafts—
Like in any other country, art influenced the life of the
Filipinos and the things that surround them. The Philippine
arts reflect a Filipino society with diverse cultural influences
and traditions of the Malayan peoples such as the Chinese
and Indians. Islamic traditions were introduced to the
Philippine Islands in the 14th century.
Likewise, Europe and the United States intensely
influenced Filipino artists. However, while drawing on
Western forms, the works of Filipino musicians, painters, and
writers are imbued with distinctly Philippine themes. By
expressing the richness of the culture of the archipelago in all
its diversity, Filipino artists have helped in shaping a sense of
national identity. Many Malay cultural traditions have
continued until this time despite foreign rule. Muslims and
tribal groups maintained distinct traditions in dance, music,
and sculpture.
Indigenous arts in the Philippines are labors of love and
patience. The intricate carvings on wood, metal, stone or glass
are products of skillful hands and imaginative minds of the
different tribes of the archipelago. Indigenous musical
instruments like the flute, drums, rainsticks, native guitars,
and bells made of bamboo, animal skin, seeds, and seashells.
The careful manipulation of these materials produces sounds
and unique instruments used mostly in tribal dances and
rituals (Ramirez, 1999).
PRE-COLONIAL ART FORMS IN THE ARCHIPELAGO
The arts in the Philippine archipelago had its past and
continued to develop by numerous modern artists. With their
different context regarding history, style, cultural symbols,
and meanings, these artworks are portrayed (Estrella,
2017).The following are some known artforms in the
Philippines:
Agung- It is a musical instrument of the Kulintang
ensemble which is played by one or two persons depending
on its number. By using a rubber-padded beater, this
instrument is performed on both the boss/knob and the face
of the gong.
Banog-banog- It is a dance that portrays hunters
shielding in their chickens from the famishing hawk.
BlitB’laan- It is a courtship dance of the Bilaan of Davao
del Sur mimicking birds during mating season. The females
scurry to safety, burying their heads under their wings (using
the malong), but the aggressive males follow them wherever
they go.
Cañao- It is a ritual-dance performed during native
feasts or celebrations in the highlands of the Cordilleras in the
Luzon area of the Philippines. It is a symbol of triumph or
expectation for abundant crops.
Gangsa- It is an indigenous musical instrument of the
Bontoc tribes of Kalinga, Ifugao in the mountain regions (the
Cordillera) of the northern Philippines.
Inamong- It is an ethnic dance among Tigwahanon
Manobos in the Province of Bukidnon and performed during
their harvest time. This type of dance shows a couple, with
their bodies and arms slightly bent forward, mimicking the
movement of a pair of flirting among monkeys.
Kinabua- It is ritual dance among the Mandaya tribes in
Northern Mindanao. This type of dance portrays the Hawks’
use of sweet songs to lure out the hen and the chicks that are
made into a meal.
 Kadal Iwas- It is a dance performed by the T-boli and sound without the use of strings or membranes. Examples of
Tausug tribes respectively which mimic a mealtime of these are as follows:
monkeys in removing nits and lice from each other. A varia- a. Baliing- Nose flutes of the Apayao
tion of this dance is to mimics a monkey who sits on an anthill
by mistake and is attacked by angry ants all over his body. b. Bansik - Bamboo flute of the Negrito

Kashawing- It is a ritual among the Maranaos and is c. Kaleleng- a Long bamboo tube of the Bontoc
performed to ensure a good harvest. d. Bulungudyong -Vertical & long flute of the B'laan
Mamakar- It is a Bontoc War Dance performed during e. Kalaleng - Bamboo flute of the Tinggian
the planting season and a bountiful harvest. f. Lantoy– Nose flute of the Mangyan
Man-manok- It is a dance performed in Vigan, Ilocos g. Palandag (Palendag) – Lip-valley flute of the Bagobo
Sur. This type of dance mimics fowls wherein a tribal blankets
h. Paldong and Tongali – Lip valley flutes of the Kalinga
that represent the colorful plumage of wild cocks are shown
off by the warriors who intend on winning the attention of the i. Pulalo – Lip valley flute of the Mansaka
maiden hen. j. Sahunay - Pipe with reed (clarinet) of the Tausog
Mayvanuvanua- It refers to a sacrificial rite performed Chordophones
at the beginning of the summer fishing season among mataw It refers to any musical instrument which makes sound
fishers in Batanes Island. This type of dance is an act of by way of trembling strings stretched between two points.
