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Evidence Reviewer Prof San Pedro PDF
Evidence Reviewer Prof San Pedro PDF
Definition under §1, R128 significantly considers “evidence” Scope of the rules of evidence
not as an end in itself but merely as a “means” of ascertaining The rules of evidence in the RoC are guided by the principle
the truth of a matter of fact. of uniformity. As a general policy, the rules of evidence shall
be the same in all courts and in all trials and hearings. (§2,
Purpose of evidence R128)
Ascertain the truth respecting a matter of fact in a judicial
proceeding (§1, R128) Evidence in civil cases v. Evidence in criminal cases
EVIDENCE IN CIVIL CASES EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL
Evidence is required because of the presumption that the CASES
court is not aware of the veracity of the facts involved in a The party having the burden Guilt of accused has to be
case. It is incumbent upon the parties to prove a fact in issue of proof must prove his claim proven beyond reasonable
through the presentation of admissible evidence. by a preponderance of doubt (§2, R133)
evidence (§1, R133)
When evidence is required; when not required Offer of compromise is not An offer of compromise by
• Where no factual issue exists in a case, there is no need an admission of any liability, the accused may be received
to present evidence because where the case presents a and is not admissible in in evidence as an implied
question of law, such is resolved by the mere application evidence against the offeror admission of guilt, EXCEPT in
of the relevant statutes or rules of this jurisdiction to (§27, R130) criminal cases involving
which no evidence is required. quasi-offenses (criminal
• When the pleadings in a civil case do not tender an issue negligence) or those allowed
of fact, a trial need not be conducted since there is no by law to be compromised
more reason to present evidence. Case is ripe for judicial Generally there is no The accused enjoys the
determination through a judgment on the pleadings per presumption of innocence constitutional presumption of
R34 for or against a party EXCEPT innocence (§14, Art. III,
• Evidence may be dispensed with by agreement of the in certain cases provided for Constitution)
parties. The parties to any action are allowed by the by law
Rules to agree in writing upon the facts involved in the
litigation and to submit the case for judgment upon the Distinction between evidence and proof
facts agreed upon, without the introduction of evidence.
• Evidence is not required on matters of judicial notice (§1,
• Evidence is the medium or means by which a fact is
proved or disproved.
R129) and on matters judicially admitted (§4, R129)
• Proof is not the evidence itself. It is merely the probative
Applicability of the rules of evidence effect of evidence and is the conviction or persuasion of
§4, R1 provides for the non-applicability of RoC, including the mind resulting from a consideration of the evidence.
necessarily the rules of evidence, to certain specified o Proof is the effect of evidence because without
proceedings. evidence there is no proof.
o Bare allegations unsubstantiated by evidence are
• Administrative bodies are not bound by the technical not equivalent to proof.
niceties of the rules obtaining in a court of law.
• CSC conducts its investigations for the purpose of Positive and negative defenses
ascertaining the truth without necessarily adhering to GENERAL RULE: Positive evidence is more credible than
technical rules of procedure applicable in judicial negative evidence.
proceedings. • Reason: the witness who testifies to a negative may have
forgotten what actually occurred, while it is impossible to
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remember what never existed. (Gomez v. Gomez-
Samson) Section 3. Admissibility of evidence. — Evidence is admissible
when it is relevant to the issue and is not excluded by the law
A denial evidence is the weakest defense and can never of these rules. (3a)
overcome a positive testimony particularly when it comes
from the mouth of a credible witness. (People v. Mendoza) Section 4. Relevancy; collateral matters. — Evidence must have
• Evidence that is negative is self-serving in nature and such a relation to the fact in issue as to induce belief in its
cannot attain more credibility than the testimonies of existence or non-existence. Evidence on collateral matters
witnesses who testify on clear and positive evidence. shall not be allowed, except when it tends in any reasonable
(People v. Larranaga) degree to establish the probability or improbability of the fact
• Denial, like alibi is an inherently weak defense vis-à-vis in issue. (4a)
positive identification.
Requisites for admissibility of evidence (§3)
Factum probans and factum probandum 1) It must be relevant to the issue sought to be proved
Evidence signifies a relationship between two facts, namely:
a) the fact or proposition to be established (factum • §4: Evidence is relevant when it has “such a relation
probandum); and to the fact in issue as to induce belief in its existence
b) the facts or material evidencing the fact or proposition to or non-existence.”
be established (factum probans). • Relevancy is determinable by the rules of logic and
human experience
Factum probandum: the fact to be proved; the fact which is 2) It must be competent
in issue and to which the evidence is directed. • §3: Evidence is competent when it “is not excluded
Factum probans: the probative or evidentiary fact tending to by the law of these rules.”
prove the fact in issue
• Competency is determined by the prevailing
exclusionary rules of evidence
The factum probandum in a certain case may be affected by
the judicial admissions of a party.
Restated by Wigmore – axioms of admissibility:
• