Department of Physics

Course Structure and Syllabus of M. Sc. in Physics

Minimum Credit requirement:
Minimum duration:
Maximum duration:

83
2 years (4 semesters)
4 years (8 semesters)
COURSE STRUCTURE

Semester I
Course Code Course Name
PH-414
Advanced Quantum Mechanics
PH-416
Condensed Matter Physics and Material
Science
PH-408
Electromagnetic Theory
PH-405
Semiconductor Devices
PH-450
Physics and Computational Lab.

L-T-P
2-1-0

CH
3

Credit
3

2-1-0

2-1-0
2-1-0

3
3

3
3

0-1-4

One IDC (Inter Disciplinary Credit) course

3
Total Credits

Remark

To be done
from the list of
experiments
provided from
the department
To be chosen
from other
departments

20

Semester II
Course Code
PH-417
PH-503
PH-412

Course Name
Advanced Mathematical Physics
Atomic & Molecular Physics
Digital Electronics and Microprocessor

L-T-P
2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-1

CH
3
3
5

Credit
3
3
4

PH-411
PH-455
PH-499

Statistical Physics
Seminar
Physics Lab.

2-1-0
0-0-2
0-0-5

3
4
10

3
2
5

One IDC (Inter Disciplinary Credit) course

Total Credits

23

Remark

inclusive of 1
credit Lab
component

To be done
from the list of
experiments
provided from
the department
To be chosen
from other
departments

Semester III
1

Course Code Course Name

PH-415
Nuclear Theory & Particle Physics
PH-500
Project Work I

L-T-P CH
2-1-0 3
0-0-5 10

Credit
3
5

Elective I

2-1-0

Elective II

2-1-0

Elective III

2-1-0

One IDC (Inter Disciplinary Credit) course

Remark
To be carried out
under the guidance
of a faculty member
To be chosen from
the offered electives
of the department
in accordance with
the specialization
To be chosen from
the offered electives
of the department
in accordance with
the specialization
To be chosen from
the offered electives
of the department
in accordance with
the specialization
To be chosen from
other departments

Total Credit 20
Semester IV
Course Code Course Name
PH-540
Advanced Analytical Techniques

L-T-P CH
2-0-1 4

Credit
3

Remark

PH-599

0-0-8

16

Elective IV

2-1-0

Elective V

2-1-0

Elective VI

2-1-0

To be carried out
under the guidance
of a faculty member
To be chosen from
the offered electives
of the department
in accordance with
the specialization
To be chosen from
the offered electives
of the department
in accordance with
the specialization
To be chosen from
the offered electives
of the department
in accordance with
the specialization

Project Work II

Total Credit 20

Electives Courses offered by the department in Semester III and Semester IV:
Course Code Course Name
PH 510
Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics
PH 524
Digital Signal Processing
Microprocessors and Digital Signal
PH 525
Processing based systems
PH 522
Communication Systems
PH 523
Microwaves
PH 513
Photonic Devices
PH 539
Advanced Condensed Matter
Physics and Material Science
Superconductivity and Critical
PH 514
Phenomena
PH 517
Physics of Solid State Devices
PH 542
Nanostructures
PH 543
Surface Science
PH 519
Quantum Field Theory
PH 520
Modern Particle Physics
PH 521
Introduction to Parton Models
PH 532
Quantum Electrodynamics
PH 536
Basic Astronomy & Astrophysics
PH 533
General Theory of Relativity
High Energy & Extragalactic
PH 537
Astrophysics
PH 538
Introduction to Cosmology
PH 541
Plasma and Astrophysics

L-T-P CH
2-1-0 3
2-1-0 3

Credit
3
3

1-0-2

2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-0

3
3
3

3
3
3

2-1-0

2-1-0

2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-0
2-1-0

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

2-1-0

2-1-0
2-1-0

3
3

3
3

Remark

prerequisite PH 524

prerequisite PH 521
prerequisite PH 519

IDC (Inter Disciplinary Credit) course offered by the department for the students of
other departments
Course Code Course Name

L-T-P

CH

Credit

PH 601

Techniques for Simulation

2-0-1

PH 602

History of Physics

2-1-0

Remark

Specializations:
1. Condensed Matter Physics
2. High Energy Physics
3. Photonics and Electronics
4. Astrophysics

Detailed Syllabi
PH 414 Advanced Quantum Mechanics

( L2-T1-P0-CH3-Credit 3 )

Unit 1
Space and time displacement in quantum mechanics, Rotation, Angular momentum and
unitary groups, Combination of angular momentum states, Wigner-Eckert theorem, space
inversion and time reversal,
Unit 2
Dynamical symmetry.Spin angular momentum, Stern Gerlach experiment, Eigen functions of
spin particles, spin formalism, Particles with spin 1.
Unit 3
Non-degenerate perturbation theory, Degenerate perturbation theory, Brillouin-Wigner
perturbation theory, WKB approximation, The Raleigh Ritz variational method, Method of
Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO), Variation method applied to He-like ions,
Time dependent perturbation theory, Theory of radiation, Application of Fermis golden rule
to high energy charge particle scattering.
Unit 4
Klein Gordon equation, Diracs equation of electron, Dirac matrices, Charge and current
densities, Diracs equation for a central field, The Pauli Equation, Negative energy states,
The concept of positron, Second quantization, Quantization of non-relativistic Schrdinger
equation,
Unit 5
Elementary particles and their interaction, Parity non-conservation, Feynmanns diagram.
Text Book(s)
1. Schiff, L.S., Quantum Mechanics, (Tata McGraw Hill Education, 1980).
2. Ghatak, A. and Lokanathan, S., Quantum Mechanics: Theory and Applications, (Springer.
2002).
Reference Book(s)
1. Waghmare, Y.R., Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics, (Wheeler publishing, 1996).
2. Mathews, P. M. and Venkatesan, K., Quantum Mechanics, (Tata McGraw Hill Education,
2007).
3. Pauling, L. Introduction of Quantum Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1928).
4. Dirac, P., Principles of Quantum Mechanics, (Oxford University Press, 1989).
5. Kemble, E.C.,The Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics, (McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York, 1937).
4

PH 408 Electromagnetic Theory

(L3 -T1- P0- CH4- Credit 3 )

Unit 1
Boundary value problems in spherical coordinates, Multipolar decomposition of fields, Time
dependence of Maxwells equations, Lagrangian & Hamiltonian of charged particle in an E &
M field.
Unit 2
Time dependent Maxwells equations-particularly plane wave solutions, Poynting theorem
for complex field vectors, field equations in conducting medium.
Unit 3
Theoretical foundation for radiation from a moving charge at both relativistic and nonrelativistic velocities, parallel and perpendicular to the acceleration, Dynamics of relativistic
particles and electromagnetic fields,
Unit 4
Collisions, Energy loss and Scattering of charged particles, Cherenkov and Transition
radiations, Synchrotron radiation, Radiation damping, Classical models of charged particles.
Text Book(s)
1. Griffiths, D. J., Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition, (Prentice-Hall, 1999).
2. Jackson, J. D., Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition, (John Willey & Sons, 2004).
Reference Book(s)
1. Reitz, J. R., Milford, F. J. and Christy R. W., Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory, 4th
Edition, (Pearson/Addison-Wesley, 2008).
2. Slater, J. C. and Frank, N. H., Electromagnetism, (Dover Publications, 2011).
3. Wazed Miah, M. A., Fundamentals of electromagnetism, (Tata McGraw Hill, 1982).
4. Feynman, R. P., Feynman Lecture Series Volume II, (Addison Wesley Longman, 1970).
PH 416 Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science

(L2-T1-P0-CH3-Credit 3)

Unit 1
Fundamentals of crystallography: Unit cell, Bravais lattice, Wigner-Seitz cell, symmetry
operations, 7-crystal system and 32 crystallographic point groups, space groups, Schoenflies
and international notations, symmetry elements.
Unit 2
Typical crystal structures: Face centered (fcc), body Centered (bcc) and simple (sc) cubic
structures, closed packed structures: Hexagonal closed packed (hcp), Diamond and Zinc

blende (ZnS) closed packed structures, NaCl, CsCl and cubic perovskite and wurtzite
structures.
Unit 3
Crystal diffraction: Concept of Miller indices, reciprocal lattice vectors (RPL), X-ray
diffraction, Bragg's law of specular reflection, Edward construction, powder method, rotating
crystal methods.
Unit 4
Atomic scattering factor, geometrical structure factor of sc, bcc and fcc crystals, forbidden
reflections and Debye-Waller factors. Elastic neutron scattering, comparison of electron,
neutron and x-ray diffractions.
Unit 5
Crystal binding: van der Waals binding, inert gases, ionic binding, Madelung constant,
Madelung energy, covalent crystals, metals.
Unit 6
Lattice vibrations in crystalline solids: Enumeration of modes, monatomic linear chain,
infinite and finite boundary conditions, dispersion relation, diatomic chain, acoustical and
optical modes, quantization of lattice vibrations, phonons.
Unit 7
Einstein and Debye theory of specific heat of solids. Inelastic neutron scattering, analysis of
data by generalized Ewald construction, dispersion relations, frequency distribution function.
Unit 8
Nano structures, quasi crystals and fullerenes.
Text Book(s)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State physics, 7 th Edition, (Wiley Eastern Ltd.,1996).
Burns, G., Solid State Physics, (Academic press, 1995).
Dekker, A. J., Solid State Physics, (Macmillan India Ltd., 2003).
Ashcroft, N. W. and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, (Saunders, 1976).

