• Oscar Wilde, "Art is the most intense mode of individualism that
the world has known"
ART APPRECIATION REVIEWER
LESSON 1: THE MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ARTS
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMANITIES
• The term "humanities" etymologically, comes from the Latin
word humanus, meaning human, cultured, and refined. To be
human is to have or to show qualities like rationality, kindness,
and tenderness; to be cultured is to be educated and civilized;
and to be refined is to show behaviour that is polished, polite
and courteous.
• The humanities deal with the study of ancient and modern
languages, philosophy, literature, law, history, medicine, religion
and the visual and performing arts. Being a social science, it
includes anthropology, psychology, linguistics, communication
and cultural studies.
• The humanities course is anchored on strong foundation in the
arts and sciences which aim to promote awareness of the
interrelationships of all fields of knowledge. It is in the study of
humanities where appreciation of the arts is given emphasis.
Artists convey their thoughts, beliefs, values, feelings, and
relations through the various fields of art which can be visual,
popular, literary, gustatory, decorative and performing.
Humanities and Art Appreciation offer the basic knowledge that
the student needs, be it academic requirement or merely as an
experience in life.
RATIONALE IN STUDYING THE HUMANITIES
1. To practice the analytical thinking skills needed to be successful
individual
2. To improve skills in oral and written communications
3. To see the interconnectedness of all areas of knowledge and
how they fit all together through learning and experience
4. To develop global perspective by studying cultures in different
parts of the world
5. To support and strengthen the local arts communities through
recognition of the importance of creativity
6. To assess values by comparing those with how other people
regard them in their respective societies
7. To deepen the source of wisdom by learning how an individual
deals with failures, success, adversities, and triumphs
8. To be inspired by some of the greatest minds and thoughts of
the ages
THE STUDY OF ARTS
What is an Art?
• Art covers many meanings including ability, process and
product. As an ability, art is the human capacity to make things
of beauty and things that stir us; it is creativity. As a process, art
encompasses acts such as drawing, painting, sculpting,
designing building, singing, dancing and using the camera to
create images or memorable works. As a product, art is a
completed work- an etching, a sculpture, a structure, a musical
composition, choreography or a tapestry.
The word "art" is rooted in the 13th century French word art which means
skill as a result of learning or practice, and in the latin word "ars" meaning
ability or practical skills.
Many known personalities defined art in various ways.
• Plato, "Art is that which brings life in harmony with beauty of the
world."
• John Dewey, "Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of the mind- one
which demands for its own satisfaction and fulfilling, a shaping
of matter to new and more significant form."
• Elbert Hubbard, "Art is not a thing it is a way."
From the various definitions above, there are four (4) common
essentials of art:
1. Art has to be human-made;
2. Art must be creative, not imitative
3. Art must benefit and satisfy human being; and
4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by which artist
THE SUBJECTS OF ART AND THE METHODS OF PRESENTING
THEM
The Subject of Art
• What is a subject of art? The subject of art is the matter to be
described or to be portrayed by the artist. The subject of art is
varied. This may refer to any person, object, scene or event.
Two Kinds of Art as to Subject:
1. Representational Art or Objective Art. They are those arts which depict
(represent) objects that are commonly recognized by most people. They
attempt to copy, even if in a subjective manner, something that is real. It
uses "form" and is concerned with "what" is to be depicted in the artwork.
Example:
a. Still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter,
typically commonplace objects which may be either natural (food, flowers,
rocks, shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry,
coins, pipes) in an artificial setting.
b. Portraiture (portrait) is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or any other
artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression are
predominant.
c. Landscapes, Seascapes, Moonscapes Cityscapes
2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art. They are those arts
without any reference to anything outside itself (without representation). It
is non-objective because it has no recognizable objects. It is abstract in
the sense that it does not represent real objects in the world.
STRUCTURE OF AN ARTWORK
1. Art Work. An artwork is considered as one when the following measures
are met.
a. Genuineness
b. Aesthetic quality
c. Mastery of skill
2. Subject
a. In general the subject matter of an artwork is anything under the sun
b. A subject could be make-believe, imaginary and invented like Cerberus
(three-headed dog) and a mermaid (Dyesebel) or real events like the
devastation brought about by typhoon Yolanda in Tacloban Leyte or the
catastrophic tsunami that hit many Asian countries in 2004.
c. There are three (3) ways of representing the subject: abstract, distorted
or realist.
3. Artist
a. An artist is an individual who exhibits exceptional skills in any of the
various art forms like the visual and performing arts or an individual
trained or with mastery of specific or multiple capabilities.
b. An artist may be one who is acclaimed by experts or patrons, like
Vincent Van Gogh or Leonardo Da Vinci. In the Philippines, those that are
proclaimed as National Artists are individuals who have made significant
contributions in the development of the Philippine arts.
c. An artist unlike other people, is more sensitive and creative. He/she
possesses to an unusual degree the knack for interpreting ideas in artistic
form through the use of words, pigments, stone, notes, or any other
materials used by an artists. d.
There are 2 kinds of Artist.
• Creator and Performer. A composer (creator) writes a song to
be sung by talented singers (performer).
• In art, creativity is what sets apart one artwork from
another
When can we say that something is creative?
• When we have not seen anything like it?
• When it is out of the ordinary ?
• When it is not just a copy or imitation of someone's work?
• THERE IS ORIGINALITY

MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUE Art as Product of imagination, Imagination as a product of Art

• Imagination is more important than knowledge. For
A. Three major categories of an artwork: knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand,
a. Visual artworks (2 dimensional)-including painting, mosaic, prints, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there
photography, and digital arts ever will be to know and understand " Albert Einstein
b. Practical (3 dimensional) artworks- include sculpture, and architecture • In artists mind sits a vast gallery of artworks.
c. Performing arts-artworks include dance, music, film/theatre and
• An artwork does not need to be a real thing, but can be
literature something that is imaginary.
• However, something imaginary does not necessarily mean it
B. Purpose
cannot be called art. Artists use their imagination that gives
1. There are hundreds of purposes why an artwork is made but the
birth to reality through creation.
following are generally accepted:
• Recording appearance - Cave paintings, portraits and
ART AS EXPRESSION
landscapes are examples of how artworks could record images
• "What an artist does to an emotion is not to induce it, but
of man and nature.
express it. Through expression, he is able to explore his own
• Making the invisible visible the gods of the Egyptians are well- emotions and at the same time, create something beautiful
presented in their temples, tombs and pyramid. The Ifugaos of
out of them" Robin George Collingwood
the Cordillera in the granaries their bulol or rice god is
• Expressing emotions is different from describing emotions
responsible for a bountiful harvest.