invitation to capture the fish dorado successfully. Examples of these are as follows:
Mumbaki- It is a local term which refers to the “sayer of a. Faglong – Two-stringed, lute-like instrument of the
prayers” among the Ifugaos in Northern Luzon. These prayers B'laan
are performed during funerals, wedding, Thanksgiving, and
other celebrations. This is offered to the supreme deity, b. Kolitong – Bamboo guitar of the Kalingga
Maknongan. c. Kudlong - Two stringed boat lute of the Bagobo
Ngilin- It is a cultural dance performed among the Kalin- d. Kudyapi -Two stringed boat lute of the Maranao
ga tribe during Marriage rituals and other celebrations like the e. Kulit-en – Guitar of the Tinggian
budong (peace pact). This type of dance is played to simulate
f. Pas-ing – Guitar of the Igorot
the romantic or peaceful interactions of a rooster and a hen.
g. Serongagandi – a Decorated bamboo tube of the
Pagdiwata- It refers to a ritual performed among the
Maranao
ethnic group in the north and central Palawan. The ceremony
is held on various occasions including bountiful harvests and h. Saludoy –Bamboo guitar of the T’boli
weddings. Idiophone
Pangalay- (also known as Sea Gypsies).It is a native It refers to any musical instrument which produced
dance of the Badjao performed during weddings and other sound primarily by way of the instrument's vibrating, without
social gatherings. This type of dance emphasizes the agility of the use of strings or membranes.
the upper body wherein the rhythmic bounce of the shoulder
a. Afiw –Jaw Harp of the Bontoc
with the simultaneous alternating waving of arms is the
essential movement. b. Agung - Bossed gong of the Maranao
Sampak- It is a war dance performed by the Mandaya c. Balingbing – Bamboo buzzer of the Kalingga
tribe. This type of dance requires excellent skill in the handling d. Bangibang – Percussion bar of the Ifugao
of a shield, spear, and a sword. e. Gabbang – Bamboo xylophone of the Tausog
Saut- It is a ritual dance performed by a male f. Kinaban – Jaw Harp of the Hanunoo
Talaanding tribe presenting their expertise in style and arts in
fighting their opponent. This ritual dance is also an offering to g. Kubing –Jaw Harp of the Ata and Maranao
their magbabaya (god). h. Kulintang - Metal xylophone of the Maranao
Talip- It is a courtship dance among the Ifugao. This is i. Kumbing – Jaw Harp of the Manobo
performed during the celebration of the intaneg (wedding). In j. Palipal – Bamboo clapper of the Ifugao
this dance, the man traps a woman with an attractive blanket
k. Tagutok – Decorated bamboo scraper of the Maranao
to place on her shapely shoulders.
l. Tanggunggu – Gong chime of the Kalagan, B'laan,
FAMOUS INDIGENOUS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE
Manuvu, Bagobo
PHILIPPINES
m. Tongkaling - Pellet bells or crotal bells of the B’laan
Aerophones
It refers to any musical instrument which produces
Membranophone
It refers to any musical instrument which produces
sound by way of a vibrating stretched membrane. Most
membranophones are drums, such as:
a. Dabakan - Glass shaped drum of the Maranao
b. Gandang – Double headed cylindrical drum of the
Maranao
c. Libbit – Conical drum of the Ifugao
d. Sulibao – Conical drum of the Ibaloy
IMPORTANCE OF PHILIPPINE ARTISTIC HANDICRAFTS
The Philippines is abundant in natural resources that
scattered throughout its islands. Filipino artist used the parts
of trees, plants, and other natural resources as the raw
materials and turned them into simple, yet useful tools or
instruments. This type of work is called Artistic Handicrafts
(sometimes called artisanry). Although this type of art
changes from time to time it is still imperative to continue and
is preserve due to the following reasons:
1. It promotes our cultural legacy through the use of
indigenous materials.
