CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

TUTORIAL 2: PERIODIC TABLE (ANSWER)

1. Figure 1, below give an information regarding radail electron density upon it distance from
the nuclues . Discuss how this information gives about certain important behaviour of filling
of electrons for the period 4 elements (Sc to Zn).

Figure 1, radail electron density upon it distance from the nuclues.

The plotted graph shows that about:

(a) The wave nature of electrons in orbitals

(b) The wave nature of electrons in s, p and d orbitals.

(b) The ability of the s orbital electrons to penetrate further inside the inner core orbital
where;

s>p>d

(c) s electrons are more closer to the nucleus.

(d) The different in the ability of s, p and d electrons will definitly influence many
important characteristic of each individual atom.

For example the filling of electrons for transtion element (period 4), where electrons are filled
in these orbital first before the d orbitals.

For the configuration,

Ti: [Ar]3d24s2 NOT [Ar]3d44s0

Mn: [Ar]3d54s2 NOT [Ar]3d74s0

2. Discuss the successive ionization energies below.

Table 8.4 gives an information regarding successive ionization energies of the elements which
may be related of the stability of the electronic configuration of the element.

Through well known established findings, observations and theories chemists any atoms are
stable if

(a) They have electronic cofigurations isoelectronic to noble gases.

(b) Their orbitals are completely full electrons.

(c) Thier orbital are half full electrons

Li: [He]2s1

Li → Li+ + e- ; Li+ : [He] which is ioselectronic to a helium electronic configuration and

achiveing stability. This explain a low IE is needed to remove the one electron in the outer
orbital of the Li atom.

Li+ → Li2+ + e- ; Li2+ : 1s1 involving the breaking of the helium gas electronic
configuration. Damages a stable electronic configuration requires a high energy.

Be: [He]2s2

B: [He]2s22p1

Na: [Ne]3s1