• This makes peoples art not a reflection of what is outside or
• Communication The passion of the Christ presented in the
external to them, but a reflection of their inner selves
station of the cross on churches is a potent tool in sharing the
basic foundation of Christian faith which is the pain, suffering,
Visual Arts
crucifixion, death and rise of the messiah and salvation of
• Visual arts use various mediums like paintings, sculptures,
mankind.
and digital imaging to create visually appealing works that
• Delighting the beautiful geometrical designs of the house of
interpret the artist's unique perspectives. They are all around
prayer and worship of the Muslim which is the Mosque does not
us, from art galleries to movies.
only represent their culture and faith; they are also sights that
FILM
could make us awe with its fine touch and grandeur of styles.
• Film combines still images to create the illusion of movement.
It is an art form that conveys ideas, emotions, and beauty
C. The Viewer, Patron or Critique
through techniques like cameras, animation, and visual
a. Elite or the Patron has more refined taste and appreciation of artworks.
effects.
During Medieval and Renaissance period, they were not just the subject of
PERFORMANCE ART
artworks in their portrait but they also cause the fall and rise of an artist.
• Performance art involves using the human body and other art
b. Ordinary person the general public.
forms to create live, unique performances. It includes
c. Connoisseur - the evaluators, appreciator and authenticators of an
elements like time, space, and the relationship between the
artwork.
audience and the performer(s)
d. Fellow artista fellow who has different styles and preferences and who
may despise a fellow artist's masterpiece and acclaim those with whom
Poetry Performance
he/she share commonality.
• "PERFORMANCE POETRY IS AN ART FORM WHERE
D. Impression of the Viewer, Patron or Critique EMOTIONS ARE EXPRESSED THROUGH CAREFULLY
CHOSEN WORDS, RATHER THAN TRADITIONAL
There are only two (2) impression of an artwork - it is either to MEDIUMS LIKE PAINT OR CHARCOAL THESE WORDS,
appreciate or critique SELECTED FOR THEIR CLARITY, BEAUTY, AND
EMOTIONAL IMPACT, CAN EVOKE A SPECTRUM OF
FEELINGS. THEY UTILIZE EMOTIONAL, MUSICAL, AND
Lesson #2 Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination, and Expression SPATIAL ASPECTS TO TELL A STORY OR MAKE AN
ARGUMENT. THE DELIVERY, INCLUDING MOVEMENTS
INTRODUCTION: ART APPRECIATION AS WAY OF LIFE AND VOCAL INTENSITY, ENHANCES THE POEM'S
ARTISTIC VALUE, SOME POETS DRAW INSPIRATION
FROM OTHER ART FORMS, CREATING NEW POETIC
• "THE ROLE OF ART AS A CREATIVE WORK IS TO DEPICT
ARTWORKS."
THE WORLD IN A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT LIGHT AND
PERSPECTIVE" - JEAN-PAUL SARTRE
Architecture
• More often than not, people are blind to this beauty and only
• ART INVOLVES CREATING BEAUTIFUL THINGS, WHILE
those who have developed a fine sense of appreciation can
ARCHITECTURE FOCUSES ON CREATING BEAUTIFUL
experience and see the art the way the artist did.
BUILDINGS. HOWEVER, NOT ALL BUILDINGS CAN BE
• Hence, refining one's ability to appreciate arts allows him to
CONSIDERED ARCHITECTURE. SOME BUILDINGS
deeply understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize the
PRIORITIZE FUNCTIONALITY OVER AESTHETIC
beauty it possesses.
EXPRESSION, LACKING THE BALANCE OF STRUCTURE,
LINES, AND COLORS THAT DEFINE ARCHITECTURAL.
THE ROLE OF CREATIVITY IN ART MAKING
MASTERPIECES, FOR EXAMPLE, THE GRAND THEATRE
• Creativity requires thinking outside the box
DE BORDEAUX EXEMPLIFIES ARCHITECTURE WITH ITS
 STRIKING BALANCE OF FUNCTIONALITY AND ARTISTIC
ELEMENTS, TO BE CONSIDERED ARCHITECTURE,
BUILDINGS SHOULD EMBODY THREE IMPORTANT
ELEMENTS: PLAN, CONSTRUCTION, AND DESIGN."
Dance
•DANCE IS A RHYTHMIC SERIES OF MOVEMENTS THAT
SERVES AS A FORM OF EXPRESSION. IT HAS BEEN
DEBATED WHETHER DANCE QUALIFIES AS AN ART
FORM, BUT HERE WE FOCUS ON ITS EXPRESSIVE
NATURE. DANCING ALLOWS INDIVIDUALS TO FREELY
EXPRESS THEMSELVES CREATIVELY, WITHOUT STRICT
RULES. WHILE CHOREOGRAPHY MAY IMPOSE SOME
STRUCTURE, DANCERS HAVE THE FREEDOM TO
CREATE AND INVENT THEIR OWN GRACEFUL AND
BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENTS.
LITERARY ARTS
• LITERARY ART USES WORDS TO EXPRESS EMOTIONS
AND COMMUNICATE WITH READERS. IT GOES BEYOND
ORDINARY WRITING AND FOCUSES ON UNIQUE
STYLES, INCLUDING FICTION AND NON- FICTION
WORKS LIKE NOVELS, BIOGRAPHIES, AND POEMS,
FAMOUS LITERARY ARTISTS INCLUDE ANTOINE DE
SAINT-EXUPÉRY AND WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
THEATER
• THEATER USES LIVE PERFORMERS TO PRESENT
STORIES OR EVENTS TO AN AUDIENCE. IT INVOLVES
ELEMENTS LIKE ACTING, LIGHTING, SOUND EFFECTS,
AND SCENERY. THE SCRIPT IS IMPORTANT, BUT THE
COMBINATION OF THESE ELEMENTS CREATES THE
STRONGEST IMPACT. THEATER GENRES INCLUDE
DRAMA, MUSICALS, TRAGEDY, COMEDY, AND
IMPROVISATION.
APPLIED ARTS:
• APPLIED ARTS ADD STYLE AND DESIGN 70 EVERYDAY
ITEMS, MAKING THEM MORE AESTHETICALLY
PLEASING. IT BRINGS BEAUTY, CHARM, AND COMFORT
TO THINGS WE USE IN OUR DAILY LIVER EXAMPLES OF
APPLIED ARTS INCLUDE INDUSTRIAL DESION,
INTERIOR DESION FASHION DESIGN, AND GRAPING
DESIGN IT.
ART ESSENCE A BRIEF OVERVIEW
• ART IS BORN FROM CREATIVITY, IMAGINATION, AND
EXPRESSION,
• ARTISTS CREATE UNIQUE FORMS, INSPIRED BY
NATURE OR EXISTING ART, INCORPORATING
PERSONAL BEAUTY PERCEPTIONS
• WHILE NOT EVERYONE IS AN ARTIST, ALL. PLAY A
ROLE IN ART APPRECIATION AS SPECTATORS
• DEVELOPING ART APPRECIATION SKILLS DEEPENS
UNDERSTANDING AND RECOGNITION OF AN
ARTWORK'S PURPOSE AND BEAUTY.
Creativity, Imagination, Expression
• Creativity distinguishes artworks; it's not about copying but
crafting something new.
• Imagination fuels bold and innovative creations, aiming to
stimulate change.
• Art inspires imagination and vice versa.
Expression in Art
• Expression allows artists to explore emotions and create
something beautiful.
• It individualizes the artist, unlike mere description that makes
emotions ordinary.
Forms of Art Expression
• Various forms include visual arts, film, performance, poetry,
architecture, dance, literary arts, theater, and applied arts.
LESSON 3: ARTS IN EARLY CIVILIZATION
STONE AGE - Is a term used to describe a period of history when
stones were used to make tools for survival.
• The term conjures an image of men and women dressed in
skin, huddling before a fire in a cave.
THREE PERIODS OF STONE AGE
1. PALEOLITHIC – the late years of the old Stone Age.
2. MESOLITHIC- Middle Stone Age.
3. NEOLITHIC - New Stone Age.
Paleolithic Art is a product of climate change. As the climate got
colder, part of the early humans' instinct is to look for shelters that
would provide them will warmth.
• Halls Of Bulls- Found in the cave in Lascauz, France
Mesolithic Art
• The "Venus of Willendorf." This figure is a highly abstracted
woman
• From highlighted body parts associated with fertility.
Neolithic Art
• Develop especially when life for the early humans has become
more stable
• They have learn to cultivate the land and domestic animals
• Was created in the form of statues, tools, paintings, and
architecture
Egyptian Arts- Egyptians, art should be something religious and spiritual.
There may have been differences in the techniques used and style
emphasized, but there are common denominators among the artworks
created during their respective time periods.
NARMER PALETTE- It was a palette that utilized and applied dark colors
around King Narmer's eyes. The palette was also a symbol that
commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower Eavnt
THE GREAT PRYAMID IN GIZA- Architectural wonders was also
constructed. The pyramids in Giza served as tombs since their main
purpose was to provide a resting place for the pharaohs.
Queen Nefertiti
• There is emphasis to life-like features of the face like an
elongate jaw and thick-lidded eyes.
• has a long and sensuous pock
King Tutankhamen
• He became king at a very young age and died at the age of
eighteen. Howard Carter discovered his tomb in 1922.
Modern Art
➤Period that began in the 1880's and lasted until 1960's.
➤ Focused on surrealism rather than depicted life as perceived by the
church orinfluential in society.
➤ Denotes the styles and philosophy of the art produced during that era.
➤ The devotion of artist to a strict narrative was often illustrated in their
figurative works.
➤ Artist were committed to developing a language of their own original
butrepresentative.
➤ It tends to find the pure idea of art.
Contemporary Art
➤Simple and straightforward
➤The term "contemporary art" is generally regarded as referring to work
made between 1970 and the present.
WHAT DO MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ART HAVE IN
COMMON?
➤ Modern and contemporary art build on existing subject matter,
themes that artists have incorporated into their work for ages. However,
changes in the world, new developments in art technologies, a revised
conception of art materials, and an expanding view of the definition of "art"
have changed the images artists create and the art forms artists choose to
use
SEVERAL MOVEMENTS THAT WERE CAUGHT IN BETWEEN THE
SUCCESSION OF MODERN CONTEMPORARY ART.
1.) ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM (early 1940's to mid 1960's)
• Basic tenets of abstraction and combined it with gestural
techniques, mark making, and arugged spontaneity in its
visual articulation.
2 MAJOR STYLES EMERGED
1. ACTION PAINTING
• Showed physicality, direction and most often the spontaneity
of the actions that made drips and strokes possible.
2. COLOR FIELDS
• Emphasized the emotional power of colors.
• From vivid demarcations to more toned-down transitions.
2.)OPTICAL ART (early 1960 onwards)
• relied on creating illusion using colors, patterns, and other
perspective tricks.
• Showed a creatinine of dynamism.
3.)KINETIC ART (1950's onward)
• harnessing the current and direction of wind
• Predominantly sculptural, most were mobiles and even motor-
drivemachines.
4.)GUTAI (1950's to 1970s)
• means embodiment and concreteness
5.)MINIMALISM(early 1960s)
• seen as an extreme type of abstraction that favored geometric
shapes, color fields, and use of materials that had an
industrial the sparse.
6.)POP ART(1950s)
• Drew inspiration, sources, and even material from commercial
culture, making it one of the most identifiable and relatable
movement in art history.
7.)POSTMODERNISM(1970S)
• most pertinent movement that solidified the move to
contemporary art
OTHER CONTEMPORARY ART MOVEMENTS
1.NEO-POP ART
• In the 1980's Andy Warhol renewed an interest in pop art, but
it's different from neo- pop art because of the first ideas of
'Dada' in which ready made materials were used.
2.PHOTOREALISM
• Painstaking attention to detail is aimed, without asserting the
artist personal style
3.CONCEPTUALISM
• Informed and shaped by pop art
• Fought against the idea that art is 'commodity'.
4.PERFORMANCE ART
• Related to conceptual art, and began in the 1960's
• Most concerned about the heart of artwork rather than with
entertaining the audience.
5.INSTALLATION ART
• Is a kind of immersive works
• Large-scale installation art makes use of a host of objects,
materials, conditions, and even light and aural components.
6.EARTH ART/LAND ART
• Considered as a kind or spin-off of installation
• It is kind of human intervention into a specific landscape or
terrain
7. STREET ART
• Most commonly found in the public sphere, various people
who have access to them have formed the impression and
perception of the artworks themselves.
LESSON #4: VISUAL ELEMENTS OF ARTS
LINE AS AN ELEMENT OF ART
• According to Paul Klee, "A line is a dot that went for a walk".
• A line is usually described as an extension of a dot. Line
serves as an important building block of art and can be
manipulated to stimulate an intellectual or emotional response
from the viewer (Fichner, 2008)
DIFFERENT LINES
• Straight Line- Straight lines are more technically described as
rectilinear lines. They are geometric, hard, and impersonal.
Straight lines differ in the directions they take. Some straight
lines may move from left to right or vice versa.
• Horizontal lines in artwork usually indicate calmness and rest.
Landscapes and seascapes are primarily horizontal.
• Vertical lines start from the bottom going up or vice versa.
Verticals show strength, balance and stability. Monuments of
a country's heroes are usually depicted as verticals.
• Diagonal lines have both positive and negative implications.
Diagonals may indicate stress, frustration or defeat.
• Zigzag lines result when two straight lines meet to form an
angle. Zigzags indicate chaos, conflict and confusion.
• Curve lines are more technically curvilinear. They are organic
and natural. A curve line is the kind of line that is seen in the
natural world of living organism.
ACTUAL LINES AND IMPLIED LINES
• In actual lines, the artist intentionally shows the lines in an
artwork, a painting for instance, to give the viewer an
interesting aspect of the composition. The lines drawn.
• Implied lines, however, are used by the artist to make the
viewer feel their involvement in interpreting the composition
by seeing and connecting lines where none actually exists.
