Parton (particle physics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parton_(particle_p...

Parton (particle physics)

In particle physics, the parton model is a model of hadrons, such as protons and neutrons, proposed by Richard
Feynman. It is useful for interpreting the cascades of radiation (a parton shower) produced from QCD processes
and interactions in high-energy particle collisions.

Contents
Model
Motivation
Component particles
Reference frame

History
Parton distribution functions
Simulation
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Model
Parton showers are simulated extensively in Monte Carlo event generators, in order to calibrate and interpret (and
thus understand) processes in collider experiments.[1] As such, the name is also used to refer to algorithms that
approximate or simulate the process.

Motivation
e parton model was proposed by Richard Feynman in 1969 as a way to analyze high-energy hadron collisions.[2]
Any hadron (for example, a proton) can be considered a composition of a number of point-like constituents, termed
"partons". e parton model was immediately applied to electron-proton deep inelastic scaering by Bjorken and
Paschos.[3]

Component particles
A hadron is composed of a number of point-like constituents, termed "partons". Later, with the experimental
observation of Bjorken scaling, the validation of the quark model, and the confirmation of asymptotic freedom in
quantum chromodynamics, partons were matched to quarks and gluons. e parton model remains a justifiable
approximation at high energies, and others have extended the theory over the years.

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Just as accelerated electric charges emit QED radiation

(photons), the accelerated coloured partons will emit QCD
radiation in the form of gluons. Unlike the uncharged photons,
the gluons themselves carry colour charges and can therefore
emit further radiation, leading to parton showers.[4][5][6]

Reference frame
e hadron is defined in a reference frame where it has infinite
momentum—a valid approximation at high energies. us,
parton motion is slowed by time dilation, and the hadron
charge distribution is Lorentz-contracted, so incoming
particles will be scaered "instantaneously and incoherently".

Partons are defined with respect to a physical scale (as probed The scattering particle only sees the
by the inverse of the momentum transfer). For instance, a valence partons. At higher energies,
quark parton at one length scale can turn out to be a the scattering particles also detects
superposition of a quark parton state with a quark parton and
the sea partons.
a gluon parton state together with other states with more
partons at a smaller length scale. Similarly, a gluon parton at
one scale can resolve into a superposition of a gluon parton state, a gluon parton and quark-antiquark partons state
and other multiparton states. Because of this, the number of partons in a hadron actually goes up with momentum
transfer.[7] At low energies (i.e. large length scales), a baryon contains three valence partons (quarks) and a meson
contains two valence partons (a quark and an antiquark parton). At higher energies, however, observations show
sea partons (nonvalence partons) in addition to valence partons.[8]

History
e parton model was proposed by Richard Feynman in 1969, used originally for analysis of high-energy
collisions.[9] It was applied to electron/proton deep inelastic scaering by Bjorken and Paschos.[10] Later, with the
experimental observation of Bjorken scaling, the validation of the quark model, and the confirmation of asymptotic
freedom in quantum chromodynamics, partons were matched to quarks and gluons. e parton model remains a
justifiable approximation at high energies, and others have extended the theory over the years.

It was recognized that partons describe the same objects now more commonly referred to as quarks and gluons. A
more detailed presentation of the properties and physical theories pertaining indirectly to partons can be found
under quarks.

Parton distribution functions

A parton distribution function within so called collinear factorization is defined as the probability density for
finding a particle with a certain longitudinal momentum fraction x at resolution scale Q2. Because of the inherent
non-perturbative nature of partons which cannot be observed as free particles, parton densities cannot be
calculated using perturbative QCD. Within QCD one can, however, study variation of parton density with
resolution scale provided by external probe. Such a scale is for instance provided by a virtual photon with virtuality

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Q2 or by a jet. e scale can be calculated from the energy and

the momentum of the virtual photon or jet; the larger the
momentum and energy, the smaller the resolution scale—this is
a consequence of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. e
variation of parton density with resolution scale has been
found to agree well with experiment; this is an important test
of QCD.

Parton distribution functions are obtained by fiing

observables to experimental data; they cannot be calculated The CTEQ6 parton distribution
using perturbative QCD. Recently, it has been found that they functions in the MS renormalization
can be calculated directly in laice QCD using large- scheme and Q = 2 GeV for gluons
momentum effective field theory.[11][12] (red), up (green), down (blue), and
strange (violet) quarks. Plotted is
Experimentally determined parton distribution functions are the product of longitudinal
available from various groups worldwide. e major momentum fraction x and the
unpolarized data sets are: distribution functions f versus x.

