ART APPRECIATION
Socially express his need for display, celebration, and
LESSON 1: HUMANITIES AND ARTS
HUMANITIES, study of human society and culture. It is
called classics in renaissance.
METHODS are primarily critical and speculative and
have significant historical elements.
Study of:
- Ancient, Modern languages, Literature, Philosophy,
History, Archeology, Anthropology, Human
Geography, Law, Politics, Religion, Art
“Humanity scholars” or “humanists” – describe
philosophical position of humanism which “anti-humanist”
reject.
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci
- Leonardo’s attempts to relate man to nature.
- “The workings of the human body to be an
analogy for the workings of the universe.”
- Demonstrates blend of math and art during
renaissance and Leonardo’s deep understanding of
proportions.
HUMANITIES, latin word, humanus means human,
cultured, and refined.
It contains records of man’s quest for answers and about
the world we live in.
(Martin and Jacobus, 2004) studies man and manner in
which he conducts himself from the time of his existence
to the present
Fundamental Principles of Humanities
1. Human nature is inherently good.
2. Individuals are free and can make choices.
3. Human potential for growth and development is
virtually unlimited.
4. Self-concept plays an important role in growth and
development.
5. Individuals have an urge for self-actualization.
6. Reality is defined by each person.
7.Individuals have a responsibility to both them and to
others.
ART, Greek “artizein” – to prepare,“arkiskein” - put
together
“Artis” – craftmanship, skill, mastery of form.
Three branches of art:
- Painting, sculpture, architecture
Constitutes art, disputed and has changed over time,
general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or
technical skill stemming from human agency and creation.
The nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity
and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy
known as aesthetics.
Function of Art
1. Express oneself freely.
2.
communication; and
3. Physically express the need for utility of functional
objects.
Different Art Forms
- Functional art forms (the need for life to be
better).
- Architecture, weaving, furniture-making
- non- functional art forms (the need to express
aesthetics and beauty)
- painting, sculpture, literature,
- music, dance, and theater
Functional art, is generally applied art - art created for
use, not necessarily everyday use, but designed to serve a
purpose and with an aesthetic in mind. They meet a need
for use and are works of art as well.
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LESSON 2: ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy, a field that attempts explain all aspects of
human existence.
Study of existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and
languange.
Art or Aesthetics, study of beauty and taste and use to
interpret individual works of art.
Philosophy of Art, study of the nature of art, including
concepts such as interpretation, representation and
expression, and form.
The Artistic Philosophers
1. Plato (428 – 347 BC)
- A philosopher of Ancient Greece who is known for
his Dialogues together with Socrates.
- He believed that “though arts can be used to train
citizens to have an ideal society, using arts to
accomplish this should be strictly controlled.”
- He also explained that the physical world is a copy
of a perfect, rational, eternal and changeless
original which he called FORMS.
- Art is imitation and dangerous.
2. Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)
- A student of Plato who first distinguished between
“what is good and what is beautiful.'
- For him, the universal elements of beauty are
manifested by order, symmetry, and definiteness.
- As exemplified in his Poetics, he stated that
physical manifestation of beauty is affected by
SIZE.
- He considered art as imitation, or a representation
of nature and his emphasis of the art is on
POETRY which for him is more philosophical
than Philosophy itself.
 Poets imitated the following according to Aristotle:
1. Things and events which have been or still are;
2. Things which are said to be seen and are probable and
3. Things which essentially are.
3. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804)
- German, Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a
treatise on Aesthetics: Observations on the
Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime.
- His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY
that it is a matter of TASTE.
- Kant explained that TASTE can be both
SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL.
- For KANT, beauty is a question of form and color
is NOT IMPORTANT.
Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant are:
1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, harmony, and
symmetry; and
2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that overwhelms the
viewers of the art.
- painter.
UNIT II: LESSON 1: THE SUBJECT OF AN ARTWORK
Subject – main idea of artwork; essence of piece.
Representational/Object Art – artwork with subject;
recognizable.
Non Representational/Object Art – w/o subject; do not
rely on representation; highly subjective; difficult to define.
LESSON 2: THE SOURCES OF SUBJECT
Nature – phenomena of physical world and life; most
commonly used source of art.
People – most interesting subject of artwork.
History – depiction of factual event in the past; remember
and teach lessons of the past.
Legends – art based on legends that is tangible even when
unverified; art brings life to these stories.
Religion - coveying ideas and beliefs about religion.
Mythodology – stories of gods and goddesses; deities
depict humanlike behaviours.
Dreams and Fantasy - wonder of the unconscious.
Technology – modernity of the present.
LESSON 3: WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT
Naturalism – depiction of realistic objects in natural
setting; depict pieces showing idealized human form.
Realism – represent subject matter truthfully, without
artificiality; the most popular way of presenting art subject.
Prevalent in the arts at many periods; illusionistic realisim
is accurate depiction of lifeforms and details of light and
color.
Abstraction – intuition and freedom of artist and viewers;
use oof imagination to look beyond what we physically see
and translate intangible emotions.
Ability of viewers to connect to artist and free mind of
visual restrictions; artists moves away from reality; artist
alter shapes and colors.
Distortion - alteration of original shape to express
idea, convey feeling or enhance visual impact.
Elongation - subject is lengthened, protracted or
extended
Mangling - subject is cut, lacerated, multilated or
hacked with reapeted blows.
Cubism – abstract figures through cone, cylinder,
sphere, triangle, squarem cube and circle.
Symbolism – visible sign of idea to convey message;
mystery is advocated making it interesting to viewers.
It involves studying background and personality of artist
and its inspiration.
Fauvism – name applied to the work produced by group of
artist from 1905 to 1910; characterized by strong colours
and fierce brushwork.
Dadaism – protest movement that is playful and
experimental; often nonsensical.
“Dada” means hobby horse. Marcel Duchamp, famous
Revolt against tradition because it not follow principles in
art and shows wickedness of society. The aim is to schock
and provoke viewers.
Futurism – developed in Italy, same as cubism; capture
mechanical energy of modern life.
Surrealism – mirrors the evils of present society; “super
realism”; emphasizes subconcious state of the mind.
Began in Paris (1924) by French poet Andre Breton;
empasizes activities of mind mostly violence and cruelty;
aim to reveal deep and ugly part of human nature.
Expressionism – describing pathos, morbidity, chaos or
even defeat; Expressionists believe that man needs
spiritual rebirth for him to correct defects that ruin the
society.
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YUNIT III: LESSON 1: THE PROCESS OF ART
PRODUCTION
Production - heart of making art.
Medium – tools to present subject.
Technique – level of familiarity with medium being
manipulated.
Curation – “curare” means take care; managing,
overseeing, assembling exhibit.
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LESSON 2: DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE VISUAL
ARTS
 Graphic or Two Dimensional Arts
Drawing – fundamental skill need in visual art
1. Pencil – made of graphite from soft to hard.
Hatching – series of thin parallel lines that run in same
direction
Cross-hatching – thin parallel lines and criss-crossing with
another parallel line
Stippling – use of sharp point of pencil ro make dot
patterns
Blending – using finger to change the tone from dark to
light
2. Ink – oldest materials for drawing; great variety of
qualities
3. Pastel – dry pigment held by a gum binder and
compressed into stickes
Soft Pastel; Hard Pastel; Oil Pastel
Stippling - Using pastel of different colors to produce
small marks creating a pattern.
Feathering - Using the point of the pastel to make parallel
strokes creating a feather-like effect.
Scumbling – layering using pastel
Impasto – thickly applying pastel by pressing it hard on
paper creating opaque effect
Sgrafitto – applies thick deposit of pastel on support then
using blunt pen, scrapes it off to reveal underlying color
4. Charcoal - organic medium that comes from burnt
wood.
Compressed Charcoal - vine charcoal which comes in thin
sticks that is easy to blend and erase.
Manufactured Charcoal - loose charcoal mixed with a
binder and pressed into sticks.
5. Paper - most common surface used in two-
dimensional art.
Hot-pressed Paper- Smooth
Cold-pressed Paper- Has moderate texture.
Rough Paper- Has the most texture (tooth).
Painting - process of applying paint onto a smooth surface
Pigment- Part of the paint that gives color.
1. Watercolor - Pigments are mixed with water and
applied to paper.
2. Gouche – pigment mixed with water and added
with chalk material to give opaque effect
3. Oil Paints – pigments are mixed with oil as its
binder; dense painting medium with rich beautiful
colors; discovered by flemish painter, Jan Van
Eyck in 15th century
4. Tempera – pigment mixed with egg yolk or white
as binder
5. Fresco – pigment mixed with water and applied in
wall with wet plaster; for mural paintings
6. Acrylic – modern medium with synthetic paint
using acrylic emulsion as binder
Mosaic – wall/floor decor made of small times or
irregularly cut pcs of colored stones or glass called tesserae.