LINES QUALITY AND CHARACTERISTIC
• Line qualities can be described in terms of emotional states
that they seem to arouse. In a work of art, however, such
states of feelings lack clarity
• Lines may be short or long, thick or thin, angular or curvy,
scratchy or smooth, light or dark. These characteristics of line
suggest varied ideas and may express different moods Thick
dark and angular lines usually project a heavy feeling and
convey a sense of foreboding to the viewer. Curvy, thin and
free-flowing lines, on the other hand prevents a soft, delicate
and light feeling.
• Lines may also be used to create shadows giving the work
third dimension. This technique is known Hatching Cross-
hatching is another way of creating deep shadows in which
parallel lines intersect with each other
• Lines may also used as outlines defining the borders of a
shape, showing the contours of the figure or an object
THE ELEMENTS OF COLORS
• This discovery was made by an intelligent man of science
named sir ISAAS NEWTON. He found that by passing a
beam of light through a triangular piece of glass called a
prism.
• Colors are only seen when light surrounds an object.
Needless to say, the absence of light equals no perceived
color. Colors, therefore are a property of light.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COLOR
1. HUE- This pertains to the name for which the color is known. The
hue is determined by the wavelength of light physically given by
the color.
• Ex. Of hues are RED, ORANGE, YELLOW,
GREEN, VIOLET, INDIGO AND BLUE
2. VALUE- This characteristic refers to the lightness or darkness of
a color. The value of colors pertains to the absence of white or
black. When white is added to a hue, The result is called a TINT.
When black is added to a hue, The result is called a SHADE.
• Thus light blue (TINT) has lighter value
compared to navy (SHADE) which has a
dark value.
3. INTENSITY OR SATURATION. This characteristic refers to how
pure the color is. Pure hues pertains to the absence of white,
black or gray. Colors high in saturation tend to be bright and
colors low in saturation tends to be dull.
ADDITIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE COLOR
• Color of light are ADDICTIVE in the sense that when
combined the colors the result will be white. Colors of
pigments are SUBTRACTIVE combining these result in black
for each color in this mixture cancel out each others
brightness.
THE COLOR WHEEL
• ISAAC NEWTON WAS THE FIRST TO CONCEPTUALIZE
THE COLOR WHEEL TO DISCOVER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN AND AMONG COLORS. THE COLOR WHEEL
CAN BE DESCRIBED AS A CIRCLE DIVIDED EQUALLY
INTO TWELVE PARTS REPRESENTING THE TWELVE
COLORS AND HOW THEY RELATE TO EACH OTHER.
TYPE OF COLOR
1. PRIMARY COLOR In the color wheel can be seen the three
primary colors which are RED, YELLOW, AND BLUE. In the
colors of light it should be noted that the primaries are RED,
BLUE AND GREEN. They are called primary colors because
these colors cannot be produced by the mixture of other colors.
2. SECONDARY COLOR These colors result from the
combination of two primary colors in equal amounts. Thus the
secondary colors are ORANGE which results from a
combination of RED, YELLOW. GREEN which is combination of
YELLOW, BLUE. And VIOLET which is combination of RED,
BLUE.
3. INTERMEDIATE COLOR- These colors can result from a
combination of primary and secondary color. The primary colors
(3) Secondary colors (3) and the intermediate colors (6) are the
twelve (12) colors that are properly positioned in the color
wheel.
4. TERTIARY COLOR- Intermediate color and tertiary colors are
considered to be one and same. The tertiary colors are created
by combining any two secondary colors or neutralizing one color
by adding its complement or opposite color in teb color wheel.
5. NEUTRALS- Black, White, Gray do not share the same
characteristics of any color in the spectrum. Because they show
no color quality, they are called neutrals. Neutrals are
concerned with the quantity of light that is reflected whereas
colors are more of the quantity of light that is reflected.
COLOR RELATIONSHIP
1. COMPLIMENTS AND SPLIT COMPLEMENTS-
It can be said that a color can be as bright as its complement
complementary colors are positioned directly opposite to each
other in the color wheel when they are placed side by side,
they show great contrast to each increase the intensity of the
other
2. SPLIT COMPLEMENTS Are relationships between a color
and the two colors on either side of its complement. This
scheme presents more variety, because the color is in
contrast with two other colors that share similar
characteristics eith its complement.
3. TRIADS AND TETRADS- Another color relationship is
known a triad. Triads composed of 3 colors that are equally
distant from each other on the color wheel forming an
equilateral triangle. Tetrad on the other hand composed of 4
colors that are equally spaced on the color wheel. This is also
mean any combination of color that forms a rectangle on the
wheel.
4. ANALOGUES AND MONOCHROMATIC COLORS- Hues
that are found next to each other on the color wheel are
analogues that form groups of colors that share similar
characteristic, since they appear next to each other.
5. WARM COLORS AND COOK COLORS- Colors associated
with the sun and fire are considered warm. Red, orange and
yellow are warm colors and seem to advance when placed in
a composition. Any color containing blue such as green, violet
and blue green are associated with the air, sky, earth and
water are considered to be cool colors.
6. SIMULTANEOUS CONTRAST- Simultaneous contrast of
colors by (Orvick 2002) According to this book whenever two
different colors come into different contract, their similarities
seem to decrease and the dissimilarities seem to increase. In
short this contrast intensifies the difference between colors.
KINDS OF SHAPE
• Rectilinear Shape
• Curvilinear Shape
• Organic Shape
• Amorphous Shape
TWO DIMENSIONAL AND THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPES
• TWO-DIMENSIONAL SHAPES ARE FLAT. A CIRCLE,
SQUARE OR TRIANGLE HAS TWO DIMENSIONS. THREE-
DIMENSIONAL SHAPES ON A FLAT SURFACE , HOWEVER,
GIVE THE ILLUSION OF MASS AND SOLIDITY. A SPHERE,
CUBE AND A PYRAMID GIVES THE VIEWER THREE-
DIMENSIONAL SHAPES ON A PICTURE PLANE.
THE ELEMENTS OF SPACE
• Space is a tricky element of the visual arts. it involves both the
physiological capability of the visual system and the physical
manipulation of the two- dimensional surface (picture plane) to
give the viewer an illusion of depth or distance
THE ILLUSION OF SPACE
• OVERLAPPING- When objectives are grouped, not all parts of
some objects will be seen. The tendency is objects that near will
be seen as complete or whole while objects that are far would
be partly covered by objects in front of it.
• RELATIVES SIZE AND LINEAR PERSPECTIVE- Objects that
are big will be perceived as near compared to objects that are
far. The premise is the farther the object is from the viewer, the
smaller is the size of the object. Relative size is supported by
the concept of linear perspective. Parallel lines that meet at the
horizon give the illusion of distance.
• ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE- This is also known as aerial
perspective. The illusion of depth is created by techniques
known as gradient (A gradual change). This may be a gradient
in texture, brightness, color intensity and combination of warm
and cool colors.
