‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬

‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻘﺑﻭﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Abnormal Spoilage‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻓﻌّﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻧﻊ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Absorbed Overhead‬‬
‫ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺻﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫)ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻣّﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺻﺻﺔ(‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻳﺣ ّﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Absorption Costing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ )ﻭﻳُﺳ َﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻧﻣﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Accelerated‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺳﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Depreciation‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺳﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Accounting‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺨطوات واﻻﺠراءات اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤدة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Accounting cycle‬‬
‫ﺒﻬدف ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ وﺘﺴﺠﻴﻝ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرّﻴﺔ‪ٕ ،‬واﻋداد اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴر ﻟﻠﻔﺘرة‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺣﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Accounting Profit‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺿﻣﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺟﺏ ﺍﺗﺑﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Accounting Standards‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺟﺭﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻫﻳﺋﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻣﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪Accounting System‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻭﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺎﺋﻊ )ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭّ ﺩ( ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻣﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Accounts Payable‬‬
‫ﺟﺭﻯ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 1 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻣﻡ‬ ‫‪Accounts Payable‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻭﺭﺩﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Turnover‬‬

‫ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻼء ﻗﺎﻣﻭﺍ ﺑﺷﺭﺍء‬ ‫ﺫﻣﻡ ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Accounts Receivable‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺻﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Accounts Receivable‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻣﻡ‬ ‫‪Turnover‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﺟﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻣﻼﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ )ﺃ( ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻛﺳﺑﻬﺎ‪) ،‬ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Accrual Accounting‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼﻫﻣﺎ ﺑﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺳﻠﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻕ‬ ‫‪Accrued‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺗﻡ ﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﺗﺭﺍﻛﻡ‬ ‫‪Accumulated‬‬
‫ﻛﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﺻﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Depreciation‬‬

‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎء ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Acid-Test Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ(‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﻌﺔ(‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﻧﺎء‬ ‫‪Acquisition Cost‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻝ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺻﻭﺩ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻝ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪Activity Driver‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺷﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫)ﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ(‬ ‫) ‪(Cost Driver‬‬
‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﻟﻸﻧﺷﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Activity-Based‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪Budgeting‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 2 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ )ﺃ( ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Activity-Based Costing‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﻛﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ‪) ،‬ﺏ( ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ "ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ"‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ‬ ‫)‪(ABC‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﻧﺷﻁﺔ‪) ،‬ﺝ( ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺑـ "ﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ" ﻓﺭﺩﻳﺔ )ﺩ( ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‪) ،‬ﻫـ( ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠﻛﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Activity-Based‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪Management‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﻭﺃﺭﺑﺎﺣﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺯﻳﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿﻳﻑ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺿﻳﻑ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﻧﺎء‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Actual Cost‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺳﺗﻠﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪Additional Paid-in‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻳﺭﺑﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Capital‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺑﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻛﻛﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Administrative‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍً‪،‬‬ ‫‪Expense‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳّﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺩﻳﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻣﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﻌﻣﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Aging schedule‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺳﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ‬ ‫‪Allocate‬‬

‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ‬ ‫‪Allocation Base‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 3 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻧﻅﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺫﻣﺔ ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻧﺷﺎﺅﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺻﺹ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Allowance for‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻌﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Uncollectible Accounts‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﻔﺎء‬ ‫‪Amortization‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪Annual Report‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺻﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺣﻭﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺗﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪Annuity‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Application Controls‬‬
‫ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻛﺷﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺗﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻘﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻣﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪Appraisal Costs‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﻔﻕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺗﻳﺵ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺣﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻣﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Appreciation‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Arbitrage Pricing‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﻳﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺅ ّﻛﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫)‪Theory (APT‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺧﻡ‬
‫ﻭ)‪ (2‬ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ)‪ (3‬ﻋﻼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻭ)‪ (4‬ﺍﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻳﻛﻝ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 4 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻝ‬ ‫‪Asset‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﻣﻭﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻕ ﻣﻣﻠﻭﻙ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻧﻪ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪Asset Coverage‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎء ﺑﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻳّﻡ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪Asset Turnover‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﻭﻟﻬﺎ )ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺟﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Audit‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﺑﺿﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﺗﻌﻛﺱ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ( ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ‬ ‫‪Audit Committee‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺭﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺟﺎﻟﺱ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﺗﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺛﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻛﺗﻭﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Audit Report‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Authoritative (top-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺟﻭﺑﻳﺔ )ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪down) Budgeting‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺩﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪Authority‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣ ّﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻁﺭﺣﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﻛﺗﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭّ ﺡ‬ ‫‪Authorized Shares‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 5 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺣﺗﻔﻅ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Available-for-sale‬‬
‫‪.GAAP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Securities‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺳﺗﻐﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Average Collection‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ(‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Period‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺫﻣﻡ ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩّﻝ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺑﻘﻰ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ّﺩﻝ ﺃﻳّﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪Average Days in‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪Inventory‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫‪Average Fixed Cost‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ(‬
‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Average Total Cost‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ً ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Average Variable Cost‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﺣﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻳﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪Backflush Costing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺗﺄﺟﻳﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻧﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺳﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻧﺳﺦ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Backup Controls‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺿﻳﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻗﺑﺽ ﺗﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Bad Debts‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺻﻳﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻓﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪Bad Debts Expense‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻠﺧﺹ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Balance Sheet‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 6 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺑﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳﺱ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Balanced Scorecard‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻼء‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺛﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺿﻣﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺑﻭﻝ ﻣﺻﺭﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Banker’s Acceptances‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻣﻧﺢ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻛﻣﺔ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻓﻼﺱ‬ ‫‪Bankruptcy‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﻧﻳﻥ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻋﺟﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Batch Costing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺩﻻً ﻣﻥ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻁﻭّ ﺭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪BCG Growth-Share‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﻭﺳﻁﻥ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻧﺟﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﺭ ﺣﻠﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻭﺳﻁﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﺎﺭﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Matrix‬‬
‫)ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺟﻲ(‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻭﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﺩﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Benchmarking‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﺗﻛﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺟﺯﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﻳﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Best Practice‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺁﺧﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺗﺎ‬ ‫‪Beta‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺑﻳﺗﺎ ﺗﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ‪ ،1‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻸﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪Binomial Option-‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺗﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Valuation Models‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺫﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 7 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺣﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻳﺎﺭ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Black-Scholes Option-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (1‬ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ )‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺳﻛﻭﻟﺯ ﺍﻷﺳﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Valuation Model‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﺻﻼﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭ )‪ (3‬ﺳﻌﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ )‪ (4‬ﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ )‪ (5‬ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺧﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Board of Directors‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺎ ً ﻭﻳﺗﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻧﺷﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺛﻳﻘﺔ ﺩﻳﻥ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺗﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻬﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻧﺩ ﻗﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Bond‬‬
‫ﺑﺈﺻﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻲ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﺍﺋﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺧﺻﻭﻡ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﻣﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻧﺎﺩ ﻗﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Bonds Payable‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Book Value‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺣﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻧﻅﺎﻣﻲ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺎﻓﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ‬ ‫‪Book Value per Share‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻗﻳﻭﺩ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻛﻔﺅ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪Bottleneck‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻁﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻝ‬ ‫‪Bottom-Up Approach‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻭﺛﻳﻕ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺑﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫‪Breakeven Analysis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻋﻧﺩﻩ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪) .‬ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺳﺎﻭﻯ ﻋﻧﺩﻩ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫‪Breakeven Point‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻺﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﺧﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ(‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺧﻁﺔ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Budget Process‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺻﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Budgetary Slack‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻓﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Budgeting‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Business‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺞ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻛﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺞ ﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Business Combination‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ )ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻭﺣﺩﺓ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻛﻛﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳّﺔ ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺃﺻﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ﺧﻁﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Business Continuity‬‬
‫ﻗﺩﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻣﺄﺳﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Planning‬‬

‫ﻭﺛﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺻﻝ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Business Plan‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺣﺎﺿﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ً‬
‫ﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Business Portfolio‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻁﺭﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﻗﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﻳﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Business Process‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 9 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻗﺳﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻘﺳﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻋﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Business Unit‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻧﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ً ﻛﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺭﺑﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺛﺎﻧﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪Byproduct‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﺻﻝ )ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﺷﺭﺍء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Call Option‬‬
‫ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺣﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻬﻡ( ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺿﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻗﺻﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻸﺩﺍء‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻳﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Capacity Constraints‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻭﺭﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﺯﺍﺋﺩﺓ( ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Capacity Management‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Capital‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻣﺣﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺎﺕ‪..‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺩ )ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Capital Adequacy‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻔﻳﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ )ﺑﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻭﻙ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Capital Asset Pricing‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫)‪Model (CAPM‬‬

‫ﺧﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺣﻭﺍﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Capital Budget‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺩ ﻭﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻭﺍﺫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Capital Budgeting‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗ ّﻡ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺻﻭﻝ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Capital Expenditure‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫‪Capital Gain or Loss‬‬
‫ﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﻝ ﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻲ )ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﻳﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ( ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻭﺍﺫ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺎ ً ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻪ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﺫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Capital Investment‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﺗﺭﺍﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺃﺻﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‪) .‬ﻳﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻲ(‬
‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﺗﺄﺟﻳﺭ ﻳﻧﻘﻝ ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﺗﺄﺟﻳﺭ ﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Capital Lease‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻔﺳﺭ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻳﺟﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ ﺃﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻭﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Capital Stock‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﺎﺯﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻳﻥ ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Capital Structure‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﻣﺻﺭﻭﻑ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻔﻳﺩﺍً ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Capitalize‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﻛﺄﺻﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺩﻻً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻛﻣﺻﺭﻭﻑ ﻟﻠﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫‪Carrying Cost‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠّﻕ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻭﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Carrying Value‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﺿﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺿﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 11 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﺋﻌﻳﻥ ﻳﻘﻭﻣﻭﻥ ﺑﺗﻧﺳﻳﻕ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Cartel‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﻌﻅﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺳﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺗﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫)ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﺣﺗﻛﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻣﻼﺕ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺩ‬ ‫‪Cash‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻭﻙ ﻟﻺﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻳﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Cash Budget‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻓﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻻ ﻳﻧﻣﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﻧﻲ ﺗﺩ ّﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺩﻳّﺔ ﻛﺑﺭﻯ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺟﻳّﺩ ﻟﻠﺗﺩﻓﻕ‬ ‫‪Cash Cow‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻷﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺃﺳﺭﻉ ﻧﻣﻭّ ﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Cash Cycle‬‬
‫ﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺧﺻﻡ ﻧﻘﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Cash Discount‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺷﺟﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺣﻔﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫‪Cash Equivalents‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺿﻭﻥ ﻣﻬﻠﺔ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻧﻘﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Cash Flow‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻳﻑ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻧﻘﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪Cash Flow at Risk‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺄﺛﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Cash Flow Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻧﻘﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Cash Flow to Fixed‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫‪Charges‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ‪ ،GAAP‬ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺩﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪Cash from Financing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﻠ ّﻘﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻠﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Activities‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ‪ ،GAAP‬ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺩﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪Cash from Investing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠّﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Activities‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ‪ ،GAAP‬ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺩﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪Cash from Operating‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠّﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Activities‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻟﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﻭﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ‬ ‫‪Cash Management‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺣﺳﺏ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Cash Ratio‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻳﻛﻝ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻔﻅ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﺑﻘﺩﺭ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Centralization‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺭﻏﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Change in the‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Quantity Demanded‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻝ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺭﻏﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺋﻌﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﺭﻳﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Change in the‬‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪Quantity Supplied‬‬
‫ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻝ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺑﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼّﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Chart of Accounts‬‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ‬ ‫‪Code of Conduct‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﻅﻔﻳﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 13 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺷﺗﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ‬ ‫‪Coefficient of Variation‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻝ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺭﻫﻧﻪ ﻛﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻣﻘﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺳﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪Collateral‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﺧﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺽ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﻳﺣﻕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺭﺽ ﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﺍﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻙ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪Commercial Bank‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﻗﺭﻭﺿﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻋﺎ ً ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺭﺽ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺿﻣﻭﻥ ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﺻﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Commercial Paper‬‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 270‬ﻳﻭﻣﺎً‪ .‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺩﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻡ )ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﻡ ﻳﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪Commitment Fee‬‬
‫ﺧﻁ ﺍﺋﺗﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻁﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﺳﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Committee of‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻛﺭﺳﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Sponsoring‬‬
‫)‪Organizations (COSO‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺵ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Common Base Year‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Statements‬‬

‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Common Cost‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Common-Size‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪Financial Statements‬‬
‫ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺻﺔ ﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻭﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Common Stock‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﺭ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Company Risk‬‬
‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ(‬
‫ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻳﺢ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Comparability‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﻳﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻭﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺻﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺿﻲ‬ ‫‪Compensating‬‬
‫‪Balance‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻅﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ‬ ‫‪Compensation‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Competence‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺟﺑﺎﺕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Competition-Based‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻔﺭﺿﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪Pricing‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁﺔ ﻭﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪Competitive Analysis‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺟﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Completed-Contract‬‬
‫ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺎ ً‬ ‫‪Method‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪Compliance Audit‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪Compliance Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 15 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Compound Interest‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺷﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻝ ﺷﺎﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Comprehensive‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Income‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﺭﺍء ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻪ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Concentration Banking‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺻﺭﻓﺎ ً ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍً )ﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ( ﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻧﻭﻙ ﻣﺣﻠﻳﺔ )ﺇﻳﺩﺍﻋﻳﺔ( ﺃﺻﻐﺭ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻳﻌﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻓﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Confidentiality‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻲ ﻳﻧﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻔﻅ‬ ‫‪Conservatism‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺅﻛﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻝ ﺣﻛﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﻣﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺳﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪Consistency‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Consolidated Financial‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺗﻳﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ‬ ‫‪Statements‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫‪Constant Gross Profit‬‬
‫ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎﻣﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺕ‬ ‫‪Method‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺣ ّﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘ ّﻳﺩ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﻫﺩﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪Constraint‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻟﻠﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫‪Contingency Planning‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻛﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Continuous Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﺿﻲ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﺔ(‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺣﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺭ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪Improvement‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻳﺯﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺑﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺗﺏ‬ ‫‪Contributed Capital‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Contribution Margin‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‪) .‬ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺷﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺷﻲ(‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Contribution Pricing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﺩﻗﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Control Risk‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺑﺗﺻﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫‪Controllable Cost‬‬

‫ﺷﺧﺹ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻳﺗﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Controller‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳﺱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ‬ ‫‪Controls‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Conversion Cost‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ )ﺻﻛﻭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻣﺗﺎﺯﺓ( ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Convertible‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Corporate Governance‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻬﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺩﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪Correlation‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫)‪Cost (noun‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻗﻳﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻛﻠﻑ‬ ‫)‪Cost (verb‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ‬ ‫‪Cost Allocation‬‬
‫)ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪System‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺑﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost Behavior‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Cost Benefit Analysis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺻﻑ ﺑﺑﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost Center‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻻً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﺳﺑﺑﻳﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost Driver‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻝ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Cost Leadership‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﺧﺫﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺍء ﻹﺭﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost Management‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻘﻭﻣﻭﻥ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺑﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻔﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻅﻳﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺳﻡ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻋﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost Objects‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺳﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Cost of Capital‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻛﺳﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺧﻔﺽ ﻓﻭﺍﺋﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost of Goods Sold‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﺩﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺑﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Cost of Quality‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﻌﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺻﺣﻳﺣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Cost of Sales‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻋﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺩﻑ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost Pools‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻋﺯﻭﻩ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﻭﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost System‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 19 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Cost/Volume/Profit‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﻋﻧﺩﻩ ﺻﻔﺭﺍً ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫)‪Analysis (CVP‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ(‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺑﻳﻊ ﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Cost-Based Pricing‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻭﺗﺧﺻﻳﺻﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Costing‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Cost-Plus Pricing‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺎ ً ﺇﻟﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺟﺭﺓ ﺑﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﺩﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Countertrade‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻳﺿﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Coupon Rate‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺍﻗﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Credibility‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺿﺎء ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺈﻧﺻﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺻﺎﺡ ﻋﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﻗﺹ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺩﻱ ﻳﺳﺗﻠﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺽ ﺷﻳﺋﺎ ً ﺫﺍ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺋﺗﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪Credit‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﻋﺩ ﻻﺣﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻻﺋﺗﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪Credit Risk‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺧﻠﱡﻑ ﻣﻘﺗﺭﺽ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺳﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭّ ﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻟﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺟﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Critical Success‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Factors‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 20 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﻳﺗﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﻲ‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪0T1‬‬ ‫‪2T‬‬
‫‪Cumulative Average-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﻲ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺓ ﺗﺗﺿﺎﻋﻑ ﻓﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪0T‬‬
‫‪Time Learning Model‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺄﺧﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻠ ّﻘﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻣﺗﺎﺯﺓ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Cumulative Preferred‬‬
‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻳّﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﻐﻳﺭﻫﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪Stock‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﻭﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Current Assets‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺩ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻭﺍﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Current Cost‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻝ ﻣﻣﺎﺛﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻝ ﻳﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺳﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ٍ‬ ‫‪Current Liability‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺿﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪Current Ratio‬‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء‬ ‫‪Customer Satisfaction‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﺻﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﺿﻲ ﻟﻧﻘﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Cycle Time‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺩﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺃﻣﺭ ﻣﺎ )ﻛﺎﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪Cyclical‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼً( ﻓﻲ ﻧﻣﻁ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Database‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Data Communications‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻛﻭﻻﺕ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 21 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺷﻔﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Data Encryption‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻔﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﺩﻉ ﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺟﺯﺍء‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Data Warehouse‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Database‬‬
‫‪Management‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Days Purchases in‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ‬ ‫‪Payables‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻣﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Days Sales in‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ‬ ‫‪Inventory‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻐﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫‪Days Sales in‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻐﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Receivables‬‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻟﻠﺩﻳﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Debt Ratio‬‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ(‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻺﻗﺭﺍﺽ ﻣﻣﺛﻼً ﺑﺈﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Debt-to-Equity Ratio‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪Debt to Total Assets‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺛﻼً ﺑﺈﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ(‬
‫ﺗﻌ ّﻬﺩ ﺧﻁﻲ ﺑﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﺛﻼً‪ :‬ﺻﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻧﺩ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Debt Security‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺑﻳﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻳﻛﻝ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻔﻅ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﺑﺄﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺭﻛﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Decentralization‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻗﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺟﺭﺓ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪Decision Tree‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﺗﺳﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺿﺭﺏ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺻﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪Declining-Balance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﻝ ﺑﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺹ‬ ‫‪Method‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻣﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﺩﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎء‬ ‫ﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪Default Risk‬‬
‫ﺑﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺃﺻﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺅﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Deferred‬‬
‫ﺩﺧﻝ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﺟﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺗﺭﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺕ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻣﺅﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Deferred Expenses‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺭﺣﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺻﻭﻝ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺅﺟﻠﺔ(‬
‫ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺻﺭﻭﻑ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‬ ‫ﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ ﺩﺧﻝ ﻣﺅﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Deferred Income‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Taxes‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﺅﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Deferred Revenue‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻘﻬﺎ‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‪ :‬ﺭﺻﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻥ ﻣﺅﺟﻝ(‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ‪ ،GAAP‬ﻣﺯﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺟّ ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺍﺋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Deferred Tax Asset‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅ ّﻗﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﺻﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺅﺟّ ﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ‪ ،GAAP‬ﺃﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺟّ ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺻﻭﻡ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Deferred Tax Liability‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅ ّﻗﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺅﺟّ ﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Degree of Financial‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﻘﺗﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪Leverage‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺩﻯ ﺛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Degree of Operating‬‬
‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Leverage‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻭﻳﺽ ﺍﻟﺻﻼﺣﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻭﻳﺽ ﺻﻼﺣﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Delegation of Authority‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻭﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫‪Demand‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺍً ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺳﻌﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻌﺑﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻡ‬ ‫‪Department‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Departmental‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺳﻡ‬ ‫‪Overhead‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪Depletion‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﻳﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻣﻭﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫‪Depreciation‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ )ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ً ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﻝ(‬
‫ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺭﺗﻛﺯ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﺷﺗﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Derivatives‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ )ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ( ﺁﺧﺭ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﺩﻗﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ‬ ‫‪Detection Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺅﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻗﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﺩﻳﻠﻳﻥ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Differential Cost‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩﺓ(‬
‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﺭﻳﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Differentiation‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ )ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ( ﻟﻠﺳﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺷﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪Diluted Earnings per‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ" ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﺎﺯﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪Share‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍً ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Direct Cost‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺣﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Direct Costing‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻛﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ )ﺗﺳﺗﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ(‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ(‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪Direct Foreign‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺳﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‬ ‫‪Investment‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Direct Labor Cost‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺩ ﺟﺯءﺍً‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Direct Materials Cost‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﺟﺎﻫﻝ ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Direct Method‬‬
‫ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﻗﺳﻡ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺁﺧﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻛﻝ ﻗﺳﻡ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ(‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳّﺔ ﺗﺗﻌﻠّﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻟ ّ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻌﺛﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗ ّﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﻳﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻁﺏ‬ ‫‪Direct Write-off‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ ّﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‬ ‫‪Method‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺇﺟﺭﺍء ﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫‪Disaster Recovery‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﻧﻘﺩﺍً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫‪Disbursement‬‬

‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻳﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﺭﱢ ﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻭﻟﻡ ُﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Disbursement Float‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻓﻲ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺧﺻﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪) .‬ﻳُﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً‪ :‬ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻣﺭﻓﻕ ﺑﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻓﺻﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Disclosure‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺩﻳﻭﻧﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺻﻡ‬ ‫‪Discount‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻡ‬ ‫‪Discount Factor‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺳﻌﺭ ﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺻﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺳﻧﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪Discount on Bonds‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻳّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Payable‬‬

‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻡ‬ ‫‪Discount Rate‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Discounted Cash Flow‬‬
‫ﺑﺧﺻﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﻳﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺷﻳﻭﻋﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺻﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﻣﺎ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺻﻭﻡ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﻘﺿﺎﺅﻩ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Discounted Payback‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺻﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﻣﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺻﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 26 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Discretionary Cost‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻭﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ(‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Diseconomies of Scale‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Distribution‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ ﻳﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﺳﻔﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Distribution Channels‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻳﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ )ﻣﺛﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺯﺋﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻛﻳﻝ(‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺑﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻭﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Diversification‬‬
‫ﺻﻧﺎﺩﻳﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻝ‬ ‫‪Divestiture‬‬

‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫‪Dividend‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺑﻌﻠﻥ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪Dividend Declaration‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Date‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺎﺩﺍً‬ ‫‪Dividend Discount‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪Model‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﻌ ﱠﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ " ‪D/‬‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺧﺻﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ )‪ ،"(k-g‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ "‪ "D‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﻛﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ"‪ "k‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭ"‪ "g‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ )ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺗﻳﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫‪Dividend Payout‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫‪Dividend Payout Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻠﻘﻳﻪ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺩ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Dividend Yield‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻳﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Dividends in Arrears‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺄﺧﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺑﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Downstream Costs‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻭﻳﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩ ﻳﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﺣﻭﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Draft‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻻﺣﻕ ﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺷﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪Drum-Buffer-Rope‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪System‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺑﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻭﻗﻳﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫)ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻐﻳﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺯ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻝ(‬
‫ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻅﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Dual Allocation‬‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‪ :‬ﻭﻋﺎء ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪Method‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻋﺎء ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺋﻳﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺎ ً‬
‫ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Dual-Rate Transfer‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻷﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺭﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺩﻭﺝ‬ ‫‪Pricing‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Duration‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺋﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺢ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺋﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Earnings‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ً ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻳﻑ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪Earnings at Risk‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Earnings Before‬‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ‬ ‫‪Interest, Taxes,‬‬
‫‪Depreciation, and‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻹﻁﻔﺎء‬ ‫)‪Amortization (EBITDA‬‬
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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﺩﻳﻭﻧﻳﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Earnings Coverage‬‬

‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺣﺻﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Earnings Distribution‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﻷﺻﺣﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪Earnings Per Share‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫)‪(EPS‬‬

‫ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ ﻣﺩﻯ ّ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃ ّ‬ ‫ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Earnings Quality‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻧﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺻﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺑﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺭ ﺍﻹﺛﻧﻲ ﻋﺷﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Earnings Yield‬‬
‫ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺣﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Earnings-Based‬‬
‫ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Valuation‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻁﻠﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Economic Order‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺷﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ‬ ‫)‪Quantity (EOQ‬‬
‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Economic Profit‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‬ ‫‪Economies of Scale‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻔﺿﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﺟﺎﻡ ﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻻﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Effective Interest Rate‬‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﺩﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻭﻕ )ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ(‬ ‫)‪Efficiency (Usage‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺿﺭﻭﺑﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‬ ‫‪Variances‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻓﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻛﺱ ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ ً ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Efficient Market‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻧﻳﺔ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫‪Hypothesis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Elasticity‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺇﻓﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠﻙ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺃﺣﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫‪Elasticity of Demand‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺣﺗﺳﺏ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺭﻧﺎ ً ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﺭﺍء ﻳﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺧﻭﺍﺭﺯﻣﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻔﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Encryption‬‬
‫ﻟﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻘﺭﻭءﺓ ﻷﻱ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻻ ﻳﻣﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻙ ﺷﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺩﻣﺞ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪Enterprise Resource‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻣﺞ( ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪Planning (ERP‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻭﺣﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪Enterprise Risk‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﺭﻙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪Management (ERM‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺭﺍً ﺳﻠﺑﻳﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻘﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﻟﻭﺻﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪Enterprise-Wide‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺧﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺭﺍﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‬ ‫‪Entity‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫‪Equilibrium‬‬
‫ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺧﺻﻡ ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Equity‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻭﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻠﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 30 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺑﻳﻊ ﺣﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻳﺔ )ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ‪%20‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻕ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Equity Carve-Out‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻝ( ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻷﺟﻝ ﻁﺭﺡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛ ّﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻭﺍﺫ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﻳﺩﻋﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺟﺯﺋﻲ ﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎﻋﻑ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Equity Multiplier‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪Equivalent Units‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻛﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺊ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Ethics Code‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺧﻥ‬ ‫‪Ethics Help-Line‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﺧﺹ‬
‫ﺣﺻﺭﻱ ﻟﻼﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺍﺋﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺻﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Eurodollars‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺭﻑ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﻳﻧﺑﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎءﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Exception Reporting‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﻋﻣﻠﺔ ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Exchange Rate‬‬

‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺗﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫‪Exchange Rate Risk‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻋﻧﺩﻩ ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ‬ ‫‪Exercise Price‬‬
‫ﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ )ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ(‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺢ ﻟﺣﺻﻳﻠﺔ ﺇﺟﺭﺍء‪ ،‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻗﻳﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Expected Value‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﻣﻭﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺗﻣﺎﻻﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪Expenditure‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻡ ﺳﻭﺍء ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫‪Expense‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Expense Recognition‬‬

‫ﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﻳﻼء ﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﺟﻧﺑﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Expropriation Risk‬‬
‫ﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪External Factors‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻹﺧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪External Failure Costs‬‬
‫ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺷﺣﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫)ﻣﺛﻼً‪ ،‬ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪External Financial‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﻬﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﻘﺭﺿﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Reporting‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻣﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ‪ ،GAAP‬ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻳّﺔ ﺑﻁﺑﻳﻌﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Extraordinary Items‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛ ّﺭﺭ ﺣﺩﻭﺛﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺭﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻧﻊ‬ ‫‪Factory Overhead‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺧﺻﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ )ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪Factoring‬‬
‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﺛﻡ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﺩ ﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Fair Market Value‬‬
‫ﺳﻭﻕ ﻧﺷﻳﻁﺔ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺎﺋﻌﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﺗﻣﻳﺯﻭﻥ ﺑﺣﺳﻥ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻧﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Fair Value Method‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻳﻧﺷﺄ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Favorable Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻡ‬ ‫‪Variance‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻁﻼﻉ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺫﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Feedback‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻏﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Financial Accounting‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ؛ ﻭﻳﻧﺻﺏ‬
‫ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺧﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﻣﺅﻟﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺳﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪Financial Accounting‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎء ﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺑﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Standards Board‬‬
‫)‪(FASB‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Financial Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻣﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ )ﻣﺛﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺻﻙ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Financial Instrument‬‬