Reference Book(s)
1. Ibach, H., & Luth, H., Solid State Physics, 3rd Edition, (Springer-Verlag, 2003).
2. Patterson, J.D. and Bernard, B., Introduction to the Theory of Solid State Physics, 2nd
Edition, (Springer, 2007).
3. Ghatak, A.K. and Kothari, L.S., Introduction to Lattice Dynamics, (Addison-Wesley,
1972).
4. Hall, H.E. and Hook J.R., Solid State Physics, 2nd Edition, (Wiley, 1991).
6

5. Azaroff, L.V., Introduction to Solids, (Tata McGraw Hill, 1977).

PH 405 Semiconductor Devices

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit 3)

Unit 1
Basic semiconductor physics, Diodes -p-n junction, Schottky, Junction Transistors BJT,
HBT, Field Effect Transistors-JFET, MESFET, MOSFET, HEMT,
Unit 2
Optical Devices: Solar Cells, LED, Photovoltaic Cells, Semiconductor Laser, Power
semiconductor devices SCR, UJT, thyristors, diacs, and triacs,
Unit 3
Display devices: Active and passive, construction of display devices, applications of LCD,
ECD, PDP, ELD, Flat panel types CRT,
Unit 4
Semiconductor Fabrication Technique: Diffusion, Epitaxy growth, Ion Implantation, Optical
and Electron lithographical Technique, etching process, dielectric and polysilicon film
depositions, metallization, Simulation of semiconductor devices (optional).
Text Book(s)
1. Neaman D.A., Semiconductor Devices (Tata McGraw Hill, 2007).
Reference Book(s)
1. Milliman J. & Halkias C.C., Integrated Electronics, (Tata McGraw Hill, 2003).
2. Milliman J. & Halkias C.C, Semiconductor Devices, ( Tata McGraw Hill, 2003).
3. Malvino, A.P., Electronic Principles, (McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited,
2007).
4. Allison J., Electronic Engineering Semiconductors and Devices, 2nd Edition, (McGrawHill, 1990).
5. Kano, K., Semiconductor Devices, (Prentice Hall, 1998).
PH 450 Physics and Computational Lab

(L0-T1-P4 -CH9- Credit5)

The tutorial and Computational Lab based on:

Unit 1
Numerical Analysis: Solution of non-linear equations - Newton's method, method of false
position (regular falsi); Solution of a system of linear equations - gaussian elimination,
iterative methods (Jacobi and gauss-seidel methods); Interpolation - Newtons interpolation
formula; Numerical differentiation and integration - Simpsons rule, trapezoidal rule,
quadrature formula.
7

Unit 2
Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations - Euler's method, Runge-Kutta method;
Fitting of curves - principle of least squares.
Unit 3
Simulation: A system and its model; The basic nature of simulation; The simulation of
continuous and discrete systems - suitable examples; Stochastic simulation - generation of
random numbers with different probability distributions; Examples of simulation in physics.
Text book(s)
1. Mathews, J.H., Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, (Prentice
Hall 1997).
2. Narsingh Deo, System Simulation with Digital Computers, (Prentice Hall 1979).
Reference Book(s)
1. Yashwant Kanetkar, Let us C, (BPB Publications, 2012).
2. Gottfried, B.S., Schaum's outline of theory and problems of programming with C,
(Mcgraw-Hill Professional, 1996).

PH 417 Advanced Mathematical Physics

(L2- T1- P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Complex variables: Complex algebra; Graphical representation; Analytical functions;
Cauchy-Riemann conditions; Complex integrations; Cauchy's theorem; Cauchy's integral
formula; Residue; Cauchy's residue theorem.
Unit 2
Elements of probability: Mathematical probability; Compound probability; Total probability;
Sample space; Random variables; Expectation value; Averages; Mean; Standard deviation;
Binomial distribution; Normal distribution; Variance, covariance and correlation; Theory of
errors.
Unit 3
Tensor analysis: Tensor in three or four dimensions; Rank of tensors; covariant and
intravariant tensors; symmetric and antisymmetric tensors; Metric tensors; Christoffels
symbols; Equation of a geodesic; Riemann - Christoffel tensor; Simple applications.
Unit 4

Group theory: Group representation; Reducible and irreducible representation; Unitary group;
Special unitary group; Lorentz group; Rotation group; Direct product; Group theory in
physics.
Unit 5
Integral transforms: Laplace transform; Hankel transform; Mellin transform; Fourier
transform; Properties of Laplace and Fourier transforms; Application of Laplace and Fourier
transforms.
Text Book(s)
1. Harper, C., Introduction to Mathematical Physics, (Prentice Hall, 2009).
2. Joshi , A.W., Group Theory for Physicists, (Wiley Eastern, 1997).
3. Spiegel, M., Lipschutz, S., & Spellman, D., Vector Analysis, (Tata Mcgraw Hill
Education Private Limited, 2009).
Reference Book(s)
1. Margenau, H., The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistryby (Young Press, 2009)
2. Rajput, B., & Gupta, B., Mathematical Physics (Pragati Prakashan, 2011)
3. Ghatak, A., Goyal, I. C, Chua, S. J. Mathematical Physics: Differential Equations and
Transform Theory, (Maccmillan India Ltd, New Delhi, 2000).
PH 412 Digital Electronics and Microprocessor

(L2-T1-P1- CH5- Credit4)

Unit 1
Non-linear applications: voltage limiters, comparators, zero detector, Schmitt trigger, voltage
to frequency and frequency to voltage converter, small-signal diodes, sample-and-hold
circuits.
Unit 2
Op-amp active filters and signal generators: active filters, first and second order low pass and
high pass Butterworth filter, band reject filter, all-pass filter,
Unit 3
oscillators- square-wave , triangular-wave, sawtooth-wave, Wien bridge, variable frequency
signal generators,
Unit 4
Digital Applications: Schmitt trigger, monostable multivibrators, D/A and A/D converters
Unit 5
Digital Electronics,Boolean Algebra, gates, transistor switching times, INHIBIT (ENABLE)
operation, De Morgan's laws, logic families and their comparison.

Unit 6
Combinatorial digital systems: gate assemblies, binary adders, arithmetic functions,
decoder/demultiplexer, data selector/multiplexer, encoder, ROM and applications.
Unit 7
Sequential digital systems: flip-flops, shift registers and counters, random access memory
(RAM), dynamic MOS circuits, MOS shift registers, MOS Read Only Memory, D/A and
A/D systems, digital-to-analog converters, analog-to-digital converters, character generators.
Text Book(s)
1. Kumar, A., Fundamentals of Digital Electronics (PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2003)
2. Gaonkar R.S., Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the
8085, 5th Edition, (Prentice Hall, 2002).
Reference Book(s)
1. Malvino A.P.and Leach D.J., Digital Principles and Applications, (Tata McGraw Hill
1994).
2. Milliman, J. & Halkias, C.C., Integrated Electronics, (Tata McGraw Hill, 2003).
3. Tocci R.J., Digital Systems, (Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004).
4. Bartee T.C., Digital Computer Fundamentals, (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company,
1985).
PH 411 Statistical Physics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Basic postulates of classical ensemble theory, Liouvilles theorem, Microcanonical ensemble.
Energy fluctuations in canonical ensemble,
Unit 2
Thermodynamic function, Inadequacy of classical theory, Derivation of van der Waals
equation from classical theory.
Unit 3
Quantum ensemble theory, Density matrix and its physical significance, Quantum Liouville
equation, Ideal Fermi and Bose gas, Equation of state, Diamagnetism, de Hass van Alphen
effect, Pauli paramagnetism, photons, phonons, Bose Einstein Condensation, Neutron stars.
Unit 4
Properties of liquid Helium II, Tiszas two fluid model, Superfluidity, first and second sound,
Landaus theory of superfluidity.
Unit 5

10

Phase transitions, Critical indices and dimensionality, Ising Model, Bragg and William
approximations, Irreversible Processes.
Unit 6
Onsager relations and applications.
Text Book(s)
1. Landau and Lifshitz, Statistical Physics, 3rd Edition, (Butterworth-Heinemann;1980).
2. Huang, K., Statistical Mechanics, 2 nd Edition (Wiley,1987).
3. Reif, F., Statistical Physics, (Tata McGraw Hill, 2008).
Reference Book(s)
1.
2.