ABM (http://mail.ihep.ru/~alekhin/pdfs.html) by
S. Alekhin, J. Bluemlein, S. Moch
CTEQ (http://www.phys.psu.edu/~cteq/#PDFs), from the CTEQ Collaboration
GRV/GJR (http://doom.physik.tu-dortmund.de/pdfserver/index.html), from M. Glück, P.
Jimenez-Delgado, E. Reya, and A. Vogt
HERA (https://www.desy.de/h1zeus/combined_results/index.php?do=proton_structure)
PDFs, by H1 and ZEUS collaborations from the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron center
(DESY) in Germany
MRST/MSTW (http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/hepdata/mrs.html), from A. D. Martin, R. G. Roberts,
W. J. Stirling, R. S. Thorne, and G. Watt
NNPDF (http://nnpdf.hepforge.org/), from the NNPDF Collaboration
e LHAPDF (hp://lhapdf.hepforge.org/) [13] library provides a unified and easy-to-use Fortran/C++ interface to
all major PDF sets.

Generalized parton distributions (GPDs) are a more recent approach to beer understand hadron structure by
representing the parton distributions as functions of more variables, such as the transverse momentum and spin of
the parton.[14] ey can be used to study the spin structure of the proton, in particular, the Ji sum rule relates the
integral of GPDs to angular momentum carried by quarks and gluons.[15] Early names included "non-forward",
"non-diagonal" or "skewed" parton distributions. ey are accessed through a new class of exclusive processes for
which all particles are detected in the final state, such as the deeply virtual Compton scaering.[16] Ordinary
parton distribution functions are recovered by seing to zero (forward limit) the extra variables in the generalized
parton distributions. Other rules show that the electric form factor, the magnetic form factor, or even the form
factors associated to the energy-momentum tensor are also included in the GPDs. A full 3-dimensional image of
partons inside hadrons can also be obtained from GPDs.[17]

Simulation
Parton showers simulations are of use in computational particle physics either in automatic calculation of particle

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interaction or decay or event generators, and are particularly important in LHC phenomenology, where they are
usually explored using Monte Carlo simulation. e scale at which partons are given to hadronization is fixed by
the Shower Monte Carlo program. Common choices of Shower Monte Carlo are PYTHIA and HERWIG.[18][19]

See also
Hadronization
Jet (particle physics)
Particle shower

References
1. Davison E. Soper, The physics of parton showers (https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&
q=cache:JrKIMbwEl4YJ:www.phys.psu.edu/~cteq/schools/summer09/talks/Soper1.pdf+&
hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&
srcid=ADGEESiyBbiaJiSgY045z3NIZYG5aDzrh5SpSCRS0cxdxkDawW8zsXyhDZqLN2ReCKPf
HC2Eqna6jlf-cWAtG5e9LkAxHfcn9tx-pcuPxL2fukN_mRnwk2JeF43jTM1WxZjWVqHgZTXn&
sig=AHIEtbQo8ZGoenn0I44T3p4HzIMDkDrsIg). Accessed 17 Nov 2013.
2. Feynman, R. P. (1969). "The Behavior of Hadron Collisions at Extreme Energies". High
Energy Collisions: Third International Conference at Stony Brook, N.Y. Gordon & Breach.
pp. 237–249. ISBN 978-0-677-13950-0.
3. Bjorken, J.; Paschos, E. (1969). "Inelastic Electron-Proton and γ-Proton Scattering and the
Structure of the Nucleon". Physical Review. 185 (5): 1975–1982.
Bibcode:1969PhRv..185.1975B (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRv..185.1975B).
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.185.1975 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.185.1975).
4. Bryan Webber (2011). Parton shower Monte Carlo event generators.
(http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Parton_shower_Monte_Carlo_event_generators)
Scholarpedia, 6(12):10662., revision #128236.