Collage – french word, “coller” means stick; art technique
by gluing or pasting materials or found objects.
Printmaking - reproductions of graphic works; repeated
transfer of master image fromprinting plate (matrix) onto
surface
Relief Painting (Raised) - oldest method of
printmaking; cutting away certain parts of the surface and
leaving the ‘raised’ part to produce the image.
Intaglio Printing (Depressed) - lines of the image
are cut or incised to a metal plate.
Surface Printing (Flat) - Includes all processes in
which printing is done from a flat surface.
 Plastic or Three-Dimensional Arts
A . Sculpture – “sculpere” means to carve; art of creating
three-dimensional forms or figures.
Freestanding – scultures viewed from all sides
Relief - figures project from a background.
Low Relief (bas relief) - slightly raised/projected from its
background.
High Relief -- half of the figures project from its
background, more shadows are created.
Kinetic (mobile) – capable of movement by wind,
water or form of energy
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LESSON 3: PROCESS OF CREATING SCULPTURE
A. Subtractive Process - removing or cutting away pieces
of the material to form the figure.
B. Additive Process - construction of a figure by putting
together bits of the material
C. Process of Substitution – casting; using a mold to
produce a 3D figure
D. Different Media of Sculpture:
- Stone - natural medium. Hard and relatively
permanent.
- Wood - natural medium. varies in hardness and
durability
- Metal - three unique qualities: tensile strength,
ductility and malleability.
- Plaster - finely ground gypsum mixed with water
and poured into mold.
- Terra cotta (cooked earth) - Baked clay or clay
fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature.
- Glass - Made by heating and cooling a
combination of sand and soda lime
- Plastic - Synthetic medium made from organic
polymers.
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LESSON 4: ARCHITECTURE
Art of designing buildings
A. Construction Principles
Post and Lintel - use of two vertical supports (post) and
spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It was invented by
the Greeks.
Arch – roman invention; separate pieces of wedge-shaped
blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle.
- Barrel Vault - succession of arches.
- Groin Vault - formed by intersecting arches
resulting in four openings.
- Dome - Structure with the shape of an inverted cup.
Truss - triangular forms assembled to form a rigid
framework.
Cantilever - makes use of a beam or slab that extends
horizontally into space beyond its supporting post.
Buttress - structure that is built as a support for the wall.
- Percussion Instruments - Makes sound by hitting them.
LESSON 5: MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
A. Compressive Strength - materials that can support
heavy weights without crumbling or breaking down.
B. Materials that are used for Creating Building and
Infrastructures:
Stones and Bricks - durability, adaptability to
sculptural treatment
Lumber (wood) – building can be constracted
using wood except foundations.
Iron and Steel - Provide stronger and taller
structures with less use of material
Concrete - Mixture of cement and water, with
aggregates of sand and gravel.
- music.
LESSON 6: LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED
ARTS
A. Literature - Art of combining spoken or written words
and their meanings into forms which have artistic and
emotional appeal.
Poetry - follow strict rules to the number and
length of lines and stanzas
Fiction – Written work that is not real and which
uses elaborate figurative language.
Non-fiction – Subject matter comes from real life.
Drama - plays or any written works that are meant
to be performed.
- - Social or Ballroom - Sometimes called
LESSON 7: MUSIC, MEDIA IN MUSIC, SOME
GENRES OF MUSIC
Music - art of combining and regulating sounds of varying
pitch to produce compositions that express various ideas
and feelings.
Vocal Medium - oldest and most popular medium
for music is the human voice.
Classification of Human Voice (Komien,2008):
Soprano - Highest female singing voice.
Contralto – female low and rich in quality
Tenor - Highest adult male singing voice.
Bass – male low and rich in quality
Baritone – male voice between tenor and bass
Instrumental Medium - Materials that
produce/create sound
String Instruments - Provide basic orchestral sounds;
Bowed strings - produce tones by means of a bow
of horse hair
Plucked strings - plucking the strings with a finger
or with a plectrum held in one’s hand.
Woodwind Instruments - Create sounds by blowing into
them
Brass Instruments - Have cup-shaped mouthpieces and
expands into a bell-shaped end.
Keyboard Instruments - keyboard which consist of a series
of black and white keys.
Some Genres of Music:
- Classical Music - European tradition; 1950-1830;
symphony, concerto, and sonata were standardized.