THE ELEMENTS OF VALUE (LIGHT AND SHADOW)
1. ACHROMATIC VALUE- ACHROMATIC VALUE REFERS TO
CHANGES IN THE AMOUNT OF REFLECTED LIGHT FROM
WHITE TO GREY TO BLACK AND FROM BLACK TO GREY
TO WHITE
THE ELEMENT OF TEXTURE
2. Review of all the elements that was discussed would indicate
that line, color, shape, space and value all deal with the sense
of sight. The next element texture taps into two sensory
 systems. The sense of touch which gives rise to tactile
sensations and the sense of sight which gives the viewer visual
sensations.
TYPE OF TEXTURE
1. Actual Texture. This type of texture refers to the real feel and
look of the surface of the object. This usually is a characteristic
of three dimensional artworks.
2. Simulated Texture. Simulated texture is a skill of the artist to
exactly copy reality. This artwork, because of its attention to
detail can be mistaken for real objects. The purpose of
simulated texture is to "fool the eye. Imitation of reality is the
challenge of simulated texture
3. Abstract Texture. In this type of texture, the artist would focus
on one aspect of the real texture and emphasize it thus
modifying the texture of the whole composition. The effect is
more for decorative and aesthetic effect depending on the
particular needs of the artist.
4. Invented Texture. This texture is a product of the artist's
imagination. This presentation is usually seen in abstract
artwork. Though solely from the artist's mind, invented texture
may still represent something that is real.
THE ELEMENT OF TIME AND MOTION
1. Actual Movement. In this type of artwork, the artist
incorporates actual movement in art known as kinetic art. These
are particularly observed in modern sculptures. The actual
movements may be achieved in several ways: this may be
through the aid of nature such as air and water currents may be
mechanically driven either by the or characteristic of the
medium or some energy source
2. Implied Movement. To show implied movement in art, a variety
of lines may be used together with some degree of repetition,
changes in the position, scale or size of the objects and varying
proportions can create the perception of movement or passing
time in a two-dimensional piece of static art.
LESSON 5: TWO DIMESIONAL MEDIA
FUNCTION OF PAINTING
1. Painting perpetuates cultural and religious rituals
• Subject matters in painting show the prevailing practices and
beliefs of a particular era in art history.
2. Introduce political and social change
• The symbolism and message conveyed by a painting can
increase popular awareness regarding the existing human
condition
3. Promotes commercial products
• Painting can be used as a tool for economic progress.
4. Entertains
• Lovers of two dimensional arts become fascinated with how
the artists express himself in his creation
5. Provide therapeutic healing
• Painting allows the artist to express and project to the outside
world hidden thoughts and emotions which can result in a
feeling of relief for the artist
6. Helps in value formation
• An overview of the history of two dimensional art will make
people appreciate and want to preserve this aesthetic aspect
of human culture.
MEDIUM USED FOR PAINTINGS
1. Oil Paint
KINDS OF PAINTING
• LANDSCAPE- PAINTING a work the depicts is what is seem
from a person's eye level. it shows the horizon and any other
object that falls within the level of the horizon.
• AERIAL PAINTING a painting that show what be seen from
above looking down.
• SKY SCAPE- PAINTING shows cloud formations and
atmospheric views.
2. Acrylic
• HARDSCAPE- PAINTING on the other hand, shows painting
paved roads as in highways, byways, designed passengers
and concrete building.
• BATIK PAINTING a traditional textile art which originated in
Indonesia. it uses the basic wax resist dying. the cracks in the
dried wax absorb the pigment and when removed results in
the intricate batik designs
• DECOUPAGE The word decoupage is French which means
'to cut'. The artist cuts figures from magazines and
reassembles them by pasting on the surface. after this is
done, layers of vanish are applied. this technique was
introduced by Henn Matisse (1869- 1954)
• COLLAGE this artistic technique was introduced by Pablo
Picasso (1898-1900) and George Braque (1882- 1963). It
involves pasting found objects on the canvas or ground.
• DRAWING The artist may use charcoal, pencil pen and ink to
create the figures on paper, canvass, wood, wall, or rocks.
• EASEL PAINTING this are the painting done on canvass,
framed and designed to be hanged on the wall.
• CAVE PAINTING it refers to man's early attempt at painting.
these paintings on walls and ceiling of caves portray man
hunting animals. in such paintings the animals have more
details and people are usually depicted like matchsticks
• ENCAUSTIC PAINTING this type of painting was discovered
in Egypt, Greece and Rome. The process involves heating
bees wax and adding pigments. This is then applied on flat
wood. when dry, the portrait is placed over the dead person's
face.
• GENRE PAINTING These paintings show daily activities of
the common people.
• LETRASY FIGURES A Filipino art technique made popular
during the 18th century. The ground is usually Manila paper.
The letters of the alphabet are designed or sometimes
camouflaged with drawings of people, flora and fauna.
• POTRAITS These are paintings of people that show the exact
semblance of individuals who are posing. these paintings can
used to study the character of these individuals.
• MINIATURISMO Also known as miniatures are thumb-size
portraits used in lockets for necklaces. it shows very delicate
artwork. Embroidery is classified under this type. Often a
portrait shows a lady holding an open book. Miniatures pay
close attention details.
• PANEL PAINTING These are paintings done on panel
boards. Two or three pieces of panel boards are hinged
together. They are called two-pitch and tri-pitch respectively
• STAND GLASS The French introduced the stained glass by
fitting together different pieces of colored glass to decorate
the windows of the Gothic cathedrals. These are joined
together by lead. The beauty of the stained glass can be seen
from inside the church.
• STILL LIFE PAINTING This involves the presentation of
inanimate objects with a well composed arrangement. The
objects may include fruits, a bottle of wine, flowers, glass, jars
and even foods
• TAPESTRY These are woven of heavy material designed for
hanging on walls. In the Medieval to Renaissance periods
tapestry was popular. It shows the family tree, coat of arms or
embiens in home places.
• This is the most durable among other paint media.
Oil is most flexible but takes a longer time to dry.
The time for dying is from 24-26 hours to one week
depending on the thickness of paint applied. The
blinder of oil paint is linseed oil. One can still
change the painting before the has become dry. Oil
needs time to blend the pigment. Oil is also the
forgiving medium because one can paint over the
are one would like to change.
 • The first acrylic result resin was developed
Germany in 1934. Between 1946-1949. Leonard
Bocour and Sam Golden came up with acrylic point
was made available commercially. Jose L.
Gutierrez, a Mexican produced liquitex color. There
are two types of acrylic paint: glossy and flat latex.
when acrylic paint dries, the paint is water based.
Warm water and soap can be used to wash and
peel off acrylic paint from the skin.
3. Watercolor
• This medium is water based. The pigments are
derived from vegetable and mineral material. Water
color is a difficult material or medium to work with
because once pigment has been applied it is
impossible to apply a second coat over the first coat
without destroying the first coat.
