FOLKWAYS RECORDS Album No. FE 4054 (01975 by Folkways Records & Service Corp., 43 W, 6lst St., NYC, USA ameridian music of elille aymara qaqashqar mapuche Zn Chile today there are three indigenous roips who fare direct desesdante fron pre-Hispante dveliers ef seerica: the Aymara, the Qavesngur (ele called ALakeLs?), sod the Mabatis Chien called dedtoerien), A feerdi toe-Aiepante Uroup inhabite the Chflsan Territory of Haster Teland oF Hepart. ‘Te Aysore trhabit the Andean sountaine and ALttplano located tm Chite's two most northern provinces, farapaca. and Gntorageste, Manging tn altitude froe 3,000 £0 5,000 nevere (Goprax. 93000 "015,000 feet) shove sea level, st te 9 region inarted by extrene tenperatare changes, roush winds, hard torrential rains and hallstorne; The coll ts rocky and ‘upporte watrly dry vegetation (oight Sloosing cereus, Kensa ud Tlaseta).Irrigetion ie inpedes by a teatelty Of vater and "the diffical tee involved in controlling its Dengeraisly narrow end unpaved roads, often tnseceasiole uring the sumer novthe due to floods further Linit comt= ‘inteation with the outeide world. With the exception of & ‘snelt sonber of Chilean public explayees, the Aysare are the sole tnhebivante of thie area, tasbering betweer 18,000 4 20,000 persons, they renain isolated fron Westers ctvilt~ The Aynara are fercers end herdsmen. They cultivate the sypical erope found is the Andear ove; cor, quinoa, potatoes, garlic, chili peppers, and beans, with the use of the Aides" hot. Their herde conelst mainly of aiquentdee Claanas endeipaces) and occasionally aheep and goatac thelr aninals supply then not only with food, and fer‘ilizer for their f1eide tut vith wool, viich they’ use to bake thelr clothing and ornaneates Tey lead a vay of Life that can be called "cyclical onadios."” They sow thetr fields on the Aleipiano suring the tery shot! spring teasos,. The sunner rains irrigate, cir fields ard. allow their herds to graze on patture 1apde celled *eofeasiee,” They keep their herds in stone-feced yards where their ding is accumsLeted. ‘They barvert. thelr pesture Lande becone dry and frozen. They leave their hones for the gorges and ravines of the preaCordiliera Andes vtch have stored the tinser raise ad can provide partare for thetr herds. Veamhite their Lande on the Altiplano are fereiliced by the collected dung of their hers. They are ready t0 te soved ven she Aymara returs in the spring. he nost tnportant aspect 12 ite bate Coomunity proJects, auch ao trrigation are carried ost by, the whole community. iinen an individual fenily needs help (Roe bulléing, shesherd- ng, slanting) st i provided ty the conmantty through the tradstional nethod of the ningaco, One of the major community functions 48 the orgentzation and perforsance of religious and patron saint festivals. Grrsstais for the festivals are generally chosen fran the “principales” (thoee with aoctal prestige) of the coumnity. ‘These festivals can last fron several days to weeks. ‘The Amare belong to the Catholic Church. They practice Aituratoal rites shat closely resemble Spanish Catholic tural rituals of the XIV-XY centurlee, for their Christianity 18 that tapezed on then by the Spaitah conguistedors end whieh Decare froren in the {solated Altiplano, However they e811 weeintatn much of thetr traditional religious beliefs, viich tire bared on the existence of forces and spirits pretent in ‘ture whieh san mast honor and often placate, (ve of the most inportant festivale for the Aymara $= the "Tloreo.” Tt i held during the sumer noathe, ‘The faninale of the herd gre sdorsed with ornasente. "Flored” ones fron the vord “rior” wich sean flover. However ‘there are no flovers on the Altsplanoy fo the ornaments fare sade with muleicouloured wool.” The festival ies cheer fil celebration of their herde, ‘resstionel Aynaran susicel inctrumente are the gingalyo ngsilyo, a wind inetrinent sade fron a reed with ar Gneerted block, “Tt recenbies a recorder. ‘The Lishivaya, a reed whletie; the tara or tarbe, a vind instrusent sade fron ttood with an incerted block end six holes; the bandola, & fnalt sized guitar vith troe 8 to 12 strings; the sbarango, a etring instrurent vhose resonance chamber Le nade fron ‘the shell of the arsedilio. The Aymara also use the rondstor, a'teries of pipes of different Lenghte tied together, and arge dran nade tron a long cyeLinder of wood anf covered with akin wenbranes at both ends Songe are generally dedicated to anfosls, or to saints, There {e also a Kind of dancing susie called vayntte. ‘The chante are based on the free sccentuation of the words. “Inprorisation occure by taking avay or changing words. ‘The texte contain eay repetitions and often the meaning of sone words are unknown to the performers due to obsolescence. ‘There {= also the use of nonsense song words and eyiiablee, Ryytnete structure results fron the phonetic poreibilitive fof uttering long or thort vowels. Melodie patterns donot ‘eeist independent of the words, In order to repeat s ony ‘he Gavashqar ust. xaoy tte eubject. often the chante end Suruptly.Sonetines they see ended threugh a rosatonaue Fepetition of @ syllables Seversl chante are bated on one note alone. It hee have privarily the vorel a and diphthongs Iike va and at. Fron this Kind of chent to the variour versions ef chishils Wefen {6 welosically the nost developed song, there te © onplete ganst of structures using txo notes’ (generally ‘nejor tecond), three (the major triad), four (the fourth), the peatatoatd scale, snd the hevachord. While the ister” vale are not always tung with absolute precision, their ntension ie very clear- oud nperatre observed that the aajority of the chants concerning the initation of animals were acconpanted by physical fmovenente and pantosine, ‘Tie has not been abte to be verified. Despite the short tine that has passed since he nade hie ob- servations (I9i6-K8) ll Kinde of movenent ecconpanig the Shonte have disappeared. “The singers stayed absolutely sti1L vinite gertorning. Tt vould teen that the chante have completely lost their former functions and are tow serely renesbrencee of the sect. ‘Te chante are sung without any ecconpantnent. Piece Side AI 0:40 1) S019 on the plogslvo. Tt 4s played during shepherding. Recorded at Caravan, Lot CSadores District, Province of ‘Terapec, Nagy 197 Perforsers Francisco Chstiapa Chanace, aged 12, Piece Side A2 0:53 2) Suntrunancantes. (Lautatory song of bucolic content boat the cattle) The flock of lignes Ss to enormote find runs so fast that only a cloud of dust can be seen. There are Llanas of different colours, white, brows and tone of then vith spots on their heeds. The flock sctuslly ‘overflows the corral. There are cattle fron everywhere, 1a, fros Lapevano, foe Oskan, fron Talarane. Nort of the verges end aédrecsea to ranala thich ie a Kind fof diminative for nother tecesse cattle ff considered the other who giver everything to the Aymara, The saying 1s untranelatable although we can synthetize ‘the eppreciation and adniration a shepherd for Bie Llanes, The tong enda by naking the trad- SElonal.sreetings £0\the sacred rountaine which personiy rythieen chiefe, pelyto the mele end t'alye the Fenele.