2. It shows an individual's creativity and superior
ingenuity.
3. It encouraged producers to produce more raw
materials.
4. It generates employment.
5. It developed values of perseverance and resiliency.
COMMON HANDICRAFT MATERIALS
Every Filipino family owns handicraft products like
baskets, brooms, feather dusters, and other furniture.
Likewise, accessories like earrings, bracelets, necklaces, and
other clothing apparel made from native products such as
beads, shells, and seeds. These are clear indications that our
handicraft industry is enjoying the patronage of Filipinos.
Filipino handicraft makers fashion them into
accessories, bags, bamboo sofa sets, baskets, cabinets,
clothes, lamp shades, wall décor, and others. The following
are the typical materials needed in the making of Filipino
handicrafts:
a. Abaca (Musa Textilis) - It is a tree-like herb resembling
the banana plant. It is durable and dyed in different
colors.
b. Bamboo (BambusaSpinosa) - It is for the furniture
industry because of its strength and durability. It is also
valuable material for basket and hat making.
c. Buri (CoryphaElata)- It is a palm from which three kinds
of fibers, namely buri, raffia, and until, are taken. It can
be dyed merely and woven into many shapes. The buri
leaf is the most flexible material used for making hats,
boxes and other novelty items.
d. Caragumoy (Pandanus Simplex) - It is greenish grey as it
dries and is used traditionally in making bags, baskets,
hats, and mats.
e. Coconut (CocosNucifera) - It is the most utilized palm in
the Philippines. Its cocomidrib is used primarily as
handicraft material for the production of baskets, and
brooms (tingting). The coco shells are used for
manufacturing articles such as buttons, coin banks,
lamp shades, pins, and others.
f. Kalas- It is a by-product of the buri palm. Locally, the
term "kalas" (which means “to loosen") refers to the
loosened strands of a buri rope. It creates an unusual,
rustic pattern with distinct characteristics from its
original material when artistically woven.
g. Leather- It is a material created through the tanning of
skins of animals like carabaos, horses, snakes, alligators,
goats, lizards, and others.
h. Pandan-Dagat (PandanusTectorius) - It is a variety of
screw pine abundantly distributed along sandy beaches
and coastal brushes in the Philippines.
i. Rattan (Calamus Maximus) - It is the most flexible
material used in the manufacturing industry and been
known to extend up to hundreds of meters long.
j. Seagrass (RhynchosporaCorymbosa) – It is a type of
grass in shallow salty and brackish waters. The stems
are distinctly triangular, and the leaves are broad and
long.
TRADITIONAL HANDIWORK IN THE PHILIPPINES
The following are some handicrafts in the different
regions of the Philippines:
1. Jewelry (Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, and Mindanao
Regions). This handicraft is mostly in Central Luzon
region, mainly from the province of Bulacan. You can
also find related of this from Mindanao regions, but
down south, you can even get powerful brass amulets
and other accessories.
2. Metal Craft (Southern Luzon and Mindanao Regions).
This type of handicraft is in Southern Luzon region,
particularly in the province of Batangas. A very popular
metal craft which is locally and internationally as an
excellent source for a portable knife is called Balisong.
Traditional weapons made from brass, bronze, and
gold, are also abundant in the island of Mindanao.
3. Pots and Jars (Ilocos Region).The pots and jars known as
burnay can found explicitly in the province of Ilocos Sur.
These creations are made from Grade A clay through a
method that has been practiced by locals since the
pre-colonial times.
4. Woven fabrics (Mindanao Regions). These fabrics are
woven traditionally, by interlacing threads using a
manual machine called a loom. One of the common
materials in this region is called malong which is
historically used as a skirt and sometimes as a blanket.