‫ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺑﺄﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﻘﺗﺭﺿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Financial Leverage‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Financial Leverage‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Financial Reporting‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻲ ﻭﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Financial Statement‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Financing Expenses‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺩﻳﻭﻧﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Finished Goods‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻫﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻧﻊ‬ ‫‪Inventories‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ )ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪Firewall‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺁﻣﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺛﻼً‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Firm‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﻓﺗﺭﺍﺽ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺃﻭﻻً ﻳﺻﺭﻑ‬ ‫‪First-In-First-Out‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻً‬ ‫)‪(FIFO‬‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺣﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺳﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ‪ 12‬ﺷﻬﺭﺍً ﺗﻘﻭﻳﻣﻳﺎ ً ﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﻳﺎ ً )ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Fiscal Year‬‬
‫‪ 52‬ﺃﺳﺑﻭﻋﺎً‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 365‬ﻳﻭﻣﺎً(‪ ،‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‬
‫ﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻝ ﻣﻠﻣﻭﺱ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻧﻘﺩﻱ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ‬ ‫‪Fixed Asset‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻳﻘﻳﺱ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪Fixed Asset Turnover‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫‪Fixed Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫‪Fixed Charges‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺟﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Fixed Charge‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫‪Coverage Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻳﺟﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻳﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫‪Fixed Cost‬‬
‫)ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ(‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺩﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺕ‬ ‫‪Fixed Exchange Rate‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Fixed Overhead‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺑﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪Fixed Overhead‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Spending Variance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Flexible Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻷﻱ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﻩ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﻣﺭﻥ‬ ‫‪Flexible Exchange‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪) .‬ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬ ‫‪Rate‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﻣﺭﻥ(‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﻩ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﻋﺎﺋﻡ‬ ‫‪Floating Exchange‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬ ‫‪Rate‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﻋﺎﺋﻡ(‬
‫ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻻﻧﺳﻳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻧﺳﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪Flowchart‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﻣﻭﺯ ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺿﻳﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻥ‪ .‬ﺗﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫)‪FOB (free on board‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻔﻳﻧﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪Destination‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻥ‪ .‬ﺗﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺷﺣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫)‪FOB (free on board‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻔﻳﻧﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪Shipping Point‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Forecast‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺍﺗﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ﻳﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﻣﺗﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪Foreign Corrupt‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻣﺎ ً ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻧﺎ ً ﺣﻔﻅ ﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Practices Act‬‬
‫ﻧﺣﻭ ﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﻭﻣﻧﺻﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻣﺗﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺳ ّﻧﻪ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺩ ﻟﺭﺷﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻅﻔﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺏ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﺎﻻﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪Foreign Exchange‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻳﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﺑﺷﺭﺍء‬ ‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Forfaiting‬‬
‫ﺫﻣﻡ ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺻ ّﺩﺭ ﺑﺧﺻﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭّ ﺩ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎ ً ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺣﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﺿﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺟﻳﻝ ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﺁﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Forward Contract‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼً‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺍﻵﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Forward Delivery‬‬
‫ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺗﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﺗﺎﺟﺭﺓ ﺁﺟﻠﺔ(‬
‫ﺳﻭﻕ ﻳﺗﻔﻕ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺟﺭﺓ ﺑﺑﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺍﻵﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Forward Market‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻧﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺁﺟﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﺧﻳﺹ ﺗﻣﻧﺣﻪ ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ )ﻣﺎﻧﺢ ﺍﻻﻣﺗﻳﺎﺯ( ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺗﻳﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪Franchise‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ )ﺻﺎﺣﺏ ﺍﻻﻣﺗﻳﺎﺯ( ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻌﻁﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺳﻭﻳﻕ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﺗﻭﺿﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﻻﻗﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻣﻠﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠّﺙ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Fraud Triangle‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺗﻳﺎﻝ ﻭﻅﻳﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﺄﻟّﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ )ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺻﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺑﺭﻳﺭ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﺭﻳﻑ ﻣﺗﻌﻣﺩ ﻟﻠﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﻹﻗﻧﺎﻉ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺁﺧﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﻳﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Fraudulent‬‬

‫ﻋﻥ ﺷﻲء ﺫﻱ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺣﻕ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Fringe Benefit‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻣﻭﻅﻑ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻟﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Full Cost‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻁﻠّﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺻﺎﺡ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻳّﺔ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻹﻓﺻﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Full-disclosure‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺧﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Principle‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 36 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﻧﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪Function‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺩﻓﺎ ً ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻅﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Functional Currency‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﺁﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Future‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻲ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﺗﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪General Ledger‬‬
‫ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻔﻅ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺇﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Generally Accepted‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻭﺍء ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ً‬ ‫‪Accounting Principles‬‬
‫)‪(GAAP‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺭﺷﺩ ﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Geographical Pricing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫‪Goal Congruence‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺗﺭﺍﺽ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻳﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Going Concern‬‬
‫ﺗﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻛﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﺳﺗﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺟﻝ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﻣﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﻬﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Goodwill‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻪ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫‪Gross Profit Margin‬‬
‫)ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ(‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫‪Gross Profit Margin‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Percentage‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻟﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻝ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Gross Revenue‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Hardware‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Hazard Risk‬‬
‫ﺇﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺿﺭﺭ ﻟﻺﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺯﻳﺞ ﻣﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺗﺫﺑﺫﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻁ‬ ‫‪Hedging‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺗﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻻﺣﺗﺟﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺣ ّﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺣﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﺣ ّﺗﻰ‬ ‫‪Held-to-maturity‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪Securities‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﺩﻧﻰ‬ ‫‪High-low method‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﻧﺷﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻝ ﻛﺛﻣﻥ ﻷﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Historical Cost‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﻧﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﺳﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﺣﻘﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺎﺳﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ‬ ‫‪Holding Gain or Loss‬‬
‫ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪Horizontal Analysis‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﺎﺭﺓ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﻣﻘﺑﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺄﺧﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Hurdle Rate‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ(‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻫﺟﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Hybrid Cost System‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻌﻬﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫‪IMA Statement of‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺗﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪Ethical Professional‬‬
‫‪Practice‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﻋﺿﺎء ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺯﺍﻫﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺍﻗﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺯﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺃﺻﻝ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻝ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Impaired Asset‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﻌﺗﺭﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻭﺍﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺗﺭﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺿﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Implicit Costs‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﻔﺗﺭﺿﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﻳﻔﺗﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺎ ً ﻋﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻓﺭﻳﻘﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺿﻣﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Implicit Interest Rate‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﺭﺽ(‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺗﻘﺭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺩﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﻔﺭﻭﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪Imposed Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻧﺎﺯﻟﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‬ ‫‪Income Statement‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻭﻡ‪ ,‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﺳﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﻭﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻧﺟﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺑﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺳﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‬ ‫‪Income Tax‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﺳﺕ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩﺓ )‪(Inc.‬‬ ‫)‪Incorporated (Inc.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻳﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Incremental‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩ ﺳﻭﺍء‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﺳﻳﺎﻗﻲ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺑﺩﻳﻠﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Incremental Analysis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩﺓ ﺑﺩﻻً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻝ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ(‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺷﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ(‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﻳﺗﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Incremental Unit-Time‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ( ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻻﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Learning Model‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺓ ﺗﺗﺿﺎﻋﻑ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺧﻁﻲ )ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺳﻧﺩ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ( ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣُﺻﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻧﺩ‬ ‫‪Indenture‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ ﻭﺳﻌﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻭﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺩﻗﻕ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﻣﺩﻗﻕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪Independent Auditor‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﺣﺹ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺑﺑﻧﺩ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Indirect Cost‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻝ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺎﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻧﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺑﻧﺩ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ‪ .‬ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ(‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Indirect Method‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺣﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻭﺩ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ‪ -‬ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Industry Risk‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺿﺧﻡ‬ ‫‪Inflation‬‬

‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Information System‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺗﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺩﻋﻡ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Information‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻭﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻭﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫)‪Technology (IT‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻘﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Inherent Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺿﻣﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﺩﻗﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺃﺧﻁﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻁﺭﺡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻸﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪Initial Public Offering‬‬
‫ﻟﻸﺳﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻛﺗﺗﺎﺏ‬ ‫)‪(IPO‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻕ‬ ‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Input Controls‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻭﻟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻓﻭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻛﺭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﻭﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻁﻠﻌﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Insider Trading‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﻳﺳﺗﺣﻭﺫ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫‪Installment Sale‬‬
‫ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺳﺗﻠﻡ ﺻﻙ ﻭﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺇﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻭﻁ ﺿﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Insurance‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﺎﺭﺋﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺅﻛﺩﺓ ؛ ﻧﻘﻝ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻠﻣﻭﺱ‬ ‫‪Intangible‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺳﺗﻣﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻧﻭﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺎﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺭﺍءﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﻣﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺧﻳﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻬﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺯﺍﻫﺔ‬ ‫‪Integrity‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺿﺎء ﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺗﻧﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻲء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻛﺳﺑﻪ ﺟﺭّ ﺍء ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Interest‬‬
‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺗﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺩ ﺩﻳﻥ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻁﺎ ً ﺑﻭﺟﻭﺏ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Interest-Bearing‬‬

‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻗﺻﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Interim Financial‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺷﻬﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻧﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Reports‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻳﻘﻳﺱ ﻭﻳﻌﺭﺽ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Internal Auditing‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺗﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺑﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Internal Control‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻛﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﻭﺩﻗﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Internal Control Risk‬‬
‫ﺳﻭﺍء ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺧﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Internal Factors‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻹﺧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪Internal Failure Costs‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻼء‪ .‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Internal Rate of Return‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(IRR‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪International‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻧﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Accounting Standards‬‬
‫)‪Board (IASB‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﻣﺟﻠﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺳﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻠﺗﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‬ ‫‪Internet‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻛﻭﻻﺕ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺣﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﻭﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺗﺭﺍﻧﺕ‬ ‫‪Intranet‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻫﺯﺓ‬ ‫‪Inventory‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ )ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺩ(‬
‫ﻭﺟﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﻳﻊ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪Inventory Turnover‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺑﺿﺎﻋﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﻧﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪Inventory Valuation‬‬

‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭ‬ ‫‪Invested Capital‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻭﺍء ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺟﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻭﺍﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Investment‬‬
‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﺗﻭﻟﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ؛ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺗﻧﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻪ ﺑﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Investment Center‬‬
‫ﻳﻛﺳﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺻﻭﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺭ‬ ‫‪Job Order Costing‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﻓﺭﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Joint Product Costing‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ )ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺣﺳﺏ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎً‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺷﺭﻛﺗﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ‬ ‫‪Joint Venture‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻭﺗﺷﺗﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺟﻝ ﻗﻳﺩ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﺳﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻓﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Journal‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺣﻳﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪Just-In-Time‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺗﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫)‪Manufacturing (JIT‬‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻧﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪Kanban‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳّﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‬‫ﻣﺅ ّ‬ ‫‪Key Performance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳّﺔ‬ ‫)‪Indicators (KPI‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺃﺧﻳﺭﺍً ﻳﺻﺭﻑ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻓﺗﺭﺍﺽ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫‪Last-In-First-Out‬‬
‫ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺑﺭﺑﻁ ﺃﺣﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺑﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻً‬ ‫)‪(LIFO‬‬
‫ﺑﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺑﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻝ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺗﻧﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ‬ ‫‪Law of Diminishing‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻭﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪،‬‬ ‫‪Returns‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻧﺎﻗﺹ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﻘﺿﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ‬ ‫‪Lead Time‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺗﺑﺎﻉ ﻧﻣﻁ ﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﻭﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺩﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Leadership by‬‬
‫ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻳﺷﻛﻝ ﻗﺩﻭﺓ ﺣﺳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎء‬ ‫‪Example‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻭﻋﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺑﺄﺧﻼﻗﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪" :‬ﺿﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺩﺓ"‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻳﻬﺗﻡ ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Lean Manufacturing‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺭ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺗﻧﺎﻗﺹ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫‪Learning Curve‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻛﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﺭﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻲ ﻭﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺟﺭ( ﻭﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﺇﻳﺟﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Lease‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟﺭ( ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺋﺟﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻝ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﻕ ﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟﺭ )ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﺄﺟﺭ‬ ‫‪Leasehold‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺧﻁ ﻳﻼﺋﻡ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Least-Squares Method‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ )ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻐﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻲ(‬
‫ﺩﻓﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺩﻓﺗﺭ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﺗﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺗﺎﺫ‬ ‫‪Ledger‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 44 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Legal Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻹﻓﻼﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩ ﻣﻠﺯﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻧﻙ ﻳﺿﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪Letter of Credit‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Leverage‬‬

‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫‪Leveraged Buyout‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﺍﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭ ﺑﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺗﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫)‪(LBO‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء ﻟﻠﺣﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺗﺭﺍﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺿﺣﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪Liability‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Life-Cycle Costing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺗﻧﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﺻﻧﻑ ﺑﻧﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Line Item Budget‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺭﻭﺍﺗﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﺑﻳﻊ ﻧﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Line of Business‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﻳﺯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻼء‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺢ ﻗﺭﻭﺽ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻁ ﺍﻻﺋﺗﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪Line of Credit‬‬
‫ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻻ ﺗﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻼﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻬﺎﻡ )ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Linear Programming‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻘﻳﻭﺩ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻣﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺯﻳﺞ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻔﻳﺔ )ﺷﺭﻛﺔ(‬ ‫‪Liquidation‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺃﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺩ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﺭﻳﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Liquidity‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ ﺗﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Loan Covenants‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻣﺗﻧﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻣﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻪ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﺟﻣﻊ ﻭﺇﻳﺩﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Lockbox System‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﻳﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Long Position‬‬

‫ﻣﺩﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﻛﻳﻥ ﺻﻧﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪Long Run‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﻘﺗﺭﺿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Long-Term Debt to‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Equity Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺃﻁﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Long-Term Liabilities‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﻝ ﺳﻭﺍء ﺑﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Lower of Cost or‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺑﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻬﻣﺎ ﺃﻗﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻳﻬﻣﺎ ﺃﻗﻝ‬ ‫‪Market Rule‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Maintenance‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﺻﻼً ﻷﺻﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺑﺷﺄﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Make Versus Buy‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺭّ ﺩ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ )ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﻡ( ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺻﺭﻑ ﻋﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Managed Floating‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫‪Exchange Rates‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺑﺩﻳﻠﻪ )ﺗﻭﺟﻳﻬﻪ( ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Management‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Management‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻳﺻﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺻﻧﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪Accounting‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻭﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻭﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎءﻟﺔ ﺑﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫‪Management-by-‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺟﺎﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺑﺩﻭ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪Exception‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻳﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﺳﻳﺎﺑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺳﻌﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Management Control‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺔ ﻵﺭﺍء ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺭﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Management‬‬
‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Discussion and‬‬
‫‪Analysis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫‪ -10‬ﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻳﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Management‬‬
‫ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Information System‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﻛﺗﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Manufacturing‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺑﺩﺓ ﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Manufacturing Cost‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻧﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺋﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺣﺟﻡ‬ ‫‪Margin of Safety‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Marginal Cost‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺑﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Market Comparables‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻲ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Market Equilibrium‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Price‬‬

‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Market Penetration‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﺩﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺣﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Market Price‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Market Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺳﻌﺭ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Market Skimming‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺑﺗﻛﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻁﻭّ ﺭ ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺫ ﻗﺷﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Pricing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻭﻕ ﻭﺳﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Market Structure‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻳﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪Market-to-Book Ratio‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺳﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ "ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ" ﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Market Value‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺎﺋﻌﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻭﻕ ﻣﻔﺗﻭﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺝ )ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﻌﻘﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪Marketability‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺳﻭﻳﻕ(‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺩ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Marketable Securities‬‬
‫ﺳﺭﻳﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Market-Based Transfer‬‬
‫ﻗﺳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻗﺳﻡ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻣﺑﻧﻳﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Price‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻁﺔ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Master Budget‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺛﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Matching‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻳﺗﺭﺟﻡ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻋﻧﺻﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Material Requirements‬‬
‫ﺿﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻭﻓﺎء ﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫)‪Planning (MRP‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻳﻘﺿﻲ ﺑﺄﻻ ﺗﻌﺗﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Materiality‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪Maturity Date‬‬

‫ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺎﺕ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪Maturity Matching‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺑﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺑﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺻﻰ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﺗﺷﺎﺅﻣﺎ ً ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﺧﺹ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫‪Maximum Possible‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ ﻣﺑﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻼً‪،‬‬ ‫‪Loss‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺗﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺑﻛﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﺣﻳﻁﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻭﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﻭﻑ ﻳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺩﻣﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﻭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺛﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺩﻣﺞ ﺷﺭﻛﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺩﻣﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪Merger‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺏ ﻭﺭﺍء ﺇﻧﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Mission‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺞ‬ ‫‪Mix Variance‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻭﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫‪Mixed Cost‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫‪Modified Accelerated‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Cost Recovery System‬‬
‫)‪(MACRS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺟّ ﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌ ّﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻁﺎﻟﺑﺔ )ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ( ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻼﻡ )ﺃﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ( ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻭﺩ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Monetary Items‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﻭﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺋﻌﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﻳﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ ﺍﺣﺗﻛﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Monopolistic‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎ ً ﻣﺗﻣﻳﺯﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺳﻭﻕ ﻻ ﺗﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪Competition‬‬
‫ﺣﻭﺍﺟﺯ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻭﻕ ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Monopoly‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻋﻭﺍﺋﻕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺇﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻭﻧﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﻟﻭ‬ ‫‪Monte Carlo‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﺭﺟﻳﺣﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪Technique‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺷﻭﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺅﻛﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻕ ﻣﻁﺎﻟﺑﺔ ﻳﻌﻁﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭﺽ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﻫﻥ‬ ‫‪Mortgage‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ‬ ‫‪Moving Average‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﻌﻰ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ )ﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ(‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺣﺩﺙ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺇﻟﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Multinational Company‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺳﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪Multiple Regression‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ( ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ‬
‫)ﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺣﻭﻅﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺧﻁﻲ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ(‬

‫ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﺑﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺟﺩﺍً‪ ،‬ﺗﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﻳﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Negotiable CD‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ‪) .‬ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺩﺍﻉ ﻋﻣﻼﻗﺔ(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﺭﺿﻪ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪Negotiated Price‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺩ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻘﻕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺣﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‬ ‫‪Net Income‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‪ً:‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Net Loss‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Net Present Value‬‬
‫ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪(NPV‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺑﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺧﺻﻡ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫‪Net Profit Margin‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ )ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ(‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺿﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Net Realizable Value‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺧﺻﺻﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻭﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Net Working Capital‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫‪Net Working Capital‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Ratio‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺿﻡ ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Network‬‬

‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺎ ً ﺑﻐﺭﺽ ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Network Controls‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ﻭﺃﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Nominal‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺧﻡ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺗﻠ ّﻘﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻣﺗﺎﺯﺓ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Noncomulative‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺄ ّﺧﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Preferred Stock‬‬