- Folk Music - Originated in the traditional popular
culture
- Pop Music - Began in 1950s and inspired in the
tradition of rock and roll.
- Jazz – African-American; late 19th and early 20th
- Blues - African Americans in the deep South of the
United States in the late 19th Century.
- Rock Music - evolved from rock and roll and pop
- Alternative Music - style of rock music; emerged
from the independent music of the 1980s and
gained popularity in the 1990s.
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LESSON 8: DANCE, TYPES OF DANCE
Dance - oldest of the arts; man’s gestures that express
emotions through rhythmic movements.
- Ethnologic (ethnic) - folk dances associated with
national and/or cultural groups.
- Social or Ballroom – dance performed in pairs.
- Ballet - Originated in royal courts of the Medieval
era.
contemporary or interpretative dances. They
represent rebellion against the classical formalism
of ballet.
- Musical Comedy (musicale)- performed by one
dancer or a group of dancers.
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LESSON 9: DRAMA AND THEATRE AND GENRES OF
DRAMA
Drama – is intended to be acted-out or performed on stage
in front of an audience.
Theatre – Combined art that includes music, dance,
painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):
- Tragedy - literature’s greatest dramatic genre
- Melodrama – Emphasizes the never ending battle
between good and evil wherein good always wins.
- Comedy – Exact opposite of tragedy.
- Satire – Portrays human weakness and criticized
human behavior to pave the path to some form of
salvation for human actions.
- Farce – Light humorous play in which the
emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical action,
exaggerated situations and improbable characters.
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LESSON 10; CINEMA, GENRES OF MOTION
PICTURES AND PEOPLE BEHIND MOTION
PICTURES
Cinema – Series of images that are projected onto a screen
to create the illusion of motion.
Genres of Motion Pictures:
- Feature Films – Commonly shown in movie
theaters.
- Animated movies – Use images created by artists/
animators.
- Documentary movies – deal primarily with facts,
not fiction.
- Experimental films – Sequence of images, literal
or abstract, which do not necessarily form a
narrative.
- Educational Films – Specifically intended to
facilitate learning at home or classrooms.
People Behind a Motion Picture:
- Actors – Play the roles of the characters.
- Producer – handles finances.
- Screenwriter – develops stories and ideas for the
screen or adapts interesting written pieces of work
as motion pictures.
- Director – Studies the script, plans and visualizes
how the film should be portrayed and guides the
actors and the production crew as they carry out
the project.
UNIT 4: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART
LESSON 1 - LINE AND KINDS OF LINE
Line – path made by moving point; a series of dots;
prolongation of point; Paul Klee - a dot that went for a
walk.
Kinds of lines
- Straight lines - Geometric, impersonal and differ in
the direction that they take
- Horizontal lines - left to right; laying down.
- Vertical Line - bottom to top; standing.
- Diagonal lines - slanting lines.
Positive – action, movement; move forward and act
Negative – feeling of uncertainty; stress and defeat.
- Zigzag lines - angular lines that resulted in abrupt
change in the direction of a straight line;
unpleasant and harsh which portrays tension,
conflict, chaos, or violence.
- Curved lines - curvilinear lines; grace, movement
and flexibility indicative of life and energy.
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LESSON 2 – PROPERTIES OF COLOR AND HOW
COLORS RELATE
Color - adds beauty and meaning to all forms of art; the
property of light; composed of a series of wavelengths;
ROYGBIV
Properties of Color
Hue - name given to the color,
- Primary Hue – red, yellow, blue
- Secondary hues – two hues are mixed; orange,
green, violet
- Intermediate hues – mixing primary and secondary
hue; red orange, blue green, blue violet
- Tertiary hues – mixture of two secondary hues
Value - lightness or darkness of a color.
Shade - black is combined with hue.
Tint - white is added with hue.
Intensity - brightness or dullness of a color; gives color its
strength.
- Less intense when white is added, lighter in value
- Intensity diminishes when black added; value
darkerns
- Gray added, no change in value
How Colors Relate
- Color harmony - method of establishing color
quality in a composition.
- Monochromatic harmony - single color in the
composition is varied in intensity and value by
adding white or black.
 - Complementary Harmony - two colors that are
opposite each other in the color wheel are placed
side by side.
- Analogous harmony - when hues that are adjacent
or beside each other
- Color temperature - warmth or coolness of a color.
Warm Color – dominant is yellow
Cool Colors – dominant is blue
Light and Shadow (Value) - achromatic value; changes in
the amount of reflected light which ranges from black to
gray to white
Chiaroscuro - technique of manipulating light and shadow
in painting.