4. Encaustic
• This is known as hot wax painting. The greek word
encaustic (enkaustikos) means 'to burn in' The
process involves heated beeswax where pigments
are added. Other materials like daman resin or
linseed oil can also be added.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PAINTING
1. PRIMITIVE PAINTING
• The earliest cave paintings were found in Amhem
Land, north Australia, and are said to be 60.000
years old. Lascaux, Southwestern France.
specimen contains some 2.000 figures believed to
be 30.000 year old Other famous cave paintings
are found in El Castillo cave and Altamira cave in
Cantabria, spain
2. EGYPTIAN PAINTING
• Are found on scrolls, walls and jars and pots and
pots. These paintings are easily identified because
of the frontal torso, the hands and feet facing one
direction and the head facing the same direction.
Egyptian artists used earth colors to depict the
world at the time.
3. GREEK PAINTING
• The Greeks continued what the Egyptian had left
off. They introduced perspective and shading.
Hands and feet should not be shown together all
the time. The other hand or other foot may be at the
back being blocked out of sight because it is
covered by the torso
4. ROMAN PAINTING
• In the 4th Century A.D. artists produced deeper
perspective, a view of an interior of a building
Roman Painting. The Romans borrowed from the
Greeks. These paint
5. CHINESE PAINTING
• by the year 4,000 BC, the Chinese had produced
two types of paintings. The Gong- Bi and Shui-Mu
are considered as the Chinese classical painting.
Both paintings use paper made from rice straw and
used only black pigment (color) on white paper.
7. MUSLIM
• MUSLIM ART The Quran prohibits the realistic
portrayal of human, flora and fauna. To have
images in the mosque is tantamount to idolatry.
Figures must be done in stylized manner. A
common motif is the okil which adapts a gracefully
balanced flowery pattern.
8. DARK AGES (1-500 A.D)
• DARK AGES - After the fall of the Roman empire,
Europe fell into the 500 years of the Dark Ages.
This was also known as the Age of Ignorance. Art,
Science and Education were neglected. People
were mainly concerned with food, shelter and
safety during this period.
9. MEDIEVAL PERION (500-900 A.D)
• After the Dark Period follows the Medieval Period.
People became very religious and believed that
man could transcend life's difficulties by turning to
the High Almighty. Monks contributed a lot to the
development of art, education and philosophy. Fra
Berlinghieri was the foremost monk painter at that
time.
11. AGE OF MANNERISM
• Michelangelo di Lodovico (born 1475-1564) is
considered greatest sculptor of all times but he was
an excellent painter as well.
• TITIAN TIZIANO (Tiziano Vacelli, born 1473- 1490)
In painting, Michaelangelo and Titian pioneered
mannerism. Titian dazzled the church goers with
his "Assumption of the Virgin".
• ALBRECHT DURER (1471-1520) was a German
painter, engraver, print maker and is called the
father of wood block print. Durer famous for his
"Praying Hands"
• BAROQUE PERIOD (1600-1750)
• Baroque paintings are characterized by vastness in
scope, dramatic lighting, deep rich color, intense
contrast and great emotional tension. The Baraque
art represented a group of people who would not
tolerate 'lukewarm' faith.
• -Among the well-known painters at that time were
Cavaggio, (1571-1610) and Rembrandt, born, Van
Rijn (1606-1669).
12. HISTORICAL PAINTINGS
• Painting of historical significance would include
Mythology, Iconography. Christian History, or a
significant cultural event in a society or place.
13. ROCOCO PERIOD (1700-1750)
14. ROMANTICISM (1750-1860)
• was triggered by the Industrial revolution and the
movement against the aristocratic social and
political norms of the Age of Enlighten.
15. IMPRESSIONISM
• The impressionism painters had to work very fast
in order to capture the quick changing light. They
used pure unmixed colors in fast strokes. Viewed
close up, there is a hodgepodge of sometimes
indiscernible images, but when viewed from afar,
the image becomes alive.
16. FOUVISM
• French word for "wild beast". A trend in the early
20th century, this style emphasizes glaring colors,
wild painterly qualities; multi colored landscapes
and lively figures which evoke comfort and joy.
17. CUBISM
• PABLO PICASSO (1881-1971) was a Spanis
painter. He was influenced by African masks
GEORGE BRAQUE (1882-1963), they
introduced broken figure in geometric pate
and reassembled creating a unified multiple
image.
18. SYNTHETIC AND ANALYTIC CUBISM
• JUAN GRIS (1887-1927) An art theorist and
painter and Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
introduced analytic cubism and synthetic cubism in
their paintings which sought to visually capture
movement; or to give a static representation of
movement
19. PRIMITIVISM
• This involves exaggerated anatomical proportions
and the influence of the primitive totem polo, or
styles characterizing primitive art.
21. FUTURISM
 • The paintings showed the influence of urban.
Industrial development us engines, factory
machines, automobile, motorcycle and space craft.
Digital Art
• Digital art most commonly refers to art created on a computer in digital
form.
The work of the Digital Artist.
1. Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots,
and their Design, manufacture, application, and structural
disposition.
2. Internet Art (often referred to as Net Art) is art which uses the
Internet As its primary medium/platform or digital artwork
distributed via the Internet
3. Virtual Reality Immersion is the state of consciousness where
an immersant's awareness or physical self is diminished or lost
because of being surrounded in an engrossing environment
artificial.
4. Software art refers to works of art where the creation of
software or Concepts from software, play an important role;
Forms of Digital Art
• Digital Painting is an emerging art form in which
traditional painting techniques such as watercolor,
oils, impasto, charcoal are applied using digital
tools by means of a computer, a digitizing tablet
and stylus. and software.
• Digital Architecture Is the use of cutting edge 3-
D virtual reality which allows creation of various
elements of a project such as master plans,
buildings and surrounding environment in the
computer's memory that brings projects to life.
• Digital Photography Is a form of photography
that uses digital tech uses digital technology to
make images subjects. Until the advent of such
technology film to create images which could be
made visible by photographic processing.
• Digital Cinematography the process of capturing
motion pictures as Digital images, rather than on
Film.
CINEMALAYA- The Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival and
Competition feature eight digital feature films. and ten digital short films
annually which provides Filipino filmmakers an avenue to explore
narratives not usually by mainstream films.
CINEONE- Cinema One, the country's popular Filipino movie channel on
cable TV supports digital filmmaking in the country through its Cinema
One Originals where several selected film projects are commissioned and
given a substantial production grant to encourage the creation of full-
length digital films.
CINEMANILA- The Cinemanila International Film Festival, the country's
longest running film festival, has also instituted a digital film competition in
2005.
Photography Photography is truly an art of the hand, head and heart.
Camera Cameras may look very different from one another and boast a
variety of equipment, but they all possess "certain basic features.
Film When the image is "shot t is recorded on a device such as film, or an
electronic memory device such as disk or memory stick
Cinematography Is the art of making motion pictures by manipulating the
technology and processes to achieve desired effects. As in any other
medium, cinematography involves artistic choices.