Harris, E., Modern Theoretical Physics, Vol. II, (John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1975).
Patharia, R.K., Statistical Mechanics, 2nd Edition, (Butterworth-Heinemann,. 1996).

PH 503 Atomic and Molecular Physics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Atomic emission and absorption spectra (AES and ASS), Series spectra in alkali and alkaline
earths, LS and jj coupling in central field approximation.
Unit 2
Spectra of diatomic molecules, pure rotation, pure vibration; vibration-rotation and electronic
spectra: Born-Oppenheimer approximation and its application to molecular spectroscopy;
Unit 3
Formation of bands, structure of bands. Dissociation and pre-dissociation. Valence-bond
theory; Molecular orbital theory; Bonding and anti-bonding of electrons for equal nuclear
charges; Energy level of symmetric top molecules;
Unit 4
Potential energy function. Morse potential function; Raman spectroscopy; Electron Spin
Resonance spectroscopy (ESR); Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy;
Mossbauer spectroscopy.
Text Book(s)
1. White, H.E., Introduction to Atomic Spectra, (McGraw Hill, NY, 1934).
2. Herzberg, G., Atomic Spectra & Atomic Structure, 2nd Edition, (Dover Publications,
2010).
3. Banwell, C. N. & McCash E. M., Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, (McGraw
Hill, 1994).
Reference Book(s)

11

1. Kuhn, H. G., Atomic Spectra, (Longmans, 1969).

2. Edward A. & Urey Ruark, H.C., Atoms, Molecules & Quanta (McGraw Hill, 1930).
3. Siegman A. E., Lasers, (University Science Books, 1986).
PH 415 Nuclear Theory and Particle Physics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Theory of -decay, Curie plot, allowed and forbidden transitions, selection rules, electron
capture, parity violations in - decay,
Unit 2
Gamma emission, transition probabilities, selection rules, multiple moments, lifetime, angular
momentum and parity of excited states- their experimental determination, spin and magnetic
moments of nucleon ground state and their experimental determination.
Unit 3
Nuclear reactions, reaction channels, diffractive and resonance phenomena, one level BreitWigner formula, nuclear fission, Bohr-Wheeler theory, liquid drop model, nuclear shell
model.
Unit 4
Extensive air showers, theory of EAS, determination of EAS at ground level, Cerenkov and
radio pulses associated with EAS and their determination.
Unit 5
Conservation laws and symmetry principles of elementary physics, strangeness, isospin and
hypercharge, Gellmann-Nishijima scheme, resonance states of hadrons, baryon spectroscopy,
meson spectroscopy, eight fold way, quarks photon decay, W and Z bosons.
Text Book(s)
1. Krane, K. S., Introductory N uclear Physics, (Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2008).
2. Tayal, D.C., Nuclear Physics, (Pragati Prakashan, 1998).
3. Roy, R. R., & Nigam, B. P., Nuclear Physics Theory and Experiments, (New Age
International, 1967).
Reference Book(s)
1. Beiser, A. and Mahajan, S., Concept of Modern Physics, (Tata Mcgraw Hill Education
Private Limited, 2009).
2. Srivastava, B.N., Basic Nuclear Physics & Cosmic Relation, (Pragati Prakashan, 2011).
3. Bernard, C., Concepts of Nuclear Physics, (Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Private Limited,
2011).
PH 540 Advanced Analytical Techniques

(L2-T0-P1- CH4- Credit3)

Unit 1
Numerical solution of partial differential equations: basic, parabolic, hyperbolic,
Unit 2
12

Electromagnetic Wave Analysis: Finite difference time domain, finite elements method,
Method of Moments, Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA).
Unit 3
Matrix Methods : Scattering Matrix, T-Matrix;
Unit 4
Linear and nonlinear optimization : LCAO, perturbation methods.
Unit 5
Stochastic Process : Probability and statistics, Monte Carlo Techniques, Markov Technique.
Unit 6
Mathematical tools: Sampling Methods, Digital Fourier Transforms, Fast Fourier Transform.
Text Book(s)

1. Weber, J.H. and Arfken, G.B., Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists, (Elsevier,
2004).
2. Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vellerling, W.T. and Flannery, B.P., Numerical Recipes in
C, (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Reference Book(s)
1. Zienkiewicz, O.C., The Finite Element Method, 3rd Edition, (Tata McGraw Hill, 1997).
2. Bose, T.K., Numerical Fluid Dynamics, (Narosa Publishing House, 1997).
3. Kunz, K.S. and Luebbers, R.J., Finite Difference Time Domain Method for
Electromagnetism, (CRC publication,1993).
PH 506 Physics of Thin Films

( L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Thin films and thick films, their differences, deposition techniques of thin films and thick
films, Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), Chemical Vapour Deposition, Electroless or
solution growth deposition, Electrochemical deposition (ECD), Screen printing of thin films.
Unit 2
Nucleation and growth processes, structure of thin films, epitaxial growth (VPE, MBE,
MOCVD, etc.), thin film thickness measurement, Analytical and characterization techniques.
Mechanical, electrical, electronic and dielectric properties of thin films,
Unit 3

13

Transport phenomena in semiconducting and insulator films, superconductivity of thin films

and HTSCs (High Temperature superconductor films),Applications of thin films in
electronics, thin films resistors, capacitors and active devices, thin film transducers, thin film,
solar cells.
Text Book(s)
1. Goswami, A., Thin Film Fundamentals, (New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi,
2008).
Reference Book(s)
1. Elshabin-Read A. and Barlow, F.D., Handbook of Thin Film Technology - III, (McGraw
Hill Publication, 1997).
2. George, J. , Preparation of Thin Films, (Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1992).
3. Wagendristel, A. and Wang Y., An Introduction to Physics and Technology of Thin Films,
(World Scientific Singapore, 1994).
4. Maissel, L. I. and Glang, R., Handbook of Thin Film Technology, (McGraw Hill, 1970).
PH 507 Physics of Low Temperature

( L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Superfluidity of liquid He, phases of super fluid He, singlet & triplet state pairing.
Production of low temperature, principles of gas liquefaction, basic thermodynamics,
liquefaction cycles,
Unit 2
liquefaction and refrigeration systems, liquid nitrogen and liquid Helium plants, storage and
transfer of liquids/gases, heat exchangers, cooling with liquid Helium, dilution refrigerator,
Unit 3
Adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic salts, nuclear demagnetisation, heat transfer and
control, thermal contact and isolation, design of cryostats, vacuum techniques and materials
for low temperatures.
Unit 4
Landau theory, applied superconductivity, Josephson weak link devices, superconducting
switches and amplifiers, computer memory, radiation detectors, high field superconducting
magnets, superconducting machinery, RF superconducting devices, future prospects of
research at low temperatures.
Text Book(s)
1. White, G.K., Experimental Techniques in low temperature physics, 3rd Edition, (Oxford
University Press, USA, 2003)
2. Barren, R., Cryogenic Systems, 2nd Edition, (Oxford University Press, New York, 1985).

14

Reference Book(s)
1. Hoare, F.E., Experimental Cryophysics, (Butterworths, London, 1961).
2. Zemansky, H.W., Heat & Thermodynamics, (McGraw Hill,1975).
PH 510 Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Basic characteristics of optical fibers, attenuation and dispersion in different fibers, Mode
theories and modal analysis. Propagation characteristics in single mode and multimode fibers,
splices and connectors.
Unit 2
Optical communication sources and detectors -basic semiconductor laser and laser diode
characteristics, Avalanche and PIN photodetectors and their characteristics.
Unit 3
Integrated optics. Fiber optic communication system - design, Link analysis, Line coding,
multiplexing schemes, signal processing, and optical amplifiers. Fiber optic network systems
- LAN, FDDI, SONET and SDH. Fiber optic sensors and solutions.
Text Book(s)
1. Ghatak, A.K. and Thyagaranjan, K., Introduction to Fiber Optics, (Cambridge publisher,
2004).
Reference Book(s)
1. Sandbank, C.P., Optical Fiber Communication Systems, (John Wiley & Sons, 1980).
2. Howes, M.J. & Morgan, D.V., Optical Fiber Communications, (John Wiley Sons, 1980).
3. Elion, G.R., Elion, H.A. & Elion, H., Fiber Optics in Communication System, (CRC
Publisher, 1978).
4. Knecken, J. A., Fiber Optics: a revolution in communications, (Paperback, 1987).
5. Kao, C.K., Optical Fiber Systems, Technology Design & Application, (McGraw-Hill Inc,
1982).
PH-511 Image Processing

( L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Human vision system and image perception, psychophysical measurement, The law of Weber
and Wqechner, Signal detection theory, Transfer characteristics, spatial characteristics of
human vision, Noise effect.
Unit 2

15

Colour vision, colour discrimination and chramaticness stability, colour vision theory, colour
vision defects, spectroscopy and space perception.
Unit 3
Image sampling and quantisation, 2-D system, image transfers, image coding and
communication.
Unit 4
Stochastic model for image representation, image enhancement, restoration and
reconstruction, image analysis using multi-resolution techniques.
Unit 5
Image compression, Image understanding, neural networks and image recognition.
Text Book(s)
1. Gonzales, R.C. and Woods, R.E., Digital Image Processing, (Addison-Wesley, 1998).
2. Gonzales, R.C., Woods, R.E. and Eddins, S.E., Digital Image Processing using MATLAB,
(Pearson Education, 2004).
Reference Book(s)
1. Pratt, W.K., Digital Image Processing, 2 nd Edition, (John Wiley & Sons, 1991).
2. Chanda, B. and Majumder, D.D., Digital Image Processing and Analysis, (Prentice-Hall
India, 2001).
PH-512 Physics of Remote Sensing Techniques

( L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Energy source and radiation principles, sensor system, Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and
its characteristics, Atmospheric windows.
Unit 2
Multispectral scanner (MSS), Thermal infrared line scanners, Sideways looking airborne
radar.
Unit 3
Special pattern, recognition visual and digital techniques, digital enhancement techniques,
Application of remote sensing in resource evaluation.
Text Book(s)
1. Bhatta, B., Remote Sensing and GIS, 2nd Edition., (Oxford University Press, 2011).