Rembrandt and Caravaggio went a step further and
exaggerated the use of shadows to an extreme called
tenebrism or “dark manner”.
Fernando Amorsolo - mastered chiaroscuro; focus on
manipulation of light
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LESSON 3: SHAPE AND CLASSIFICATION OF
SHAPES
Shapes - two ends of a line meet to enclose an area.
Picture plane - any flat surface onto which the artwork is
created.
Negative shapes - between the shapes that are not occupied
by any form.
Classification of Shapes
- Natural or organic shapes - seen in nature
- Abstract shapes - little or no resemblance to
natural objects.
- Non-objective or biomorphic shapes - seldom have
reference to recognizable objects
- Geometric shapes - triangles, rectangles, squares,
cylinders, cubes.
Single volume is the fundamental unit in sculpture.
- agreement which makes it sound good
LESSON 4 - TEXTURE, METHODS OF CREATING
SPACE AND MOVEMENT
Texture - feel or tactile quality of the surface of an object;
add richness and vitality in paintings.
Visual texture - textured can be perceived by the eyes.
Space - illusion in the graphic arts. created by techniques
that add depth and distance to two-dimensional art.
Methods of Creating Space
Overlapping planes (interposition) - create space when an
object covers a part of another object which is behind it.
Relative size - objects that appear large/big indicate
nearness and small-sized objects as distant; interpreted as
power and import.
Position on the picture plane (relative height) – spatial
representation is based upon the position of objects relative
to the bottom of the frame.
horizon line – line at eye level
Foreground - the bottom part.
Middle ground - where the horizon is.
Background - the topmost part.
Color - used to give the illusion of distance.
Warm colors - and make objects look closer
Cool colors - recede making objects look farther away.
Perspective - effect of distance on the appearance of
objects.
- Linear perspective - give the perception distance
by means of converging lines.
- Aerial perspective (gradient) - effect of haze, mist
or atmosphere on the object.
Space in sculpture - single solid object or an assemblage of
solids that exhibits space; or space may be perceived as it
enters into relations with its surroundings
Space in architecture - created and defined by the shape,
position, and the materials employed by the architect.
Movement
Actual movement - results in kinetic art.
Implied movement - variety of lines are used
together, repeated, change in position, or
decreased/increased in size.
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LESSON 5 – ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
Rhythm - movement or pattern with uniform recurrence of
accented and accented beat
Melody - succession of tones arranged in such a way as to
give it a musical sense. It may also refer to the rising and
falling of the tune in time.
Harmony - sounding of a series of groups of tones in the
same time; pleasing sound that is produced when two or
more notes are played together.
- Concordance - the combination of sounds are in
- Dissonance - is not pleasant to hear.
Timbre - tonal quality or the character of the tone that is
produced by an instrument or by the human voice.
Form - structure or the framework of a composition
Vocal Forms
- Opera - drama set to music complete with actions,
costumes and scenery
- Cantata - religious story told in music without
actions
- Moro-moro - Philippine drama set to music which
depicts the conflict between the Christians and the
Muslims.
Instrumental Forms
- Sonata - long composition for solo instruments
(piano, Violin)
- Symphony - sonata for the orchestra
 - Dynamics - loudness and softness of the sound
pp pianissimo - very soft
p piano - soft
mp mezo piano - half soft
ff fortissimo - very loud
crescendo - gradually becoming louder
decrescendo - gradually becoming softer
Elements of Dance
- Music – motivates the dancers to move in tune
with its rhythm.
- Movement - how the dancers use their bodies to
move and create organized patterns.
- Choreography - how the steps and movements are
connected for it to be performed in an organized
manner.
- Technique - skill of the dancer in executing the
movements.
- Theme - content or the main ingredient of the
dance. tells what the dance is trying to convey. It
has something to do with the message of the dance
- Design - planned organization or patterns of
movement in time and space.
- Costume - enhance the effect of the dance.
- Sound, Camera and Special Effects Technicians -
LESSON 6 - ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
Drama - written primarily to be performed. The
performance is done by actors on stage before a live
audience.
Plot - overall structure of the play; what the story is all
about.
- Exposition - familiarizes the audience with the
characters and the situation
- Complication - middle part of the play which
develops the conflict
- Resolution - anticlimax or the part where
conditions in the story are normalized and the
situation becomes stable.
Setting - locale and period in which the story takes place.
Characters - persons involved in the story.