5. Wood Carvings (Cordillera and Southern Luzon
 Regions). Fantastic wood carvings produced by the
Ifugao in the northern region of the Cordilleras. Often,
these wood carvings are depicting their indigenous
gods. Excellent kitchenware like wooden bowls and
utensils are in this region.
—GAMABA—
Gawad sa Manlilikhang Bayan Awards or GAMABA is an
award that recognizes folk and indigenous artists who remain
loyal to their traditions. This award is managed by the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) through
Gawad ng Bayan Committee. It began as a project of the
Philippine Rotary Club Makati- Ayala but was adopted by the
Philippine government in 1992 and become an institution
through a Republic Act 7335.
This award aims to support and motivate these artists
to preserve their artistic heritage for the present and future
generations. These artists are recognized as the Country’s In-
tangible National Living Treasure.
To become a National Living Treasure, the candidate
must have the following qualifications:
1. Must be an occupant of an indigenous/traditional
cultural community anywhere in the Philippines that
has preserved native customs, beliefs, rituals, and
traditions and has syncretized whatever external
elements that have influenced it.
2. Must have involved in a folk art tradition that has been
in existence and documented for at least 50 years.
3. Must have consistently performed or produced over a
significant period, works of superior and distinctive
quality.
4. Must acquire a mastery of tools and materials needed
by the art, and must have an established reputation in
the art as master and maker of works of extraordinary
technical quality.
5. Must pass on and will pass on to other members of the
community their talents in the folk art for which their
group is traditionally known.
GAMABA AWARDEES AND NOMINEES
1. Ginaw Bilog (1993). A native of Oriental Mindoro who
faithfully helps preserved the Hanunuo Mangyan script
and their Ambahan poetry.
2. Masino Intaray (1993).A native of Palawan who
exemplary shared his skills in basal or gong music
ensemble. He is a musician and epic chanter (Kulilal and
Bagit).
3. Samaon Sulaiman (1993). A Maguindanao of Mama
SaPano who showed outstanding artistry and
dedication to his chosen instrument, the Magindanao
kutyapi.
4. Lang Dulay (1998). A T'boli of Lake Sebu, South
Cotabato, for her skills in weaving the abaca ikat cloth
known as t'nalak.
5. Salinta Monon (1998). A Tagabawa-Bagobo of Bansalan,
Davao del for fully demonstrating her creative and
expressive aspects of the Bagobo abaca ikat weaving
called inabal.
6. Alonzo Saclag (2000). A Kalinga of Lubuagan for his
mastery of the Kalinga dance and the performing arts.
7. Frederico Caballero (2000). A Panay-Bukidnon of
Calinog, lloilo for his mastery of chanting the epic
tradition of Central Panay, the Sugidanon.
8. Uwang Ahadas (2000). A Yakan of Lamitan, Basilan for
his dexterity in playing Yakan musical instruments such
as the agung, gabbang, tuntungan, and kwintangan.
9. Darhata Sawabi, (2005). A weaver of Parang, Sulu
province for helping preserve the art of “Pissyabit
weaving.”
10. Eduardo Mutuc (2005). A Kapampangan from Central
Luzon for reviving the metal or smithcraft of Plateria
which is in Spanish colonial era.
11. Haja Amina Appi (2005). A Sama of Tandubas,
Tawi-Tawi, for sharing her skills in mat weaving among
the Sama indigenous community.
12. Teofilo Garcia (2012). A casque maker of San Quintin,
Abra, Casquefor his skill making Tabungaw.
13. Magdalena Gamayo (2012). A master weaver of Pinili,
Ilocos Norte for his skill in Weaving known as Inabel.
14. Yabing Masalon Dulo (2016). A master weaver of
Polomolok, South Cotabato for his contribution Ikat
Weaving.
15. Ambalang Ausalin (2016). A Yakan master weaver of
Lamitan, Basilan for Tennun Weaving skills.
16. Estelita Tumandan Bantilan (2016). A B’laan master
weaver of Malapatan, Sarangani for preserving the
Igem Weaving skills.
17. Whang-od (2017). A traditional tattoo artist
(mambabatok) of Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga.
OTHER FAMOUS FILIPINO ARTISTS AND THEIR ARTWORK
1. Ang Kiuko (Painting: The Crucifixion)
2. Diosdado Lorenzo (Painting: Still Life Paintings)
3. Fernando Cueto Amorsolo (Painting: Portrait of
Presidents- M.Quezon; M. Roxas; and S. Ozmeña)
4. Guillermo Tolentino (Sculpture: Oblation and the Boni-
facio Monument)
5. Hernando Ocampo (Painting: The Contrast)
6. Juan Luna (Painting: Spoliarium)
7. Napoleon Abueva (Sculpture: Allegorical Harpoon)
8. Solomon Saprid ( Sculpture: Tikbalang)
9. Victorio Edades (Painting: The Builders)
10. Vicente Rivera (Painting: Supplication).
 —Activity 5— 11. He was the sculpture of the “Oblation” and the
“Bonifacio Monument”.
A. Essay: Answer the following questions briefly but pre- a. Napoleon Abueva b. Guillermo Tolentino
cisely. c. VictorioEdades d. AngKiuko
1. How do you describe the Indigenous arts in the Philip- 12. A mambabatok or traditional tattoo artist of Buscalan,
pines? Tinglayan, Kalinga.
2. What makes Filipino’s arts differs from other arts in the a. Yabing Masalon Dulo b. DarhataSawabi
world?
c. Whang-od d. Eduardo Mutuc
3. If you are a Filipino artist, what kind of arts you would
like to develop? Why? 13. It is a conical drum of the Ifugao.

4. What is GAMABA Awards? a. Libbit b. Dadabuan c. Gandang d. Sulibao

5. Do you think that “Tattooing” as a form of art should be 14. It is a conical drum of the Ibaloy.
promoted? Why and why not? a. Libbit b. Dadabuan c. Gandang d. Sulibao
B. Multiple Choice: Select the correct answer from the given 15. He was awarded for his mastery of the Kalinga dance.
choices. Encircle the letter of the correct answer only. a. Alonzo Saclag b. Teofilo Garcia
1. Which of the following is not belong to a Malayan c. FredericoCaballero d. Eduardo Mutuc
raced?
a. Chinese b. Filipino c. American d. Indian —Elements of Visual Arts—
2. It refers to any musical instrument which produces
sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate. The elements of art are the individual parts that make
a. Aerophones b. Idiophone up the whole of an artwork. The elements are the visual
properties or qualities of the artwork. Not all the elements of
c. Membranophone d. None of the above art need be used in a work of art, but most of all works have
3. The Bamboo guitar of the Kalingga. at least some small aspects of each element.
a. Paldong b. Koliting c. Pulalo d. Sahunay COLOR HARMONIES
4. A Yakan master weaver of Lamitan, Basilan. Have you ever noticed that it is harder to see colors
a. GinawBilog b. Lang Dulay when the light is dim? Color relies on light. In fact, color is
what the eyes see when light is reflected off an object. Color
c. AmbalangAusalin d. Salinta Monon
refers not only to the hue but also to the value, which means
5. It is a variety of screwpine which is abundantly distrib- the amount of white or black in the hue, intensity or
uted along seashores of the Philippines. brightness.
a. Pandan-Dagat b. Kalas c. Metal Craft d. Seagrass Colors are classified in several ways. Based on how they
6. He was the Painter of the “Crucifixion”. are produced, colors are classified into primary, secondary,
and intermediate. According to their position in the color
a. Guillermo Tolentino b. Napoleon Abueva
wheel, they are adjacent or complementary. Based on their
c.Vicente Rivera d. AngKiuko effect on the visual sense, they are either cool or warm.
7. A Hanunuo Mangyan of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro According to value, they are either light or dark. Based on
who faithfully help preserved the Mangyan script. intensity, they are either bright or dark.
a. Yabing Masalon Dulo b. Napoleon Abueva
c. GinawBilog d. SamaonSulaiman
8. It is the Vertical & long flute of the B'laan.
a. Bulungudyong b. Serongagandi
c. Gabbang d. Afiw
9. It is one of the most notable palm in the Philippines
next to coconut.
a. Caragumoy b. Buri c. Abaca d. Pandan-Dagat
10. Known as the master weaver of Pinili, Ilocos Norte.
a. Teofilo Garcia b. Guillermo Tolentino
c. Magdalena Gamayo d. HajaAminaAppi
Complementary LINE
The high contrast of complementary A line is a series of connected dots. It is an important
colors creates a vibrant look especially when element of visual arts because all painters, sculptors, and
used at full saturation. This color scheme architects use lines as springboard of their finished products.
must be managed well so it is not jarring. All works classified under the graphic arts and plastic arts start
Complementary colors are tricky to use in with lines. Lines are classified according to position, direction,
large doses, but work well when you want and shape; they carry meaning by themselves.
something to stand out. Types of line:
Analogous Vertical line
They usually match well and create serene and It is associated with the body in upright standing
comfortable designs. Analogous color schemes position and generally express poise, alertness, equilibrium,
are often found in nature and are harmonious firmness, strength, at the same time that it connotes a static
and pleasing to the eye. position though not without tension. On the moral plane, it is
Make sure you have enough translated into qualities of uprightness, integrity, dignity, and
contrast when choosing an analogous color formality, as well as the impersonality of law, intellectual
scheme. Choose one color to dominate, a order and discipline.
second to support. The third color is used Horizontal line
(along with black, white or gray) as an accent. This indicates rest, repose, calmness, quietness and
Triad inaction. A dead or reclining man, a serene sea, a resting
Triadic color harmonies tend to animal and a cemetery are presented with horizontal lines.
be quite vibrant, even if you Diagonal line
use pale or unsaturated It is associated with the body forward and charging
versions of your hues. To use a purposefully towards an objective. It signifies energy,
triadic harmony successfully, dynamism, impulse, will power, aspiration and passion as well
the colors should be carefully balanced - let one color as emotion. Weak diagonals, as those, which form angles less
dominate and use the two others for accent. than 45 degrees with the base, convey uncertainty, instability
Split Complimentary and a sense of impending collapse.
In addition to the base Curved line
color, it uses the two colors It shows action, life and energy. It suggests grace and
adjacent to its complement. beauty and is associated with the body in movements that
This color scheme has the create a rhythm of curved lines in space. Curved lines are
same strong visual contrast as allied to feelings, impulse, play, charm, romantic yearning,
the complementary color scheme, but has less tension. and sentimental pleading.
Tetradic (Rectangle) Zigzag line
This rich color scheme It is made from combined diagonal lines, can create a
offers plenty of possibilities feeling of confusion or suggest action.
for variation. The tetradic
SHAPES
color scheme works best if
you let one color be domi- It is the element of the visual arts which contributes to
nant. You should also pay the final form of the artwork. Circles and polygons (triangles,
attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in rectangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, etc.)
your design. are put together to make up the whole object.
Square Geometric shape
The square color Look as though they were made with a
scheme is similar to the ruler or drawing tool. The square, the circle,
rectangle, but with all four the triangle, the rectangle and the oval are the
colors spaced evenly five geometric shapes.
around the color circle. Organic Shape
The square color scheme works best if you let one color Also called free form. Organic shapes are not
be dominant. regular or even. Their outlines may be curved or
You should also pay attention to the balance between angular, or they may be a combination of both,
warm and cool colors in your design. to make free-form shapes.
PESPECTIVE
Perspective is synonymous with point of view, angle of
vision, or frame of reference. It is the point where the artist
stands to view his subject as he creates his artwork. He may
show the front view, side view, or top view of the subject for
his painting or sculpture.