16

2. Singh, S. and Patel, A.N., Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications (Scientific
Publishers Journals Dept. India, 2007).
Reference Book(s)
1. Sabins, F.F., Remote Sensing , Principles and Interpretation, (Waveland Press Inc., 2007).
2. Lillsand, T.M., Keifer, R.W. and Chipman, J., Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation,
5th Edition, (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2007)
PH 523 Microwaves

(L2-T1-P0- CH3 -Credit3)

Unit 1
Review of Maxwells equations: electromagnetic radiation, plane waves in dielectric and
conducting media, reflection and refraction of waves,
Unit 2
Transmission lines: smith chart and its applications, rectangular wave guide, rectangular
cavity, modes in waveguides and cavities, dielectric filled wave guides, dielectric slab guide,
surface guided waves, non-resonant dielectric guide, modal expansion of fields and its
applications.
Unit 3
Microwave semiconductor devices: Microwave transistor, microwave tunnel diode, varactor
diode, Schottky diode, MESFET: Principle of operation, MOS structure, MOSFET
microwave applications, transferred electron devices: Gunn diode, LSA diode, modes of
operation, microwave generation and amplification; avalanche effect devices: Read diode,
IMPATT diode; klystron: velocity modulation process, bunching process, output power and
beam loading; reflex klystron: power output and efficiency; traveling wave tubes, magnetron.
Unit 4
Microwave waveguide components: attenuators, phase shifters, matched loads, detectors and
mounts, slotted-sections, E-plane tee, H-plane tee, hybrid tees, directional couplers, tuners,
circulators and isolators, quarter wavelength transformer, multi section transformer matching
section; lumped planar components: capacitor, inductor and balun; power dividers,
directional couplers, analysis of these components using the S-parameters, microwave
planar filters, planar non reciprocal devices, signal generators: fixed frequency, sweep
frequency and synthesized frequency oscillators; frequency meters, VSWR meters,
measurements of frequency, attenuation, VSWR and impedance.
Unit 5
Antenna characteristics: radiation patterns, directive gain, side lobe, back lobe, polarization,
co-polarization and cross polarization level, , frequency reuse, beam width, input impedance,
bandwidth, efficiency, antenna types: wire, loop and helix antennas, aperture antenna - slot,
waveguide and horn antenna; parabolic reflector antenna.
Unit 6
17

Microwave integrated circuits: different planar transmission lines. Characteristics of Microwave

integrated circuits. microstrip antenna: rectangular and circular patch, feed for microstrip antennas:
probe feed, microstrip line feed, aperture feed, electromagnetically fed microstrip patch;

Text Book(s)
1. Rizzi P.A., Microwave Engineering , (Prentice-Hall, 1999).
Reference Book(s)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Pozar, D.M., Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition, (Wiley India Pvt. Limited, 2009).
Liao, S.Y., Microwave Devices and circuits, 3 rd Edition, (Prentice-Hall of India, 2000).
Collin, R.E, Foundations for Microwave Engineering, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992).
Griffiths, D. J., Introduction to Electrodynamics, (Prentice-Hall, 2009).
Jackson, J. D., Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition, (John Wiley & Sons; 1998).

PH 525 Microprocessor and DSP Based Systems

(L1-T0-P2- CH5 -Credit3)

Unit 1
Introduction to microprocessors programming
Transducers and Sensors: Load Cells, Strain Gauges, weighing transducers, Temperature
Sensors (e.g. RTDs, Thermocouples, Semiconductor sensors, etc.), displacement sensors (e.g.
LVDTs, RVDTs, encoders, linear scale etc.), proximity sensors, magnetic sensors, optoelectronic sensors, fiber optic sensors, motion transducers (velocity, vibration and
acceleration), fluid transducers, pressure transducers, level transducers, etc., can be included.
Unit 2
The signal conditioning circuits like current booster, current to voltage converter,
instrumentation amplifier, level shifter, 4-20mA current loop, etc. with their design can also
be included.
Unit 3
The open loop, feedback loop and feed forward loop and servo controllers with details of
"Proportional (P)", "Integral (I)", "Derivative (D)", PI, PD, PID controllers. Tuning methods
of the same and also auto tuning methods.
Unit 4
Experiments on sensors, designing of the signal conditioning circuits along with the
experiments on P, I, D, PI, PD, PID controllers.
Text Book(s)
1.Douglas Hall, Microprocessors & Interfacing, 2 nd Edition, (Tata McGraw Hill, 1999).
Reference Book(s)
18

1. Gaonkar R.S., Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the

8085, 5th Edition, (Prentice Hall, 2002).
PH 513 Photonic Devices

( L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Electro-optic Devices: Intensity Modulators, Phase Modulators, Traveling Wave Modulator,
LED, LCDs. Acousto-optic Devices: Raman-Nath acousto-optic modulator, Acousto-optic
deflector;
Unit 2
Nonlinear Optics based devices: Second harmonic generator, Phase matching, Third order
optical nonlinearity, Sum and difference frequency devices, Phase conjugation, Photonic
switches and SET devices; Quantum wells, Quantum wires, and Quantum dots, Optical
memory devices, Optical Communication devices, Optical Computing.
Text Book(s)
1. Yariv A., Quantum Electronics, 3 rd Edition, (Wiley, 1989).
2. Ghatak A. K. and Thyagarajan K., Optical Electronics, (Cambridge University Press,
1989).
Reference Book(s)
1. Wilson J. and Hawkes J.F.B., Optoelectronics, 2nd Edition, (Prentice Hall, 1993).
2. Davis, J. H., Introduction to Low Dimensional Physics, (Cambridge University Press,
1997).
3. Marrakchi, A., Photonic Switching and Interconnects, 1 st Edition, (Marcel Dekker,
1994).
4. Fukuda M., Optical Semiconductor Devices, 1 st Edition, (Wiley-Interscience, 1998).
PH 514 Superconductivity and Critical Phenomena

( L2-T1-P0 -CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Perfect conductors, superconductors, Meissner effect, critical magnetic field, transition
temperature, energy gap parameter, isotopic effect, Type I & Type II superconductors, Vortex
state and flux pinning. Thermodynamics of superconductivity, Rutger's formula, London
equations.
Unit 2
Frohlich model, Formation of cooper pairs, e-p-e interaction, Concept of penetration depth &
coherence length, Pippard's equation, G-L parameters, elements of BCS theory, spin analogue
treatment of Anderson.
Unit 3
19

Flux quantisation, A.C. & D.C. Josephson effect, SQUID, High Tc superconductors (YBCO
& related), Applications of high Tc superconductors.Surface science, superlattices & heterostructures.
Text Book(s)
1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Edition, (Wiley, 2004).
2. Burn, G., Solid State Physics, (Academic Press, 1985).
Reference Book(s)
1. Ketterson, J.B. and Song, S.N., Superconductivity, (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
2. Anderson, P.W., Theory of Superconductivitty in high Tc Cuprates, 1st Edition, (Princeton
University Press, 1997).
3. Tinkham, M., Introduction to Superconductivity, 2nd Edition, (Dover Publications, 2004).
4. Simon, R. and Smith, A., Superconductors : Conquering Technology's New Frontier,
(Perseus Books Group,1988).
PH 515 Physics of Integrated Circuit

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Introduction of analog lC's, digital lC's, Monolithic lC's, Hybrid lC's, Bipolar and MOS logic
families, memory and logic arrays.
Unit 2
Materials for IC fabrication (Si and GaAs), Crystal growth and wafer preparation, Epitaxy,
Vapour phase epitaxy(VPE), Molecular beam epitaxy,(BME), MOCVD Oxidation, diffusion,
Ion implantation, Optical lithography, electron beam lithography, etching processes, plasma
etching, Isolation methods, dielectric and polysilicon film deposition, Metallization, Process
simulation.
Unit 3
Passive components and their parasitic effect, MOA capacitors, spiral inductors, thin film
resistors and capacitors, Integrated junctions- gate-field effect transistors, MOS field effect
transistors, integrated MOSFET devices, NMOS-IC technology, CMOS IC Technology,
MOS memory IC technology, Bipolar IC technology.
Unit 4
Modeling transistors, circuit simulation, numerical techniques, special considerations in LSI,
VLSI and ULSI designs.
Text Book(s)
1. Carr, W.N. and Mize, J.P., MOS/LSI Designs and Applications, (New York, 1987).
2. Miliman, J. and Grabel, A., Microelectronics, 2 nd Edition, (McGraw Hill, 2007).