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130402235841/http://www.scholarpedia.org
/article/Parton_shower_Monte_Carlo_event_generators) 2013-04-02 at the Wayback
Machine.
5. *Parton Shower Monte Carlo Event Generators. (http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py
/access?contribId=0&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=49675) Mike Seymour, MC4LHC
EU Networks’ Training Event May 4th – 8th 2009.
6. *Phenomenology at collider experiments. Part 5: MC generators (http://www.stfc.ac.uk
/PPD/resources/pdf/Krauss_08_Pheno_5.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org
/web/20120703153443/http://www.stfc.ac.uk/PPD/resources/pdf/Krauss_08_Pheno_5.pdf)
2012-07-03 at the Wayback Machine., Frank Krauss. HEP Summer School 31.8.-12.9.2008,
RAL.
7. G. Altarelli and G. Parisi (1977). "Asymptotic Freedom in Parton Language". Nuclear
Physics. B126 (2): 298–318. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(77)90384-4 (https://doi.org
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8. Drell, S.D.; Yan, T.-M. (1970). "Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions
at High Energies". Physical Review Letters. 25 (5): 316–320.
Bibcode:1970PhRvL..25..316D (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PhRvL..25..316D).
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(13): 902. Bibcode:1970PhRvL..25..902D (http://adsabs.harvard.edu
/abs/1970PhRvL..25..902D). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.902.2
(https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.25.902.2).
9. Feynman, R. P. (1969). "The Behavior of Hadron Collisions at Extreme Energies". High
Energy Collisions: Third International Conference at Stony Brook, N.Y. Gordon & Breach.
pp. 237–249. ISBN 978-0-677-13950-0.
10. Bjorken, J.; Paschos, E. (1969). "Inelastic Electron-Proton and γ-Proton Scattering and the
Structure of the Nucleon". Physical Review. 185 (5): 1975–1982.
Bibcode:1969PhRv..185.1975B (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRv..185.1975B).
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.185.1975 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.185.1975).
11. Ji, Xiangdong (2013-06-26). "Parton Physics on a Euclidean Lattice" (https://link.aps.org
/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.262002). Physical Review Letters. 110 (26): 262002.
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(https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-014-5492-3). Science China Physics, Mechanics &
Astronomy. 57 (7): 1407–1412. doi:10.1007/s11433-014-5492-3 (https://doi.org
/10.1007%2Fs11433-014-5492-3). ISSN 1674-7348 (https://www.worldcat.org
/issn/1674-7348).
13. Whalley, M. R.; Bourilkov, D; Group, R. C. (2005). "The Les Houches accord PDFs (LHAPDF)
and LHAGLUE": arXiv:hep–ph/0508110. arXiv:hep-ph/0508110 (https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-
ph/0508110). Bibcode:2005hep.ph....8110W (http://adsabs.harvard.edu
/abs/2005hep.ph....8110W).
14. DJE Callaway; SD Ellis (1984). "Spin structure of the nucleon" (https://link.aps.org
/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.29.567). Phys. Rev. D. 29: 567--569.
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15. Ji, Xiangdong (1997-01-27). "Gauge-Invariant Decomposition of Nucleon Spin"
(https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.610). Physical Review Letters. 78 (4):
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/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.78.610).
16. Ji, Xiangdong (1997-06-01). "Deeply virtual Compton scattering" (https://link.aps.org
/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.55.7114). Physical Review D. 55 (11): 7114–7125.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.7114 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.55.7114).
17. Belitsky, A. V.; Radyushkin, A. V. (2005). "Unraveling hadron structure with generalized
parton distributions". Physics Reports. 418: 1–387. arXiv:hep-ph/0504030
(https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0504030). Bibcode:2005PhR...418....1B
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19. M Moretti.Understunding events at the LHC: Parton Showers and Matrix Element tools for
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/de/veranstaltungen/moretti.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&
srcid=ADGEESiJijmZ58A4afChs_OhQWmJn5dPP-
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is article contains material from Scholarpedia.

Further reading
Glück, M.; Reya, E.; Vogt, A. (1998). "Dynamical Parton Distributions Revisited". European
Physical Journal C. 5 (3): 461. arXiv:hep-ph/9806404 (https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-
ph/9806404). Bibcode:1998EPJC....5..461G (http://adsabs.harvard.edu
/abs/1998EPJC....5..461G). doi:10.1007/s100529800978 (https://doi.org
/10.1007%2Fs100529800978).
Hoodbhoy, P. A. (2006). "Generalized Parton Distributions" (http://www.ncp.edu.pk
/docs/12th_rgdocs/Pervez-Hoodbhoy.pdf) (PDF). National Center for Physics and Quaid-
e-Azam University. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
Ji, X. (2004). "Generalized Parton Distributions" (https://web.archive.org
/web/20100625151908/http://edwards1.phy.ohiou.edu/~inpp/nuclear_lunch/archive
/2007/JiGPDs.pdf) (PDF). Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 54: 413–450.
arXiv:hep-ph/9807358 (https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9807358).
Bibcode:2004ARNPS..54..413J (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ARNPS..54..413J).
doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.54.070103.181302 (https://doi.org
/10.1146%2Fannurev.nucl.54.070103.181302). Archived from the original
(http://edwards1.phy.ohiou.edu/~inpp/nuclear_lunch/archive/2007/JiGPDs.pdf) (PDF) on
2010-06-25.
Kretzer, S.; Lai, H.; Olness, F.; Tung, W. (2004). "CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy
Quark Mass Effects". Physical Review D. 69 (11): 114005. arXiv:hep-ph/0307022
(https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0307022). Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69k4005K
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvD..69k4005K).
doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.114005 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.69.114005).
Martin, A. D.; Roberts, R. G.; Stirling, W. J.; Thorne, R. S. (2005). "Parton distributions
incorporating QED contributions". European Physical Journal C. 39 (2): 155–161.
arXiv:hep-ph/0411040 (https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0411040).
Bibcode:2005EPJC...39..155M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EPJC...39..155M).
doi:10.1140/epjc/s2004-02088-7 (https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs2004-02088-7).