Dialogue - words uttered by the characters in the story.
Pantomimes rely heavily on actions, gestures, facial
expression and sound effects.
Theme - what the story means; be directly or indirectly
stated.
- quality of work
LESSON 7 - ELEMENTS OF THEATER
Theater art - performed live; immediate and once
performed
cannot be undone.
- Playwright’s - work out the plot in terms of the
actual actions to be performed and dialogue to be
spoken by actors within the limited facilities of the
stage
- Performers - who portray the characters in a play.
- Director - works with the playwright to present
which is interpreted and translated into dramatic
action.
- Production Design - includes the scenery, props,
make-up, costumes, lights, music, sound and all
other special effects used in a theater production.
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LESSON 8 - ELEMENTS OF CINEMA (MOTION
PICTURE)
Acting and the Stars - art of portraying or impersonating a
character in the story; actor’s portrayal must be perfect and
complete.
Set and Directors - should know the setting of the story
and build artificial sets.
Music and Musical Director - indispensable in motion
pictures
Color - an innovation in cinematography.
Make-up, Hair and Costume Design - are responsible for
applying the specific type of make-up, hairstyle and
costume to the actors before they face the camera.
responsible for making the dialogue clear and music of
fine quality.
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LESSON 9 - PRINCIPLES OF ART
Form - how specific elements in the artwork are organized
to produce a unified whole.
- Primary Features - how the artwork appears to the
viewers. Its physical attributes in terms of medium,
color, texture and size.
- Secondary Features - how the primary features of
the artwork relate to one another. Particularly, this
refers to balance, proportion, unity and harmony
that are used to create the whole composition.
Content - message the artist wants to convey through his
art.
- Factual - literal interpretation of the work, its
images, attributes, actions and poses.
- Conventional level - takes into consideration the
basic genres and the figurative meanings usually
indicated by familiar signs and symbols and the
- Subjective level - effect of form and content on the
viewers of the art.
Context - various circumstances that influence how a work
of art was produced and interpreted.
 - Primary context - characteristic of the artist, his serve as a guide for visual artists on the proper
personality, beliefs, interests and values. placement of their subjects on the picture plane to achieve
- Secondary context - pertains to the setting; a more interesting composition.
historical period, time in which the work was
produced. The Seven Da Vincian Principles
- Curiosita - approaching life with a heightened level of
LESSON 10 - PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN wonder and continuous search to know and learn more.
Principles of design - describe the ways in which an artist Dimostrazione - commitment to test knowledge and to
has used or can use the elements of art to create beautiful persist in this task, which includes experiencing both
compositions. (Grieder 1996) success and failures in undertaking.
Balance - distribution of the visual weight of objects, color, Sensazione - experiencing life through refinement of the
texture and space. senses.
- Symmetrical balance - when the elements used on Sfumato - “going up in smoke”; accepting life’s paradoxes
one side of the design are similar to those on the and uncertainties; knowing and realizing that not
other side. everything is cause and effect and that events happen that
- Asymmetrical balance - when the sides of the even logic can explain.
composition are different but still looked balanced. Arte/Scienza - finding a balance between art and science or
- Radial balance - when the elements are arranged logic and imagination; concept of a whole brain thinking
around a central point. Corporalita - taking care of one’s body; sound mind is
Emphasis - catches the viewer's attention. usually the product of a sound body
Movement - path the viewer's eye takes when looking Connessione - realizing that all things are interconnected;
through the work of art. discovering patterns in the way things work and how
Pattern - repetition of objects, shapes, lines, or symbols all things and lives work out.
over the space or
picture plane.
Proportion - feeling of unity created when all parts relate
well with each other.
Repetition - works with patterns to make the work seem
active.
Rhythm - created when one or more elements of design are
used repeatedly to produce a feeling of organized,
continuous, sometimes flowing movement.
Variety - use of several elements of design that adds
interest in order to hold the viewer's attention and guide the
viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.
Unity - feeling of harmony between and among the parts of
the work of art, which creates a feeling of completeness
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LESSON 11 - THE RULE OF THIRDS AND THE
SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES
Rule of Thirds
- used by visual artists to create compositions that
meet the requirements for a good design.
- surface with two equally spaced vertical lines and
two equally spaced horizontal lines.
- lines divide the picture plane into nine equal parts
with four intersecting points.
- placing an object in one of the intersecting points
results in a pleasing composition.
- Balance is achieved by placing another object at
the point opposite the first one.