20

Reference Book(s)
1. Sze, S.M., Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd Edition, (John Wiley and Sons (WIE)
Publication,1981).
PH 539 Advanced Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Free electron theory of metals, electronic heat capacity, electrical conductivity, thermal
conductivity, Wiedemann-Franz law.
Unit 2
Motion of electrons in periodic potential, Bloch theorem, Kronig Penney model, band theory
of solids, Brillouin zones; insulators, semiconductors and metals, Fermi surface, holes,
intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, concept of effective mass and law of mass action,
study of Fermi surface; cyclotron resonance, de Hass-van Alphen effect, Electron motion in
2-dimension, Quantum Hall effect.
Unit 3
Dia, para and ferro magnetism; Langevins theory of dia and para magnetism, Pauli
paramagnetism, exchange interaction, spin waves and magnon dispersion relation, Neutron
scattering from magnetic materials-structure studies, elements of ferrimagnetism and
antiferromagnetism, Dielectric constant, polarizability, ferroelectricity, Clausius-Mossoti
relations,
Unit 4
Thermal conductivity of insulators, Normal and umklapp processes, Vacancies, Colour
cenres, Luminescence, dislocations, Burgers vector, crystal growth.
Text Book(s)
1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th Edition, (Wiley Eastern Ltd.,1996).
2. Burns, G., Solid State Physics, (Academic press, 1995).
3. Dekker, A. J., Solid State Physics, (Macmillan India Ltd., 2003).
Reference Book(s)
1. Ibach, H., & Luth, H., Solid State Physics, 3rd Edition, (Springer-Verlag, 2003).
2. Patterson, J.D. and Bailey Bernard, Introduction to the theory of Solid State Physics, 2nd
Edition, (Springer, 2007).
3. Ghatak, A.K. and Kothari, L.S., Introduction to Lattice Dynamics, (Addison-Wesley,
1972).
4. Hall, H.E. and Hook J.R., Solid State Physics, 2nd Edition, (Wiley, 1991).
5. Azaroff, L.V., Introduction to Solids, (Tata McGraw Hill, 1977).
6. Ashcroft, N. W. and Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics, (Saunders, 1976).

21

PH 517 Physics of Solid State Devices

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Carrier transport phenomena in solids: carrier drift and diffusion process, transport in
crystalline and amorphous semiconductors, high field properties of semiconductors, quantum
transport in low dimensional structures, organic semiconductors
Unit 2
p-n junction devices: Minority and majority carrier injection, Depletion layer, I-V
characteristics, heterojunctions and superlattices, Metal-semiconductor junctions, Schottky
and Ohmic contacts.
Unit 3
Three terminal devices: bipolar junction transistor (BJT), junction field effect transistor
(JFET), insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET), metal oxide field effect transistor
(MOSFET) metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET).
Unit 4
Single electron devices: Energy states of jailed electron, Quantum point contact, Coulomb
blockade, Resonant tunneling transistor, Single electron transistor (SET), Landau
quantization and quantum Hall effect.
Unit 5
Microwave semiconductor devices: Tunnel diode, IMPATT, Gunn effect and Gunn diode
Optoelectronic devices: p-n junction under illumination, photodiode, light emitting diode
(LED) and lasers, Photovoltaic/Solar cell, related mesoscopic phenomena.
Text Book(s)
1. Streetman, B.G. and Banerjee, S., Solid State Electronic Devices, 6th Edition, (PrenticeHall, 2005).
2. Grove, A.S., Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices, (John Wiley, 1971).
Reference Book(s)
1. Sze, S.M. and Kwok, K.Ng., Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 3rd Edition, (WileyInterscience, 2006).
2. Quinn, J.J. and Yi, K-S., Solid State Physics: Principles and Modern Applications, 1st
Edition (Springer, 2009).
3. Neamen, D., An Introduction to Semiconductor Devices, 1st edition, (McGraw-Hill, 2005).
PH 521 Introduction to Parton Models

( L2-T1-P0- CH3 Credit 3)

Unit 1
22

Historical Introduction: Overview of substructure of matter; Discovery and properties of

pions and muons; Conservation laws; Strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions;
Unit 2
Discovery and properties of strange particles; Invariance under charge (C), parity (P) and
time (T) operators; Non-conservation of parity in weak interactions.
Unit 3
Quark Model: Quark model of mesons and baryons; Quarks, gluons and colours; Colour
factors; Symmetry groups - SU(2), SU(3); Eightfold way of classification; Discovery of J/
and upsilon; Prediction of charm and bottom quarks; Discovery of top quarks; Quark masses.
Unit 4
Parton Model: Probing charge distribution with electrons; Form factors; Electron-proton
scattering - proton form factor; Elastic electron-proton scattering; Partons; Bjorken scaling.
Text Book(s)
1. Griffiths, D., Introduction of Elementary Particles, (John Wiley and Sons, 1987).
2. Halzen, F., & Martin, A.D., Quarks and Leptons : An Introductory Course in Modern
Particle Physics, (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).
3. Ryder, L.H., Quantum Field Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Reference Book(s)
1. Peskin, M.E. and Schroeder, D.V., Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, (Addison
Wesley, 1995).
2. Weinberg, S., The Quantum Theory of Fields (Vol. I, II, III), (Cambridge University
Press, 2005)
3. Mandl and Shaw, Quantum Field Theory, (John Wiley and Sons, 2010).
4. Perkins, D.H., Introduction to High Energy Physics, (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
5. Huang, K., Quarks, Leptons and Gauge Field, (World Scientific, 1992).
6. Aitchison, I.J.R. and Hey, A.J.G., Gauge Theories in Particle Physics, (Adam Hillier,
2004).
7. Chang, S.J., Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, (World Scientific, 1990).
PH 519 Quantum Field Theory

( L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Introduction to Fields: Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation of continuous systems;
Introduction to relativistic field theories; Noethers theorem; Four-vector notations; Lorentz
transformations; Natural units.
Unit 2

23

Many Particle Systems: Non-relativistic quantum systems; Free fields; Klein-Gordon

equation; Non-relativistic many particle systems; Relativistic free scalar fields; Dirac
equation; Antiparticles; Free Dirac fields.
Unit 3
Field Quantization: Action principle; Quantization of scalar fields; Quantization of Dirac
fields; Quantization of vector fields;
Unit 4
Lorentz transformation and invariance; Parity, charge conjugation and time reversal; CPT
theorem.
Unit 5
Interactions among Fields: Interactive pictures; S-matrix; Wicks theorem; Second order
processes; Position space Feynman rules; Momentum space Feynman rules; Cross-sections.
Text Book(s)
1. Griffiths, D., Introduction of Elementary Particles, (John Wiley and Sons, 1987).
2. Halzen, F., & Martin, A.D., Quarks and Leptons : An Introductory Course in Modern
Particle Physics, (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).
3. Ryder, L.H., Quantum Field Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Reference Book(s)
1. Peskin, M.E. and Schroeder, D.V., Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, (Addison
Wesley, 1995).
2. Weinberg, S., The Quantum Theory of Fields (Vol. I, II, III), (Cambridge University
Press, 2005).
3. Mandl and Shaw, Quantum Field Theory, (John Wiley and Sons, 2010).
4. Perkins, D.H., Introduction to High Energy Physics, (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
5. Huang, K., Quarks, Leptons and Gauge Field, (World Scientific, 1992).
6. Aitchison, I.J.R. and Hey, A.J.G., Gauge Theories in Particle Physics, (Adam Hillier,
2004).
7. Chang, S.J., Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, (World Scientific, 1990).
PH 520 Modern Particle Physics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Structure of Hadrons and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD): Quantum chromodynamics dual role of gluons; Scaling violation; Altarelli - Parisi equation; e+ e annihilation; Three
jet events; Perturbative QCD; Drell-Yan process.
Unit 2