External links
Parton distribution functions (http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/hepdata/pdf.html) – from HEPDATA:
The Durham HEP Databases (http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/hepdata/pdf.html)
CTEQ6 parton distribution functions (http://hep.pa.msu.edu/cteq/public/cteq6.html)
Electroweak radiation in parton showers (https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&
q=cache:AWqGr4WO6twJ:www.ippp.dur.ac.uk/~mschoenherr/talks
/20121121_CERN.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&
srcid=ADGEESjB8DagVzodcwxJVD0XE_5CrTkt4kZPk_zwnt7lOsxDMy9sPoSczl6zt1r9zxQws

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o5-piTWESlw_dOxHYM5QTLBZAD7zFJzxUzu1dfSe0aDSC8Ld0hq4tU2TqVW2SwxdJ4kKox6&
sig=AHIEtbQq3w5dzV3Dy7JWNE5xDhThkCKd9Q)
http://home.fnal.gov/~mrenna/lutp0613man2/node22.html
Event Generator Physics (https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&
q=cache:xIc1VR3m1i8J:www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/theory/webber/MCnet/MClecture2.pdf+&
hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&
srcid=ADGEESj8yjHM5i6G2jXizVSX2umPLLdGX3BtYZQJeImPc3WqmqfSFjbJUIcvvGKdyOvZ
NbV7b0hoCY3G9tkvRKNR3ggPy0l9B49ABofLpk1Y75jN_Dbats1kitAHLl2WYwlShv5hGm0z&
sig=AHIEtbQj3NfqnF0OYou0K0Ba7nnAFy-Dtw) (http://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/theory
/webber/MCnet/MClecture2.pdf)
Frontiers of Chromodynamics (https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&
q=cache:yVb7erYPCX8J:home.fnal.gov/~skands/slides/uwm06.ppt+&hl=en&gl=uk&
pid=bl&
srcid=ADGEESjSLpMkR3NcPgXZlCU4R9dOBlKIklZFuLTmnL6ciJOfaCVDuH65nHA9jb0jaOrZw
bm5uuxCImkFT7c6kkXiykSkrGBx7xm-KSG2Mf2bWbD3OV34KZyBYW3rDZb0kfkM9b0zZu-
m&sig=AHIEtbRYp2mMptgxQRkv01GVSwCo-1920A)
http://www.phys.ethz.ch/~pheno/QCDcourse/
http://www.physnet.uni-hamburg.de/services/fachinfo/___Volltexte/Sebastian___Schmidt
/Sebastian___Schmidt.pdf
http://hep.ps.uci.edu/~wclhc07/LOShowers.pdf
http://www.kceta.kit.edu/grk1694/img/2013_10_01_Hangst.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?id=EAAHQ9XsEyQC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&
dq=parton+shower#v=onepage&q=parton%20shower&f=false page 47
Google search for 'parton shower' (https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=cr&
ei=5Ge8Us_1D5SZ0QXY9YAI#q=parton+shower)
http://www.nikhef.nl/pub/theory/masters-theses/bart_verouden.pdf
http://www.pa.msu.edu/~huston/tev4lhc/skands.pdf
http://d-nb.info/1008230227/34
http://www.rhul.ac.uk/physics/documents/pdf/events/particlephysicsseminars/10-11
/ppseminprichardson250511.pdf
http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/62649
http://www2.ph.ed.ac.uk/particle/Theory/seminars_12/andersen.pdf
http://rchep.pku.edu.cn/filespath/files/20131202113805.pdf
http://particle-theory.group.shef.ac.uk/si2008/participant_talks/Latunde-Dada.pdf
http://www.science.uva.nl/onderwijs/thesis/centraal/files/f935119543.pdf
http://www.science.uva.nl/onderwijs/thesis/centraal/files/f1299590863.pdf

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