Varieties of cinematographic techniques:
• CAMERA AND STAGED PRODUCTION
• CAMERA
• Editing
• Color in Film
• Animation
• Special Effects
Varieties of Cinematographic Experience
Propaganda
• Propaganda films may be packaged in numerous ways, but
are most often documentary-style productions or fictional
screenplays, that are produced to convince the viewer on a
specific political point or influence the opinions or behavior of
the viewer, often by providing subjective content that may be
deliberately misleading.
Satire
• This is the flipside of propaganda film, which employs rumor,
irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize
people's stupidity or vices particularly in the context of
contemporary politics and other topical issues.
Social Commentary
• filmmakers like documentary photographers have made their
social comments. Famous films like, "The Grapes of Wrath"
based on John Steinbeck novel depicts one family's struggle
for survival during the Great Depression and the subjects as
varied as Divorce,
Fantasy
• not limited to paintings, drawings, and the written word. Many
experimental films done by famous director before and after
the second world war are not confined to the material world
as it is; they express the innermost images of the
cinematographer
Symbolism
• Cinematographers often portray their depths of mind literal.
They create on screen the images that dwell deep within their
minds that evoke instinctive reactions of attraction and
repulsion in the audience.
Video
• Video technology was invented for television, which debuted
to the masses in 1939 at the New York World's Fair. As with
film, video cameras capture and record series of still images
that are often reconstructed into a moving picture. With video,
sights and sounds are transformed into electronic messages
in the form of lengthy codes.
• Video as a medium, distinguished from the commercial efforts
of the television establishment, was introduced in the 1960's.
LESSON 6: THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
SCULPTURE
• Sculpture is the carving, modeling, casting, constructing and
assembling of materials and objects into primarily three-
dimensional works of art. From a viewer's point of view, a
sculpture is much more complex than drawing or painting
which are two-dimensional works generally viewed from a
single, optimal perspective head on.
TYPES OF SCULPTURE
Relief Sculpture- the figures or images projected to varying degrees
from a two-dimensional plane like in a piece of wood or a slab of
marble. If the image does not project extensively from the surface,
then it is called as low or bas-relief. In high relief, by contrast,
figures project dramatically from the plane of the relief, so much
that they barely seem attached to the background.
Free-standing sculpture (also called in the Round)- it is characterize
by the persistence of space on all sides, except on the base,
therefore the viewers may go "around" the artwork, enabling them
to see it from different angles. It is carved or cast or assembled in
three dimensions.
VARIOUS SCULPTURAL TECHNIQUES
1. Carving- a subtractive process, the sculptor begins with a block of
material and chips or cuts portions of it away until the desired
 result takes shape. This is a demanding technique that requires
intense physical labor.
2. Modeling- a pliable material such as clay or wax is built up, added
and shaped into a three dimensional form. The artist may
manipulate the material by hand and use a variety of tools. Unlike
carving, which offers less of a margin for error, modeling enables
the artist to work and rework the material until desired forms begin
to emerge.
3. Casting- a process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a
mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and
then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a
casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the
process.
TYPES OF MATERIALS
1. STONE
• This is an extremely hard, earthen material that can be
carved, scraped, drilled and polished. The durability makes
stone appropriate for monuments and statues meant to
outlive generations is also what makes working with it a
tedious process. Types of stones used are marble, granite,
basalt and limestone.
2. WOOD
• It may be carved using a variety of tools and possesses
different degrees of hardness that affects its workability and
durability. Sculptors carve works from solid blocks of wood or
laminate pieces of wood together using adhesive, heat and
pressure in the case of very large works.
3. CLAY
• This is a naturally occurring material that is more pliable than
stone or wood. Compared to stone or wood, clay has little
strength and is not typically considered a permanent material
unless it is exposed to heat in high temperature as in
ceramics.
4. METAL
• The process of casting metals such as bronze, gold, silver or
iron has changed little over the centuries. Contemporary
artists have assembled direct-metal sculptures often of steel
by welding, riveting and soldering.
MODERN MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Constructed Sculpture- is built or constructed from an assortment of
materials-pieces of wood, sheet metal, wire, plastic, found object
or just about anything.
2. Assemblage- is a form of constructed sculpture in which pre-existing
or found objects are integrated and combined in new combinations
that take a meaning of their own or separate from their constituent
parts creating a piece
3. Mixed Media- refers to a catchall category that describes
constructions and assemblages in which artists use a combination
of mediums and materials, sometimes in combination with found
objects
4. Kinetic sculpture- incorporates actual movement caused by the
wind. magnetic fields, jets of water, electric motors and variations
in the intensity of light or the active manipulation of the audience
HISTORY OF SCULPTURE
1. Pre-historic Sculpture may be the oldest of the visual arts
People carved before they painted or constructed dwellings.
The earliest drawings were probably carved on rock or incised
(scratched) on earth. Therefore, these drawings were as much
forerunners of relief sculpture as of painting.
2. Egyptian Sculpture - Egyptian sculpture and all Egyptian art
were based on the belief in life after death. The body of the
Egyptian ruler, or pharaoh, was carefully preserved, and goods
were buried with him to provide for his needs forever. The
pyramids, great monumental tombs of Giza, were built for the
most powerful early rulers. The pharaoh and his wife were
buried in chambers cut deep inside the huge blocks of stone.
3. Greek Sculpture Around 600 B.C., Greece developed one of
the great civilizations in the history of the world. Sculpture
became one of the most important forms of expression for the
Greeks.
ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN SCULPTURE
• Greek sculpture and Greek art had been exported to Italy long
before Romans ruled the land. By the 7th and 6th centuries
BC. The Etruscans were firmly settled in Italy. Hundreds of
objects have been and are still being found in vast Etruscan
cemeteries. Some of the sculpture and many vases are
Greek, while others are lively Etruscan translations of Greek
forms. Many small bronze figures of farmers, warriors, or
gods show the great talents of the Etruscans as metalworkers
and sculptors.
• Rome profited from the double artistic inheritance of Greek
and Etruscan sculpture. The inventiveness of Roman
sculptors added to this heritage. The most Important
contributions of the Roman sculptors were portraits.
• The development of Roman sculpture was the reverse of that
of Greek sculpture. Instead of progressing from fairly simple,
abstract forms to more natural and realistic statues, Roman
sculpture, once realistic, became far more simple and
abstract.
EARLY CHRISTIAN SCULPTURE
• Early Christian sculpture resembled the art of Rome.
Sarcophagi (burial chests) found in Italy are all Roman type of
Christianity are given a special meaning to in type subjects,
signs, or symbols important for
• Sculpture, however, was not a natural form of expression for
the early Christians. This was because one of the Ten
Commandments forbids the making of graven carved)
images.
EARLY CHRISTIAN SCULPTURE
• In the 5th century AD. the western half of the Roman Empire
fell to invading Germanic tribes from northern and central
Europe. These peoples soon became Christians and spread
the religion throughout Europe. Unlike the Romans, the
Germanic people had no tradition of human representation in
art. Their art consisted mainly of complex patterns and
shapes used for decoration. It influenced Christian art as
much as Greco-Roman art did
ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE
• A new and brilliant chapter in Christian art began after the
year 1000. For the next three centuries sculptors, architects,
masons, carpenters, and hundreds of other craftsmen created
some of the most impressive Christian churches ever built.