24

Weak Interactions: V-A theory; Nuclear -decay; Neutrino - quark scattering; Cabibbo angle;
Weak mixing angle; CP violation; Electro-weak interaction; Weinberg-Salam model.
Unit 3
Beyond Standard Model: Unification of forces; Grand unified theories; Proton decay;
Neutrino masses; Neutrino oscillations; Elements of super-symmetry; Elements of string
theories.
Text Book(s)
1. Griffiths, D., Introduction of Elementary Particles, (John Wiley and Sons, 1987).
2. Halzen, F., & Martin, A.D., Quarks and Leptons : An Introductory Course in Modern
Particle Physics, (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).
3. Ryder, L.H., Quantum Field Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Reference Book(s)
1. Perkins, M.E. and Schroeder, D.V., Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, (Addison
Wesley, 1995).
2. Weinberg, S., The Quantum Theory of Fields (Vol. I, II, III), (Cambridge University
Press, 2005)
3. Mandl and Shaw, Quantum Field Theory, (John Wiley and Sons, 2010).
4. Perkins, D.H., Introduction to High Energy Physics, (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
5. Huang, K., Quarks, Leptons and Gauge Field, (World Scientific, 1992).
6. Aitchison, I.J.R. and Hey, A.J.G., Gauge Theories in Particle Physics, (Adam Hillier,
2004).
7. Chang, S.J., Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, (World Scientific, 1990).
PH 522 Communication Systems

( L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit1
Introduction to analog and digital communications; sampling techniques;
Unit2
Pulse modulation: PAM, PCM, delta modulation etc;
Unit 3
Data transmission: FSK. PSK, DPSK,
Unit 4
Mary modulation systems, error probability calculations,
Unit 5

25

Modems, local area networks, computer communication, Examples of typical communication

systems: microwave, satellite, optical, cellular mobile etc.
Unit 6
Error control coding, block and convolution codes. Combined modulation and coding.
Text Book(s)
1. Lathi, B.P., Modern Analog & Digital Communication Systems, (Oxford University Press,
2009).
Reference Book(s)
1. Haykins,S., Communication systems, 3 rd Edition, (Wiley India Pvt Ltd., 2006).
2. Gallager R. G., Principles of Digital Communication, (Cambridge University
Press,2008).
3. Rao, P.R., Digital Communication, (Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Co., 2007).
4. Sklar, B., Digital Communications: Fundamentals & Applications, 2nd Edition, (Pearson
Education, 2009).
5. Proakis, J. G. and Salehi, M., Communication Systems Engineering, (McGraw-Hill
Higher Education, 2007).
PH 524 Digital Signal Processing

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Introduction-digital signal processor, Sampling and Quantization, Specialized transforms-ztransform, Discrete cosine transform.
Unit 2
Hilbert transform, Fourier Transforms, DFT, FFTs, Convolution
Unit 3
FIR Filters: Linear phase filter, Windowing Method, Standard and Multi band, Constrained
Least Square Filtering, Arbitrary Response Filter Design
Unit 4
Digital filters: IIR Filter Design, in frequency domain, Butterworth, Chebyshev Type I and
Type II, Elliptical, Bessel.
Unit 5
Spectral Analysis Welchs Method, Multilayer method, Yule-Walker Method, Covariance
Methods, MUSIC and Eigenvector Analysis Method.
Unit 6

26

Applications in real time problems like extraction of voice from noisy environment, filtering
the signal using digital filters etc.
Text Book(s)
1. Proakis J.G. and Manolakis, D.G., Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications, 3rd Edition, (Prentice Hall, 1996).
2. Mitra, S. K., Digital Signal Processing: A Computer Based Approach, (McGraw Hill,
2001).
3. Lyons, R.G., Understanding DSP, 3rd Edition, (Pearson Education, International, 2010).
Reference Book(s)
1. M.H. Hayes, Digital Signal Processing :Schaums Outline Series, (McGraw Hill, 1999).
2. Oppenheim, A. V. and Schafer, R. W., Digital Signal Processing, (Macmillan Publishing
Company, New York, 1993).
3. Porat, B., A course in Digital Signal Processing , (John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited,
1996).
4. Soliman, S.S. and Srinath, M.D., Continuous and Discrete Signals and Systems, (Prentice
Hall, 1998).
5. Sharma S.,Signals and Systems, (Katson Books, 2010).
PH 526 Plasma Physics-I

( L2-T1-P0 -CH3 -Credit3)

Unit 1
Introduction to Plasma state: Plasma parameters; importance of plasma physics.
Unit 2
Plasma Production: Physics of glow discharge; electron emission; ionization; breakdown of
gases.
Unit 3
Single particle orbit theory: Motion of charged particles under the effect of electric and
magnetic fields: crossed electric and magnetic fields, spatially varying and time varying
electric and magnetic fields.
Unit 4
Fluid theory of waves in plasma: Liouvilles equation; MHD equations; plasma oscillations;
ion-acoustic waves; Alfven waves; Magnetosonic waves; Two fluid approach.
Unit 5
Theory of Stability in plasma: Equilibrium in plasma; plasma instabilities; Two-stream
instability;
Text Book(s)
27

1. Chen, F.F., Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, vol. 1, 2nd Edition.
(Plenum Press, 1984).
2. Krall, N. A. & Trivelpiece, A. W., Principles of Plasma Physics, (San Francisco Press,
1986 (a reproduction of the original text published by McGraw-Hill, 1973)).
3. Nicolson, D. R., Introduction to Plasma Theory, (John Wiley & Sons, 1983).
Reference Book(s)
1. Hutchinson, I. H., Principles of Plasma Diagnostics, 2nd Edition, (Cambridge University
Press, 2002).
2. Huddelstone, R. H., Plasma Diagnostic Techniques, (Academic Press, 1965).
3. Smirnov, B. M., Physics of Ionized Gases, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001).
4. Nishikawa, K. & Wakatani, M., Plasma Physics: Basic Theory with Fusion Applications,
(Springer, 2000).
5. Boyd, T. J. M. & Sanderson, J. J., Plasma Dynamics, (Barnes & Noble, 1969).
6. Cap, F., Handbook on Plasma Instabilities, (Academic Press, 1976).
7. Bittencourt, J. A., Fundamentals of Plasma Physics, 3rd Edition, (Springer, 2004 ((a
reproduction of the original text published by Pergamon, New York, 1988)).
8. Treumann, R. & Baumjohann, W., Advanced Space Plasma Physics, (Imperial College
Press, 1997).
9. Kulsrud, R. M., Plasma Physics for Astrophysics, (Princeton University Press, 2005).
10. Gary, S. P., Theory of Space Plasma Microinstabilities, (Cambridge University Press,
1993).
11. Stix, T. H., The Theory of Plasma Waves, 1st Edition, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962).
12. Cairns, R. A., Plasma Physics, (Blackie, Glasgow UK, 1985).
13. Hazeltine, R. D. & Waelbroeck, F. L., The Framework of Plasma Physics, (Westview,
Boulder Co., 2004).
14. Piel, A., Plasma Physics, (Springer, 2010).
15. Papadopoulos, K., Waves and Instabilities in Space Plasmas, (Springer, 2009)..
16. Lieberman, M. A. & Lichtenberg, A. J., Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials
Processing, (John Wiley, New York, 1994).
17. Goldston, R. J. & Rutherford, P. H., Introduction to Plasma Physics, (IOP Physics
Publishing Ltd., 1995).
PH 527 Plasma Physics-II

(L2-T1-P0 -CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Plasma Diagnostics: Probes, Magnetic probes; optical and spectroscopic diagnostic
techniques in plasma.
Unit 2
Kinetic theory in plasma: Vlasov equations; solution of linearized Vlasov equations;
Langmuir waves; ion-sound waves; Landau damping, BBGKY-hierarchy; Landau collision
operator.
Unit 3

28

Nonlinear plasma physics: Nonlinear electrostatic waves; Solitons; Shocks; Electron trapping
in a single plasma wave; Simple MHD equilibrium; Hole and Double Layer equilibrium.
Unit 4
Plasma application:Thermonuclear fusion: present status and problems; Laser plasma
interaction; Inertial and magnetic confinement; Basic principles of plasma processing; Space
and astrophysical plasma: formation of Van-Allen belt, Accretion disks;
Unit 5
Dusty plasmas; plasma in planetary rings and cometary environments; Circular particle
accelerators.
Text Book(s)
1. Chen, F.F., Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, vol. 1, 2nd Edition.
(Plenum Press, 1984).
2. Krall, N. A. & Trivelpiece, A. W., Principles of Plasma Physics, (San Francisco Press,
1986 (a reproduction of the original text published by McGraw-Hill, 1973)).
3. Nicolson, D. R., Introduction to Plasma Theory, (John Wiley & Sons, 1983).
Reference Book(s)
1. Hutchinson, I. H., Principles of Plasma Diagnostics, 2nd Edition, (Cambridge University
Press, 2002).
2. Huddelstone, R. H., Plasma Diagnostic Techniques, (Academic Press, 1965).
3. Smirnov, B. M., Physics of Ionized Gases, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001).
4. Nishikawa, K. & Wakatani, M., Plasma Physics: Basic Theory with Fusion Applications,
(Springer, 2000).
5. Boyd, T. J. M. & Sanderson, J. J., Plasma Dynamics, (Barnes & Noble, 1969).
6. Cap, F., Handbook on Plasma Instabilities, (Academic Press, 1976).
7. Bittencourt, J. A., Fundamentals of Plasma Physics, 3rd Edition, (Springer, 2004 ((a
reproduction of the original text published by Pergamon, New York, 1988)).
8. Treumann, R. & Baumjohann, W., Advanced Space Plasma Physics, (Imperial College
Press, 1997).
9. Kulsrud, R. M., Plasma Physics for Astrophysics, (Princeton University Press, 2005).
10. Gary, S. P., Theory of Space Plasma Microinstabilities, (Cambridge University Press,
1993).
11. Stix, T. H., The Theory of Plasma Waves, 1st Edition, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962).
12. Cairns, R. A., Plasma Physics, (Blackie, Glasgow UK, 1985).
13. Hazeltine, R. D. & Waelbroeck, F. L., The Framework of Plasma Physics, (Westview,
Boulder Co., 2004).
14. Piel, A., Plasma Physics, (Springer, 2010).
15. Papadopoulos, K., Waves and Instabilities in Space Plasmas, (Springer, 2009)..
16. Lieberman, M. A. & Lichtenberg, A. J., Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials
Processing, (John Wiley, New York, 1994).
17. Goldston, R. J. & Rutherford, P. H., Introduction to Plasma Physics, (IOP Physics
Publishing Ltd., 1995).