FORM
It refers to the overall composition of the artwork. It
describes the entire shape or organization of the thing or
object created. For example, a pyramid is presented as one
triangle if the front view is used as perspective, whereas two
triangles are shown if the left or the right side view is used as
perspective.
SPACE
Space is an element of art that refers to the distance
between, around, above, below, and within things. In both
two and three-dimensional works of art, the shapes or forms
are called positive area. The empty spaces between the
shapes are called negative area.
TEXTURE
Texture is an element of art that refers to the way
things felt or perceived (whether smooth or rough), as to how
they might feel if touched. (implied and actual)
—Medium of Visual Arts—
Medium is the stuff out of which the artist creates a
work of art. In a general sense, it is the material or the sub-
stance out of which a work is made. It also refers to the mate-
rials used by the artist in crafting a work of art. It answers the
question, “what is it made off?”
PAINTINGS
Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects on a
flat surface by the use of pigments. Different mediums are
used in painting. Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on
the finished product, is capable of varied treatment, and
determines its own stroke. The materials of the painter are
pigments applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood or paper.
Medium in paintings include:
A. Oil- Pigments are mixed in (linseed) oil. The surface, to be
suitable, must receive oil paint freely and yet not absorb it,
can withstand temperature changes, and not crack the
pigment on it. Painting done in oil is glossy and lasts long.
Pigments can come from many sources: minerals, vegeta-
ble matters, coal tars, and other chemical combinations.
B. This is painting on a moist plaster surface with colors
ground in water or a limewater mixture. The colors dry into
plaster, and the picture becomes a part of the wall. Fresco
must be done quickly because it is an exacting medium –
the moment the paint is applied to the surface, it becomes
an integral part of the wall. The image becomes perma-
nently fixed and almost impossible to remove.
C. Tempera- This is painting on a moist plaster surface with
colors ground in water or a limewater mixture. The colors
dry into plaster, and the picture becomes a part of the
wall. Fresco must be done quickly because it is an exacting
medium – the moment the paint is applied to the surface,
it becomes an integral part of the wall. The image becomes
permanently fixed and almost impossible to remove.
D. Encaustic- This is one of the early mediums used by the
Egyptians for the painted portrait on mummy cases. This is
done by painting with wax colors fixed with heat. Painting
with wax produces luster and radiance in the subject mak-
ing them appear at their best in portraits.
E. Watercolor- Watercolor as a medium is difficult to handle
because it is difficult to produce warm and rich tones while
changes may be made once the paint has been applied,
such changes normally tend to make the color less lumi-
nous.
—Principles of Arts—
Harmony
Also called unity, harmony is achieved when all the
elements of a thing are put together to come up with a
coherent whole. Every part of a work of art is necessary to the
composition to the extent that all the parts exhibit a sense of
belonging together and a pleasing relationship with one
another.
Balance
Known as physical equilibrium, balance is stability pro-
duced by even distribution of weight on each side of the
thing. It is classified into formal and informal.
Formal Balance is also called symmetrical balance be-
cause the thing displays symmetry (same measure). Bilateral
symmetry is present when the left and the right sides appear
the same; the right side mirrors the left side of the human
body. On the other hand, Informal Balance is present when
the left and the right sides of the thing, though not identical in
appearance, still display an even distribution of weight. It is
also called asymmetrical or occult balance.
Rhythm
It is the repetitive pattern of a succession of similar or
identical items.
Proportion
It is the comparative relationship of the different parts
in relation to the whole.
Emphasis
It is giving proper importance to one or more parts of
the thing or the whole thing itself. It is achieved by means of
size or proportion, shape, color, line, position and variety.
Variety
Variety is a principle of art concerned with combining
one or more elements to create interest by adding slight
changes
Movement
Artists use the principle of movement to lead the viewer’s
eyes throughout the work. Movement is the principle of art
used to create the look and feeling of action and to guide a
viewer’s eye throughout the work of art.