GOTHIC SCULPTURE
• As Gothic sculptors became more skilled, they also gained
greater freedom and independence. Later Gothic figures are
depicted much more realistically than those made during the
Romanesque and earlier Gothic periods. The faces of the
statues have expression, and their garments are draped in a
natural way. Hundreds of carvings in the great Gothic
cathedrals all over Western Europe presented aspects of the
Christian faith in terms that every Christian could understand.
RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE
• The Italian peninsula, at the crossroads of several worlds, had
been the heart of the Roman Empire. As early as the 13th
century the Italians planted the seeds of a new age: the
Renaissance Although the elements of medieval and
Byzantine art contributed a great deal to the formation of
Renaissance sculpture, Italian artists were interested in
reviving the classical approach to art (Renaissance means
"rebirth.")
BAROQUE SCULPTURE
 • Sculptors in the 17th century continued to deal with the same
wide variety of sculptural problems as their Renaissance
predecessors, using the human figure as a form of
expression. Baroque artists during this period employed the
use of emotions in their pieces. They reacted, however,
against the mannerism of late 16th century sculptors. They
worked instead for a return to the greater strength of
Michelangelo and the energy and agility of 15th-century
sculpture.
ROCOCO SCULPTURE
• The basic qualities of 17th-century art were carried forward
into the 18th century but were transformed for the taste of a
different generation. The term "rococo" (late baroque)
suggests the preference for gayer, lighter, and more
decorative effects in sculpture and in all the arts
Neoclassic and Romantic Sculpture
• In late 18th century, a shift in artistic taste towards
neoclassicism emerged, characterized by a deliberate return
to classical subject matter and style. Jean Antoine Houdon
and Antonio Canova were prominent the sculptors of this era,
with Canova particularly renowned for his classical- inspired
monuments. However, During the 19 century many sculptors
rebelled against the neoclassical tradition. They wanted their
works of art to say something, to express an idea or a feeling.
They wanted to copy nature, not the works of other sculptors..
François Rude and Antoine Louis Barye were notable figures
in this movement, with Barye's work displaying intense
emotion and dynamic scenes.
AUGUSTE RODIN
- Born on November 12, 1840
- Founder of modern sculpture
- He experimented with the effects of light on the surface of forms, just
as the Impressionists were doing in painting He carved figures in
shadow or emerging from an unfinished block.
THE 20TH-CENTURY SCULPTURE
20TH-CENTURY
• The 20 century was an age of experimentation with new
ideas, new styles. and new materials. Studies of the human
figure gave way to new subjects: dreams, ideas, emotions,
and studies of form and space. Plastic, chromium, and
welded steel were used, as well as boxes, broken automobile
parts, and pieces of old furniture.
CONSTANTIN BRANCUSI
• Born on February 19, 1876
• A Romanian who worked mostly in Paris, combined
Romanian folk traditions with the simplicity of African wood
carving and Oriental sculpture Brancusi sought absolute
simplicity of form and purity of meaning. This simplicity and
purity is found in such works as New Born and Bird in Space
PABLO PICASSO
- Born on October 25, 1881
- one of the greatest sculptor and greatest painter of the 20 century.
- In the simplicity of forms he saw that objects of nature are not
necessarily solid masses but are made up of circles, squares,
tangles, and cubes. This led to a style called cubism, what was
developed by Picasso and Georges Braque
Picasso's Heod of a Woman (1909)
- is one of the first cubist sculptures in it Picasso divided the surface of a
head into many different planes
TIMELINE
Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century:
- Rodin's Influence: Rodin's work inspires a new generation of sculptors
to explore new ideas and materials.
- Aristide Maillol (1861-1944): Rejects Rodin's rough surfaces and
creates smooth figures in stone and bronze.
- Wilhelm Lehmbruck (1881-1919): Begins under Maillol's influence but
later distorts figures in the style of primitive art.
- Gaston Lachaise (1882-1935): Sculptures reflect influences from
ancient Indian art, featuring round, solid, and massive bodies
symbolizing vitality.
Early to Mid-20th Century:
- Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957): Combines Romanian folk traditions
with simplicity of African and Oriental sculpture, seeking absolute
simplicity and purity of form.
- Pablo Picasso: Introduces cubist sculpture, breaking surfaces into
multiple planes, influenced by primitive art and geometric forms.
- Dada and Futurism: Dadaists create art reflecting the tensions of
World War I, while Futurists embrace the machine age and depict
objects in motion.
- Surrealism: Many artists transition from cubism or dadaism to
surrealism, featuring fanciful forms and dreamlike imagery.
Mid to Late 20th Century:
- Constructivism: Artists like Naum Gabo and Antoine Pevsner focus on
building sculptures using metal and plastic, emphasizing pure form
and space.
- Innovations: Artists like Andy Warhol, Joseph Cornell, and Claes
Oldenburg incorporate everyday objects into their sculptures.
- Louise Nevelson: Creates large-scale structures by combining small
units of metal and wood.
- Henry Moore (1898-1986): Explores traditional sculpture problems with
traditional materials but introduces new elements like holes and
openings, contrasting light and dark.
Sculpture in the Philippines
MANUNGGAL JAR
> Secondary buriatjar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in Manuncul
cave of Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan.
> The two prominent figures at the top handle of its cover represent the
journey of the u to the after life
MAITUM ANTHROPOMORPHIC POTTERIES
• These burial jars are made of earthenware and characterized
by their design and form that looks like or suggests human
figures with complete or partial facial characteristics. These
humanlike forms were associated with metal implements like
bracelets Some jars are decorated with glass beads and shell
scoop. spoon, and pendants. Among the anthropomorphic
vessels are plain non-anthropomorphic burnal jars.
Philippine Woodcarving
1. The bulul of the ifugans and the other. provinces in the Cordillera
are carvings of simplified human figures. They are commonly
mistaken for rice gods and fertility symbols. The bulol is anointed
with the blood of butchered animals in order to transfer the
patient's illness to the bulol. Because the figure a no longer
needed after the ritual is completed, some farmers would put them
to use by placing them in their rice grananes as a warning that
illness or death could befall those who attempt to steal their rice.
2. Okir-a-datu are elaborate curvilinear carved motifs made by the
Maranao and Tausug tibes of Mindanao. The main okir motifs are
the Sarimanok (mythical bird), the noga (mythical serpent) and the
pako rabong (fern). Such motifs are used to decorate the houses
of Sultans.
3. The Tagbanua bird and animal carvings are religious symbols that
are carved in blackened wood with incised geometric designs that
stand out in the light original wood color against the blackness
4. Paete in Laguna is known for all kinds of woodcarvings, especially
santo or religious figures
5. Pakil in Laguna is known for filigree-like woodcarvings.
6. Betis, Pampanga is known for its artisans skillful carved
embellishment of wooden furniture