29

PH 532 Quantum Electrodynamics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED): Classical electromagnetic fields; Quantization of electro magnetic fields;
Unit 2
Electron -electron scattering; Compton scattering; Vacuum polarization; Electron self-energy;
Zero temperature Fermi and Bose systems.
Unit 3
Path Integral Formalism: Hamiltonian path integrals; Scalar field theories; Dyson -Schwinger
equation; Femion systems.
Unit 4
Gauge Theories : Path integral formalism and Maxwell fields; Yang-Mills fields; path
integral and Feynman rules; Renomalisation of QED; Non-Abelian gauge theories; Gauge
field self -energy ;
Unit 5
Spontaneous breaking of symmetry; Higgs mechanism ; Renormalisation group.
Text Book(s)
1. Griffiths, D., Introduction of Elementary Particles, (John Wiley and Sons, 1987).
2. Halzen, F., & Martin, A.D., Quarks and Leptons : An Introductory Course in Modern
Particle Physics, (John Wiley and Sons, 2008).
3. Ryder, L.H., Quantum Field Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Reference Book(s)
1. Peskin, M.E. and Schroeder, D.V., Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, (Addison
Wesley, 1995).
2. Weinberg, S., The Quantum Theory of Fields (Vol. I, II, III), (Cambridge University
Press, 2005).
3. Mandl and Shaw, Quantum Field Theory, (John Wiley and Sons, 2010).
4. Perkins, D.H., Introduction to High Energy Physics, (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
5. Huang, K., Quarks, Leptons and Gauge Field, (World Scientific, 1992).
6. Aitchison, I.J.R. and Hey, A.J.G., Gauge Theories in Particle Physics, (Adam Hillier,
2004).
7. Chang, S.J., Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, (World Scientific, 1990).
PH-533 General Theory of Relativity

( L2-T1-P0- CH3 -Credit3)

Unit 1
30

Tensor Analysis: Covariant and contravariant tensors. Quotient rule, Metric tensor,
Christoffel symbol, covariant derivative of contravariant and covariant tensors, equations of
geodesics, Rhemmann christeffel sensor, Riccitensor,scalar curvature, Biranchi Identity,
Einstein tensor.
Unit 2
Elements of GTR : Brief Review of Special theory of Real Mincowskhi dgn. Equivalence ppl
& ppl of general congriance, Einstein equation, Low velocity and weak field approximation
of Einstein field equation,
Unit 3
Gravitational waves.Solution of EFE, Static and Schewarza child solution of Einstein
equation, Exterior & interior solutions, Schaeerzschild sing celerity & concept of Black hole.
Unit 4
Planetary orbits, Bending of Light, Advance of perihelion of Mercury and Gravitational Red
shift, Shapirodelay. Early Universe, the Big band theory Vs steady state theory, primordial
Helium abundance,
Unit 5
CMBR, Decapling of Matter & Radiation.
Unit 6
Formation of galaxies, gravitational lensing & Microlens, Elements of quantum gravity and
quantum cosmology, Hawrking Radiation.
Text Book(s)
1. Chandrasekhar S, Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure, (Dover Publications,
1958).
2. Kippenhahn R. A. and Weigert A., Stellar Structure & Evolution, (Springer- Verlag,
1994).
3. Frank S., The Physical Universe, (Universal Science Books,1982).
Reference Book(s)
1. Stewart, J., Advanced General Relativity, (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
2. Landau, L. D. and Lifshitz, E. M., The Classical Theory of Fields, 4th Edition
(Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000).
3. Erika, B., Stellar Physics- Vo.I, II,III, (Cambridge University Press 1997).
4. Weingberg S., Gravitation and Cosmology, (John Willey & Sons, 2005).
5. Shutz B., A first course in General Relativity, (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
6. Padmanabhan T., Theoretical Astrophysics , Vol.I,II,III, (Cambridge University Press,
2003).
31

7. Giunti C. and Kim C., Fundamentals of Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, (Oxford
University Press, 2007).
8. Abhyankar, K. D., Astrophysics Stars and Galaxies, (Tata McGraw Hill, 2002).
9. Bisnovatyi- Kogan, G. S., Stellar Physics, Vol.I & II, (Springer-Verlag, 2002).
PH 536 Basic Astronomy and Astrophysics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3 -Credit3)

Unit1
Basic Astronomy: Celestial co-ordinate systems. Telescopeoperational principles and
mounting. Atmospheric extinctions. Magnitude systems. Constellations and Zodiac.
Unit 2
Stellar Structure and Evolution: Mass, luminosity, chemical composition, temperature and
equation of a star and their measurements.
Unit 3
Stellar spectra and classifications. Main sequence stars. Colour-magnitude plot. HerzsprungRussel(H-R) diagram.
Unit 4
Equation of hydrostatic equilibrium. Polytropic stars and related integral theorems. Stellar
atmosphere. Black-body radiation. Saha equation. Post-main sequence stars. Red giants.
Unit 5
Nuclear reactions, reaction rates, p-p chain and carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle.
Unit 6
Solar System: Sun and its properties. Planets and satellites. Asteroids. Comets and Oorts
cloud.
Unit 7
Dust in the solar system. Origin of the solar systemdifferent hypotheses.
Text Book(s)
1. Chandrasekhar S, Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure, (Dover Publications,
1958)
2. Kippenhahn R.A., & Weigert. A., Stellar Structure & Evolution, (Springer- Verlag,
1994).
3. Abhyankar K.D., Astrophysics Stars and Galaxies, (Universities Press, 2009).
Reference Book(s)

32

1. Stewart J., Advanced General Relativity, (Cambridge University Press, 2008).

2. Landau L. D. & Lifshitz E. M., The Classical Theory of Fields, (Butterworth-Heinemann,
Elsevier,1987).
3. Vitense E. B., Stellar Physics- Vol. I, II, III, (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
4. Weingberg S., Gravitation & Cosmology, (Wiley, New York,1972).
5. Shutz, B., A first course in General Relativity, (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
6. Padmanabhan T, Theoretical Astrophysics , Vol.I, II, III, (Cambridge University Press,
2003).
7. Giunti C. & Kim, C., Fundamentals of Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, (Oxford
University Press, 2007).
8. Bisnovatyi- Kogan, G.S., Stellar Physics, Vol. I & II, (Springer-Verlag, 2002).
9. Shu F., The Physical Universe, (Universal Science Books, 1982).
PH-537 High Energy and Extragalactic Astrophysics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3 -Credit3)

Unit 1
Advanced Stages of Evolution of Stars: Gravitational collapse. Degeneracy pressure in stars.
Supernova.
Unit 2
Compact Objects: White dwarfs (WD). Onset of degeneracy. Chandrasekhar limit. Masses,
radii and cooling of WD. Magnetic WD. Neutron stars (NS).
Unit 3
Equation of state in nuclear domain. Realistic theoretical models. Tolman-OppenheimerVolkoff (TOV) equation.
Unit 4
Observation of NS masses, maximum masses and effects of rotation.
Unit 5
Pulsars (PLSR). History and discovery. Connections with fast rotating NS. Magnetic dipole
model for PLSR. Braking index. PLSR emission mechanisms. PLSR glitches. X-ray PLSR.
Unit 6
Black holes (BH). Schwarzchild BH. Kruskal diagram. Test particle motion. Kerr BH. Area
theorem. BH evaporation.
Unit 7
Galaxies: Hubble's classification of galaxies. Rotation law. Evolution of galaxies. Cluster of
galaxies Virgo and Coma clusters. Galaxy mergers. Radio galaxies. Quasars. Active
galactic nuclei (AGN).