‫ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﻻ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻧﻘﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Non-monetary‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺿﺔ(‬ ‫‪Exchange‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻻﺟﺗﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺳﻌﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Non-price Competition‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻟﻣﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻭﺩ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Nonrecurring Items‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺗﺳﻡ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪Non-value Added‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺑﻼ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪No-par Stock‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻪ ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Normal Cost‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺎ ً‬
‫ﺇﻟﻳﻪ ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Normal Profit‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻘﻭﻝ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ )ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻭﺍء( ﻫﻭ ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺄﺻﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Normal Spoilage‬‬
‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻳﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻙ ﺩﻳﻥ ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﻳﺗﻌﻬﺩ ﻣﺻ ّﺩﺭﻩ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫‪Notes Payable‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺑﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺻﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﻭﺿّﺢ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺣﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺣﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Notes to the Financial‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Statements‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 52 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻌﻳﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Objective Function‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺻﻰ ﺣﺩ )ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ( ﺃﻭ ﺧﻔﺿﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Objectivity‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﺎﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﺩﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Obsolescence‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﻋﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫‪Off-Balance Sheet‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻧﻌﻛﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Financing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻳﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺋﻌﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Oligopoly‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Operating Budget‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪) .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻗﺗﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Operating Cycle‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺿﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Operating Expenses‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺧﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Operating Income‬‬

‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﺇﻳﺟﺎﺭ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺗﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺭﺳﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﺇﻳﺟﺎﺭ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Operating Lease‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺟﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺣﺗﺳﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺟﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻳﻛﻝ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺩﻯ ﺛﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Operating Leverage‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ )ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ(‬
‫ﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Operating Loss‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳّﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺧﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Carrybacks‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 53 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Operating Loss‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻭّ ﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Carryforward‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻘﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Operating Profit‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Operating Profit‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Margin‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺟﻣﻊ ﻭﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺇﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Operational Audit‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻁﺔ ﻟﻺﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Operational Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Operational Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Operations‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺹ‬ ‫‪Opportunity Costs‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻕ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺑﻳﻊ ﺷﻲء ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Option‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺷﺭﺍء‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺑﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Ordering Cost‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺟﺯﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Organization Structure‬‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻫﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Organizational Culture‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻟﺑﻠﻭﻏﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Organizational Goals‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Output Controls‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻥ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ ﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺷﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺭﺩﻳﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻬﻳﺩ‬ ‫‪Outsourcing‬‬
‫ﺑﺩﻻً ﻣﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺻﺹ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻠﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻭﻥ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Outsourcing Shares‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺣﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺷﻭﻑ ﺗﺳﻬﻳﻼﺕ )ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ(‬ ‫‪Overdraft‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻳﺢ ﻟﺻﺎﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺭﺍﺽ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻔﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﺗﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Overhead Allocations‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Overhead Budget‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Overhead‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Overhead Rate‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﺳﺑﺏ ﻗﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﺑﺎء(‬
‫ﺍﺩﻋﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Owner’s Equity‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﻳﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻓﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪Paid-In Capital‬‬
‫)ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻡ ﺑﻪ(‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺑﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Par Value‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻧﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﻳﺢ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺗﺷﺎﺭﻛﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Participative Budgeting‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﺻﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ(‬
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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺗﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺭﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪Payback Period‬‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺯﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﻅﻔﻳﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺗﺏ‬ ‫‪Payroll Cost‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻛﺷﺭﻁ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﻅﻳﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺩﺭﺍﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻐﻝ‬ ‫‪Penetration Pricing‬‬
‫ﻻﺟﺗﺫﺍﺏ ﻋﻣﻼء ﺟﺩﺩ )ﺳﻌﺭ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻌﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﻳﻌﻁﻰ ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺵ ﺗﻘﺎﻋﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪Pension‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪Percentage-of-‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫‪Completion Method‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻳﺭ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺷﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﺷﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍء‬ ‫‪Performance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﺭﺟﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻅﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‬ ‫‪Performance‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫‪Evaluation‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻭﻅﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻛﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺟﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‬ ‫‪Performance‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Measurement‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﻣﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻳﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Period Cost‬‬
‫ﻛﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺗﺗﻁﻠّﺏ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼّﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪Periodic Inventory‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪System‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Permanent Differences‬‬
‫ﻳﻧﻌﻛﺱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺗﺗﻁﻠّﺏ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼّﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳّﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻛﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪Perpetual Inventory‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﺍء‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬ ‫‪System‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳّﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪PEST Analysis‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳّﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻳﺻﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺩّﻋﻲ ﺑﺄ ّﻧﻪ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﻳﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Phishing‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻭﻫﻣﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Physical Inventory‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﻭﺑﻘﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻧﻊ‬ ‫‪Plant‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻟﻣﺻﻧﻊ ﺑﻛﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Plant-Wide Overhead‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﺻﻧﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻧﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Political Risk‬‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻗﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻣﺭﻛﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳّﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﻼﺙ ﻗﻭﻯ "ﺃﻓﻘﻳّﺔ"‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Porter’s Five Forces‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﻟﻣﺎﻳﻛﻝ ﺑﻭﺭﺗﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳﻥ ﺟﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﻭّ ﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫"ﻋﻣﻭﺩﻳّﺗﻳﻥ"‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭّ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻭﺿﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭ ّﺭﺩﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭّ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻭﺿﻳّﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻼء‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻣﻠﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Portfolio‬‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺇﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﻻﺣﻕ‬ ‫‪Post-Audit‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﻟﻠﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﻟﻣﻭﻅﻔﻳﻥ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻳﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫‪Post-Retirement‬‬
‫ﻭﻅﻳﻔﺗﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫‪Benefits‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Practical Capacity‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺻﻧﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻣﻧﺢ ﺻﺎﺣﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻣﺗﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫‪Preferred Stock‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻳﺩﻓﻊ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻔﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻁ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ(‬ ‫‪Premium‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺳﻌﺭ ﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﺇﺳﻧﺎﺩ ﻗﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Premium on Bonds‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻳّﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Payable‬‬

‫ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺻﻁﻧﻊ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫‪Premium Pricing‬‬
‫ﺗﺷﺟﻳﻊ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻠﻘﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪Prepaid Expenses‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺎ ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻡ )ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ( ﻟﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Present Value‬‬
‫ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻻﺣﻕ )ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﻋﻳﺩ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺧﺻﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺧﺻﻡ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺗﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻳﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Prevention Costs‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺗﻳﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Price Elasticity of‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫‪Demand‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫‪Price Variance‬‬
‫ﻣﺿﺭﻭﺑﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‪ً:‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ(‬
‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 58 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Price-to-Book Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺗﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫)‪Price/Earnings (P/E‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫‪Ratio‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Pricing‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Prime Cost‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻓﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Pro Forma Statements‬‬
‫ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺿﻣﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺧﻝ ﻳﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ً ﺑﺎﺳﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺭﺻﺔ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺣﺩﺙ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Probability‬‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Probability Distribution‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺫﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺷﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Process Analysis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺑﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Process Costing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺣﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻠﻘّﺎﻫﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﻳﺭ ﻭﻣﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻕ ﻭﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺑﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫‪Processing Controls‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻵﺧﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻐﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺧﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺑﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Procurement Policies‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻭﻅﻳﻔﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧ َﺗﺞ‬ ‫‪Product Cost‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Product Life-Cycle‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻧﺿﺞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻁ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Product Line‬‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﺗﻧﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Product Mix‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Production Budget‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪Production Costs‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺳﺗﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ(‬
‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Production Volume‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Variance‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Productivity‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ( ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻣُﺧﺭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫‪Profit Center‬‬
‫ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻧﻔﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻔﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫‪Profit Margin‬‬
‫ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬ ‫‪Profit Plan‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺧﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Profitability Analysis‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺑﻛﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺟﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺅﺷﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Profitability Index‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺍﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺳﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﻌﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ )ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪Program Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ( ﻟﻠﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﺎﺗﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Progress Payment‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪Project Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﺔ ﺑﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺗﻌﻬﺩﺍً ﺑﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺑﻳﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻧﺩ ﺇﺫﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Promissory Note‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺻﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫‪Property, Plant, and‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺑﻧﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫)‪Equipment (PP&E‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﻧﺎء ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻓﺻﺎﺡ ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻝ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﻛﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﺿﻭﺏ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‪ً:‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻧﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ(‬
‫ﻳﻭﺯﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺧﺻﺹ؛ ﻳﺣﻣّﻝ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﻭﺯﻉ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻧﺳﺏ‬ ‫‪Prorate‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻔﺗﺭﺽ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺑﺑﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺗﺧﺫﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Protectionism‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻣﺭﻛﻳﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻌﺫﺭ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺻﺹ‬ ‫‪Provision‬‬
‫ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻭﻳﺽ ﻳﻣﻧﺣﻪ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﺁﺧﺭ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﻛﻳﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻭﻳﺽ‬ ‫‪Proxy‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﻧﻳﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﻭﻳﺽ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻﻭﻳﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺻﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﺻﺩﺭﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﺎ ً ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Public Company‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺟﺭﺓ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﻭﺣﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺍﻭﻝ(‬
‫ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺗﺄﺳﺱ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺏ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺳﺎﺭﺑﻳﻧﺯ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﻛﺳﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Public Company‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺃﺩﺍء ‪ 2002‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻧﻅﻡ ﻣﻬﻧﺔ ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪Accounting Oversight‬‬
‫)‪Board (PCAOB‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﻳﻳﻥ ﻭﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳّﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻠّﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺻﺻﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Purchase Returns and‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫‪Allowances‬‬

‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻬﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻌﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ ﺻﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Pure Competition‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎ ً ﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧﺳﺎ ً ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ )ﺳﻭﻕ( ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺣﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﺑﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﺻﻝ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Put Option‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Qualitative Factors‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺩﻯ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Quality‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻼء ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻭﻋﺩﻭﺍ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Quality Assurance‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ٍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 62 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ – ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ – ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Quality Control‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱّ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻳﻌﺑّﺭ ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻧﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‬ ‫ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Quality of Earnings‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺳﻡ ﻳﻌﻁﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺻﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Quantity Discount‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﻣﻧﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻓﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﻊ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Quick Ratio‬‬
‫ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ(‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﺓ(‬
‫ﻗﻳﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺻﺔ )ﻛﻭﺗﺎ(‬ ‫‪Quotas‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻳﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﺷﻭﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻋﺷﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪Random Variable‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ‬ ‫‪Rate of Return‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻯ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ‬ ‫‪Ratio Analysis‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺩﻳﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﺭﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪Real Option‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻭﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺣﻘﻕ‬ ‫‪Realize‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻧﻘﺩﺍً ﺃﻭ ﻣﻁﺎﻟﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻭﺍء ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﺽ‬ ‫‪Receivable‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Reciprocal Allocation‬‬
‫ﺗﺿﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﺩﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Method‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻣﻲ ﻟﺑﻧﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪Recognition‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺿﺢ ﻛﻳﻑ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺷﺗﻘﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Reconciliation‬‬
‫ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺁﺧﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻳﻘﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﺣﺳﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺟﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪Recourse‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻬﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻹﺟﺭﺍء ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻧﺩﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪Reengineering‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻝ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻳﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪Regression Analysis‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪Regression Equation‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﺻﻳﻐﺔ ‪ ،Y = a + bx + c‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪Y‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ x‬ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﺗﻭﻗﻊ ‪ ،Y‬ﻭ ‪ a‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ‪ ،y‬ﻭ‪ c‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺗﺩﻋﻰ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻧﺩﻩ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Reinvestment Rate‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Relative Sales Value‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Method‬‬
‫ﺻﻧﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼءﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Relevance‬‬
‫ﻋﺑﺭ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ ﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻭﻝ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻛﻳﺩ ﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺻﺣﻳﺣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﺧﺫﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Relevant Cost‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺻﺢ ﺿﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻡ‬ ‫‪Relevant Range‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺧﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺛﻭﻗﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Reliability‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻳﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺭﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﻟﺑﻧﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫‪Reorder Point‬‬
‫ﻁﻠﺏ ﺗﻌﻭﻳﺿﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪Reorganization‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻓﻼﺱ‪ .2.‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻬﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﻼﺡ‬ ‫‪Repair‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً‬
‫ﻟﻸﺻﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻭﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻳّﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ‬ ‫‪Replacement Cost‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺂﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Reporting Currency‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﻳﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪،‬ﻛﺄﺫﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻳﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء‬ ‫‪Repurchase‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺯﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﺛﻼ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫‪Agreement‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﻳﻥ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺑﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء(‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻭﻝ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Required Rate of‬‬
‫)ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻱ(‬ ‫‪Return‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Required Reserves‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﻘﺗﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﻫﺯﺓ ﺗﺣﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺩﻋﻡ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﻌﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺻﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﻌﻰ ﻻﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫‪Research and‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ( ﺃﻭ ﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Development Cost‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺣﺳّﻧﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻲ‬ ‫‪Reserve‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻳﻧﺻﺏ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪Residual Income‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Residual Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺄﺻﻠﺔ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻁﺔ ﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪Resource Allocation‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼً‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻳﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻳﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠﻛﺔ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪Resource Driver‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺷﻐﻠﻪ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻳﺧﺻﺹ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Responsibility‬‬
‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ )ﻣﺭﺍﻛﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Responsibility Budget‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻣﺩﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻥ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻳﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻧﺷﻁﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Responsibility Center‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Restructuring‬‬
‫ﻫﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻔﻅ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪Retained Earnings‬‬
‫ﻣﻁﺭﻭﺣﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻪ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ‬ ‫‪Return‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺧﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪Return on Assets‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(ROA‬‬

‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺃﺻﺣﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫‪Return on Common‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﻳﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Equity‬‬

‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻭﺍﻝ )ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫‪Return on Invested‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ( ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭ‬ ‫‪Capital‬‬

‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻑ ﻟﻛﺳﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Return on Investment‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(ROI‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺯﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﻟﻸﺻﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪Revenue‬‬

‫ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺳﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﻣﻌﺎً( ﺃﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺩﺧﻝ‬ ‫‪Revenue Center‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻛﺳﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻲ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺑﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪Revenue Recognition‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻧﺹّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻛﺳﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪Revenue-recognition‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪Principle‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺗﻘﺩﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﻣﻛﻳﻧﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺿﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Rights‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺧﺻﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺳﻌﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Risk‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪Risk Analytics‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺑﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺑﺷﺭﻱ؛ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ؛ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻔﻲ ﻓﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺑﺗﻛﺭ ﺇﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﻣﺿﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪Risk Assessment‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺁﺭﺍء ﻣﻬﻧﻳﺔ ﺻﺎﺋﺑﺔ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪Risk Premium‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻭﻓﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ؛ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﺗﺣﻣﻠﻭﻥ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺧﺫﺓ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪Risk Response‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺑﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ(‬
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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺭ )ﻣﺛﻼً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ(‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪Risk Transfer‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫‪Risk-Adjusted Return‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺳﻭﻳﺗﻪ ﻷﺟﻝ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﻭﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺡ‪ .‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺣﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﻩ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ(‬
‫ﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺣﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪Rolling Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﻣﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ(‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪Safety Stock‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻁﻠﺑﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Sales Budget‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Sales Discount‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺳﺗﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻱ ﺑﻣﻭﺟﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫‪Sales on Installment‬‬
‫ﻓﻭﺭﺍً‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺳﺗﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺻﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ )ﺍﻷﻗﺳﺎﻁ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Sales-Mix Variance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﻣﺵ ﺭﺑﺢ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻧﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺣﺟﻡ‬ ‫‪Sales-Volume‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻣﺿﺭﻭﺑﺎ ً ﺑﻬﺎﻣﺵ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Variance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻷﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻣﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Salvage Value‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻳﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺃﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ﺻﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2002‬ﻭﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺳﺎﺭﺑﻳﻧﺯ‪-‬‬ ‫‪Sarbanes-Oxley‬‬
‫ﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺳﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻣﻬﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻠﺟﺎﻥ ﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺗﺯﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺑﻭﻁ ﻣﺗﺳﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺳﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪Seasonal Trend‬‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻓﺗﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻧﺎﺭﻳﻭﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Scenario Analysis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ﺧﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻧﺎﺭﻳﻭ‬ ‫‪Scenario Planning‬‬
‫)ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪Secondary Offering‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﺑﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻛﺗﺗﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﻬﻡ‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺩﺭﺍﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Securities and‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﺭﺻﺔ‬ ‫‪Exchange Commission‬‬
‫)‪(SEC‬‬
‫ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻌﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻧﺎ ً ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻘﻳﺩ ﺑﻘﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ ﻭﺃﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻟﺟﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻭﺭﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻹﻓﺻﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻹﻓﺻﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺩ ﻗﺳﻣﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪Segment‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﻧﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺟﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Segregation of Duties‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺃﺧﻁﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻣﺧﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻅﻔﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺗﻬﻡ ﻟﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﺑﻣﻔﺭﺩﻩ ﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻭﻳﻕ )ﻣﺛﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫‪Selling and‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺗﺏ ﻣﻧﺩﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫‪Administrative Budget‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﻳﺔ( ﻭﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ )ﻣﺛﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺗﺏ ﻛﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻅﻔﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻧﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Selling Costs‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻭﻳﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Sensitivity Analysis‬‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺑﺩﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ )ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ "ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻭ" ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺻﻝ‬ ‫‪Separable Costs‬‬
‫ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺯﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﺗﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ )ﺃﻭ ﻗﺳﻡ( ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘ ّﺩﻡ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻷﻗﺳﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻡ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Service Department‬‬
‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻙ ﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻡ‬ ‫‪Shareholder‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Shareholders’ Equity‬‬

‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﻫﺑﻭﻁ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Short Position‬‬

‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣ ّﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﺻﻧﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Short Run‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻛﻳﻑ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺩ ﻳﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﺻﺎﻧﻌﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻳﻌﻁﻰ ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ )ﻗﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Short-Term Credit‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﺭﻓﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣﺭﻳﻥ )ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﺩﺍﻭﻝ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﻭﺭﺩﻳﻥ )ﺍﺋﺗﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻗﻳﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻛﻣﺎﺵ‬ ‫‪Shrinkage‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﻧﻅﺭﺍً ﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻭﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﻭﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﻋﻧﺩ‬ ‫‪Sight Draft‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺳﻭﻯ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬ ‫‪Simple Regression‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎﺓ‬ ‫‪Simulation‬‬
‫ﺇﺧﺿﺎﻉ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻌﻛﺱ‬
‫ﻓﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻐﺎﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺍء ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪Situation Analysis‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء ﻭﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ ﺣﺭ‬ ‫‪Slack‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻌﻼً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺍﺣﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ )ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ(‬ ‫‪Software‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﺟﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼءﺓ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Solvency‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻧﺷﺂﺕ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺷﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻏﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Special Purpose Entity‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺷﺭﺍﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻭﺿﻳﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ ﻭﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺧﺎﺹ(‬
‫ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻓّﻖ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴّﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻣﺣ ّﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪Specific Identification‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺤ ّﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ‬ ‫‪Spending Variance‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻧﺷﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺟﺭﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪Spin-Off‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺃﺻﻭﻝ ﻭﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻭﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺻﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Split-Off Point‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺗﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻣﺑﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺯﺋﺔ‬ ‫‪Split-Up‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺣﺩﻳﺛﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﻟﻠﺗﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪Spot Rate‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﻳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻳﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺅﻟﻑ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺟﺩﻭﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Spreadsheet‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﻋﻣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‬ ‫‪Static Budget‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Standard Cost‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﺻﻳﺻﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻧﻁﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺿﻣﻧﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺛﺭﺓ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪Standard Deviation‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺳﺏ ﺑﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻳﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻣﺭﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺋﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺑﺩء ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪Start-Up Costs‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﻅﻳﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺑﺩء ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻬﻳﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺻﻧﻑ ﺍﻹﻳﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺑﻌﺎ ً‬ ‫‪Statement of Cash‬‬
‫ﻟﻛﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Flow‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻲ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Statement of Changes‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺎ ً ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫’‪in Shareholders‬‬
‫‪Equity‬‬
‫ﺣﺩﺛﺕ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ )ﺑﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪Statement of Earnings‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ(‬ ‫)‪(Income Statement‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Statement of Financial‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻣﻳﺔ(‬ ‫‪Position (Balance‬‬
‫)‪Sheet‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻧﺷﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Statement on‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Management‬‬
‫)‪Accounting (SMA‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺑﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪Step-Down Method‬‬
‫ﺑﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﺯﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻗﺳﻡ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻑ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻧﺣﺔ‬ ‫‪Stock Dividends‬‬
‫ﺑﺩﻻً ﻣﻥ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺩﺍً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺑﻳﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺻﺹ‬ ‫ﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫‪Stock Option‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺯﺋﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫‪Stock Split‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﻳﻥ ﺗﺳﺩﻳﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻧﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﻸﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Stock-Out Costs‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺳﺑﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺋﻌﻳﻥ ﻧﻔﺫﺕ ﻟﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺑﻳﺔ ﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Storage Controls‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻼً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻔﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺧﺫ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺕ‬ ‫‪Straight-Line Method‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺻﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Strategic Business‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫)‪Unit (SBU‬‬
‫ﺳﻭﻗﺎ ً ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺭﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﺍﻹﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻲ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 75 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﺍﻹﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻻﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪Strategic Planning‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﻭﺇﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪Strategic Risk‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺷﺋﺎ ً ﻋﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﺑﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻋﻧﺩﻩ ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻳﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ‬ ‫‪Strike Price‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء )ﺑﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ(‪) .‬ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺳﻌﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ(‬
‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Subsidiary‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﻕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻭﻳﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪Sunk Costs‬‬
‫ﺗﺩﺧﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﺍء‪ .‬ﺃﺣﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Supply‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﺳﻌﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺳﺗﺩﻳﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Sustainable Equity‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪Growth‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪Sustainable Growth‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Rate‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺷﺭﻛﺗﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﻗﺭﺍﺽ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪Swaps‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﺑﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻼً‪ :‬ﺇﺣﺩﺍﻫﻣﺎ ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳّﺔ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻭّ ﺓ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ(‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭّ ﺓ‬ ‫‪SWOT Analysis‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳّﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ( ﻛﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳّﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩﺍﺕ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪System‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Systematic Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻳﺔ(ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺯﻯ ﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﻛﻛﻝ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ(‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ‬ ‫‪Systems Development‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻁﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Tactical Planning‬‬
‫ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪Target Costing‬‬
‫ﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﻘﺑﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻼء‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﺩ ﻣﻘﺑﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Target Pricing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﻳﺩﺍً ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺑﻧﻭﺩ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ ﺗﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﺭﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Tariffs‬‬

‫ﻗﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﻔﺭﺽ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺽ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Taxation‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺅﻗّﺗﺔ‬ ‫‪Temporary Differences‬‬
‫ﺳﻳﻧﻌﻛﺱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Theory of Constraints‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻪ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Throughput‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Contribution‬‬

‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 77 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Throughput Costing‬‬
‫ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎء ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺑﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻟﻠﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺑﻳﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Time Drafts‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Time Value of Money‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺧﻡ؛ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺳﺏ ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻭﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻧﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻛﺗﺳﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪Times Interest Earned‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ(‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﺯﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪Top-Down Approach‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ(‬
‫ﺻﻧﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﺄﺩﺍء ﻗﺳﻡ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﺩﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪Tracking Stock‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ؛ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﺟﺭﻳﺩ ﺧﻁ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺭﺍء ﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ؛ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺋﺗﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪Trade Credit‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻭﻳﻝ ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺻﻡ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪Trade Discount‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﺍﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﺗﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳّﺔ‬ ‫‪Trading Securities‬‬
‫ﻟﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬ ‫‪Transaction Controls‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻧﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ‬ ‫‪Transaction Gains or‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬ ‫‪Losses‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻧﺑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻧﺻﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺣﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬ ‫‪Transaction‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺳﺟﻝ‬ ‫‪Processing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻭﺯﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻭﻅﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Transfer Pricing‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Translation‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Adjustments‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻵﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ‬ ‫‪Transmission‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺳﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﻭﺩﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺗﺻﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺫﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫)‪Treasury Bills (T-bills‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﺑﻔﺋﺎﺕ ﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 10,000‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ ﺗﺑﻠﻎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺗﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺧﺻﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺗﺻﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Treasury Bonds‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﺑﻔﺋﺎﺕ ﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 1,000‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﺷﺭ ﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ ﺗﺻﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﺧﺯﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Treasury Notes‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺋﺎﺕ ﺩﻧﻳﺎ ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﻣﻥ ‪ 1,000‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﻘﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﻧﺗﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺷﺭ ﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Treasury Stock‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻫﺩﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ICMA‬‬ ‫‪Page 79 of 84‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2011‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺑﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻓﺗﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺃﺭﺻﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻳﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Trial Balance‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺩ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﻌﻳّﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﻭﻅﻳﻔﺔ ﺑﺭﻳﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺻﺎﻥ ﻁﺭﻭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Trojan Horse‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻔﻳﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺧﺑﻳﺙ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺿﺎﺭﺍً‬
‫ﻟﺩﻯ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫﻣﺔ ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﺗﻣﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻣﻡ ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Uncollectible Accounts‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﻕ ﻟﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪Receivable‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ّ‬
‫ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻛﻣﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻳﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﺣ ّﻘﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Unearned Revenue‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻼﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺗ ّﻡ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺑﻌﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺯﺍﺋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Unexpected Loss‬‬

‫ﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺗﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺟﺭﺍءﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻼﺋﻡ‬ ‫‪Unfavorable Variance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺳﺑﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺳﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻹﺣﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Unit Contribution‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧ َﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻧﺻﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪Unit Cost‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺻﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻗﻳّﺔ ﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Unrealized Gain or‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗ ّﻡ ﺑﻳﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺣﻘﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Loss‬‬

‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻧﻅﺎﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Unsystematic Risk‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻳﺩﺓ ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻛﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﻠﻳﺎ ً ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻭﻳﻊ‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﺑﺩﻫﺎ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Upstream Costs‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺷﺑﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Utility‬‬
‫ﺧﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪Valuation‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﺑﻛﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺳﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺑّﺭ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Value‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻝ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﻛﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﺻﻧﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻭﺃ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺎﺯﺓ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫)‪Value at Risk (VAR‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Value Chain‬‬
‫ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺳﻭﻳﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻟﻠﻧﺷﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Value Engineering‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺣﻳﺔ ﺑﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿﻳﻑ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪Value-Added‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻼء‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺑﻳﻊ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻌﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Value-Based Pricing‬‬
‫ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺣﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Variable Costing‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻛﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺑﺿﺎﻋﺔ )ﺗﺳﺗﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ(‪) .‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Variable Cost‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﻠﻧﺷﺎﻁ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻌﻼً ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‬ ‫‪Variable Overhead‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺿﺭﻭﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Efficiency Variance‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Variable Overhead‬‬
‫)ﻳﺗﻧﺎﻗﺹ( ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ )ﺗﻧﺎﻗﺹ( ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Expenses‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺑﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪Variable Overhead‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺭﻳﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪Spending Variance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ‬ ‫‪Variance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Verifiability‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺭﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺛﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻁﺄ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺣﻳﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪Vertical analysis‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻼً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺑﻲ ﻳﻧﺳﺦ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﻭﻳﺻﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻳﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫‪Virus‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻳﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﻧﺳﺦ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﻭﺿّﺢ ﻁﻣﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪Vision‬‬

‫ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺅﻫﻝ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺷﺭﺍء ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻭﻳﺽ ﺭﺳﻣﻲ ﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Warrant‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺑﺳﻌﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻬﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺗﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪Warranty‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺢ‬ ‫‪Weighted Average‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Cost of Capital‬‬
‫)‪(WACC‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻧﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻧﺳﺑﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺣﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ‬ ‫‪Weighted Moving‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﻌﻰ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺢ‬ ‫‪Average‬‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺩﺙ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﺭﺟﺢ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻬﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺧﺻﺎ ً ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻻً‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻠّﻎ‬ ‫‪Whistleblower‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻣﻠﺗﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪Working Capital‬‬
‫)ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ :‬ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺑﺩﺓ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Work-in-Process‬‬
‫ﺑﺩﺃ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻳﻛﺗﻣﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Inventory‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻁﺏ ﺩﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪Write-Off‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Yield‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻣﺭﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Yield Variance‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺳﻌﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻭﻑ )ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﻱ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻳﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻳﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪Zero Balance Account‬‬
‫ﻣﺻﻔّﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﻳﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻊ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻔّﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻳﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻳﻭﻣﻲ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺳﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫)ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻭ ‪(2017‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪Zero-Based Budgeting‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻭﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

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