33

Text Book(s)
1. Kippenhahn, R.A. & Weigert. A., Stellar Structure & Evolution, (Springer- Verlag,
1994).
2. Misner, C., Thorne, K.S. & Wheelar, J.A., Gravitation, (Freeman, 2003).
3. Kenyon, I.R., General Relativity, (Oxford University Press, 1990).
Reference Book(s)
1. Landau L. D. & Lifshitz E. M., The Classical Theory of Fields, (Butterworth-Heinemann,
Elsevier,1987).
2. Weingberg S., Gravitation & Cosmology, (Wiley, New York, 1972).
3. Vitense E. B., Stellar Physics Vol. I, II, III, (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
4. Robert J. & Mark H., An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology, (Cambridge
University Press, 2004).
5. Lindu S. & John S., Galaxies in the Universe, (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
6. Rosswog, S. & Bruggen M., Introduction to High Energy Astrophysics, (Cambridge
University Press, 2007).
7. Bradt H., Astrophysics Processes, (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
8. Shu F., The Physical Universe, (Universal Science Books, 1982).
9. Abhyankar K. D, Astrophysics Stars and Galaxies, (Universities Press, 2009).
10. Shapiro S. L. & Teukolsky S. A., Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars: The
Physics of Compact Objects, (Wiley-VCH, 1983).
11. Zeldovich Y. B. & Novikov, I. D., Realistic Astrophysics Vol. I & II, (University
Chicago Press, Chicago, 1983).
PH 538 Introduction to Cosmology

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Introduction: Large scale structure of universe. Olber's paradox. Cosmological principle.
Elements of Newtonian cosmology.
Unit 2
Cosmological Models: Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric. Comoving time.
Hubbles law. Einstein universe. De-Sitter universe. Big bang theory. Steady state theory.
Unit 3
Early Universe: Inflationary universe. Primordial helium abundance. Cosmic microwave
background radiation (CMBR).
Unit 4
Decoupling of matter and radiation. Formation of galaxies.
Unit 5

34

Gravitational lensing and microlensing. Elements of quantum gravity and quantum

cosmology. Hawking Radiation.
Text Book(s)
1. Narliker, J.V, Introduction to Cosmology, (CUP., 2002).
2. Adler, Bazin, Schriffer, Introduction to General Relativity, (McGraw Hill, 1975).
3. Misner,C.,Thorne, K.S, Wheeler, J.A, Gravitation ,(Freeman, 2003).
Reference Book(s)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Weingberg S., Gravitation & Cosmology, (Willey, New York,1972).

Erika, Bohm, Stellar Physics- Vo.I, II,III, (Vitense, 1992).
Weinberg S., Cosmology, (OUP, 2008).
Liddle A, Loverday J., The Oxford Companion to Cosmology, (OUP, 2008).
Kenyon, I.R., General Relativity, (OUP, 1990).
Frank Shu, The Physical Universe, (Universal Science Books,1982).
Abhyankar,K.D, Astrophysics Stars and Galaxies, (Tata McGraw Hill, 2002).
Shapiro S.L. & Teukolski S.A., Black Hole, White Dwarf and Neutron Star, (Addition
Wiley, 1983).
9. Zeldovich Ya. B., and Novikov, I.D, Realistic Astrophysics Vol. I & II, (University
Chicago Press, Chicago, 1983).
10. Abhyankar,K.D, Astrophysics, (Tata McGraw Hill, 2002).
11. Zelelovich Ya. B., Novikov, I.D, Realistic Astrophysics Vol. I & II, (University Chicago
Press, Chicago, 1971).

PH- 543 Surface Science

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Ultra high Vacuum systems, Structure of surfaces, simple surface relaxation, surface structure
notation, and surface plasmon, surface phonons etc.
Unit 2
Surface cleaving and interaction of gases with surfaces, physisorption, chemisorption,
missing row model, Langmuir Blodgett films,
Unit 3
Co-adsorption, Electronic surface structure: surface charge density, Fiedel oscillations,
Fowler Nordheim equations, Crystal face dependence, charge density effects from
chemisorption.
Unit 4
Surface related techniques: synchrotron radiation, Low energy electron diffraction( LEED),
Photoelectron ( or emission) spectroscopy ( PES), Auger electron spectroscopy ( AES),
Electron energy loss spectroscopy( EELS),

35

Unit 5
Extended x-ray absorption fine structure ( EXAFS), scanning tunneling microscopy ( STM),
Atomic Force microscopy ( AFM).
Text Book(s)
1. Oura K., Lifshits V.G., Saranin A.A., Zotov A.V. and Katayama M., Surface Science: An
Introduction, 2nd Edition, (Springer, 2010).
2. O'Connor D.J., Sexton B. A., Smart R. S.C., Surface Analysis Methods in Materials
Science, 2nd Edition, (Springer, 2010).
3. Desjonqueres M.-C. and Spanjaard D., Concepts in Surface Physics, 2nd Edition,
(Springer, 2002).
PH-542 Nanostructures

(L2-T1-P0- CH3 -Credit3)

Unit 1
Electronic states in crystals energy bands
Concepts of 2D nanostructures (quantum wells), 1 D nanostructures (quantum wires) 0D
nanostructures (quantum dots), artificial atomic clusters, Charging of quantum dots, Coulomb
blockade,
Unit 2
Quantum mechanical treatment of quantum wells, wires and dots, Widening of band gap in
quantum dots, Strong and weak confinement, Size dependent properties, Size dependent
absorption spectra, Blue shift with smaller sizes,
Unit 3
Phonons in nanostructures, Contacts at Nano level. Properties of coupled quantum dots,
Optical scattering from nano defects, Properties of nanorods, belts, combs and wires; carbon
nanotubes.
Unit 4
Metallic Nanoparticles, permittivity and permeability based on Lorentz oscillator model,
Unit 5
Surface Plasmons, Properties of metallic nanoparticles.Methods of Synthesis: Molecular
beam epitaxy, MOCVD, chemical routes, pulsed laser deposition, ion beam assisted
techniques including embedded nanoparticles, RF sputtering.
Unit 6
Methods of Analysis: Optical Absorption Spectra, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive analysis,
Unit 7
36

Low energy electron diffraction (LEED), electron energy loss microscopy, Atomic force
microscopy, ERDA (Elastic Recoil Detection analysis, Rutherford back scattering, Resonant
Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning tunneling microscopy, Magnetic Force Microscopy.
Text Book(s)
1. Barnam, K., and Vvedensky, D., Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures:
Fundamentals and Device Applications, 1st Edition, (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
2. Banyai, L., and Koch, S.W., Semiconductor Quantum Dots, (World Scientific, 1993).
3. Davies, J.H., The Physics of Low-dimensional Semiconductor( An Introduction,
(Cambridge University Press, 1997).
PH 541 Plasma and Astrophysics

(L2-T1-P0- CH3- Credit3)

Unit 1
Basic plasma concepts: Debye shielding, Plasma frequency, Plasma parameter ; Motion of
charged particle in electromagnetic field; uniform E & B fields, gradient B drift, parallel
acceleration and magnetic mirror effect;
Unit 2
Waves in plasma, electron and ion plasma waves, their dispersion relations and properties;
Fundamental equations of magneto-hydrodynamics(MHD), the MHD approximation,
Hydromagnetic waves; Plasma confinement schemes; Plasma in space.
Unit 3
Introduction to the interstellar medium: Neutral and ionized gas, Gaseous nebulae, HII
regions, Supernova remnants, Photodissociation regions; Different phases of the interstellar
medium: Cold neutral medium, warm neutral and ionized medium, hot medium, diffuse
clouds, dense clouds;
Unit 4
Radiative processes: Radiative transfer, Emission & Absorption coefficients, emission and
absorption lines, the role of thermal and free electrons
Text Book(s)
1. Paul M. Bellan, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics, 1st edition (Cambridge University
Press, 2008).
2. Francis F. Chen, Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 2nd Edition,
Volume 1, (Springer; January 31, 1984).
Reference Book(s)
1. Tielens, AGGM, Physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium, (Cambridge University
Press, August 19, 2010).
37

2. Dyson, J.E., & Williams, D.A., The Physics of the interstellar medium, 2nd edition
(Taylor & Francis, 1997)
3. van der Hulst, J.M., The interstellar medium in galaxies, 1st edition (Astrophysics and
Space Science Library), Springer; (November 30, 2001)
4. Vinod Krishan, Astrophysical Plasmas and Fluids, 1st edition (Springer; January 31,
1999)
5. Spitzer, L., Physical Processes in the interstellar medium, (Wiley-VCH ,May 18, 1998)
6. Draine, B. T., Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium, (Princeton University
Press, December 20, 2010)
7. Shu, F., The Physical Universe, (University Science Books, January 1, 1982)
8. Abhyankar, K. D., Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies, (Sangam Books Ltd, March 7, 2002)

38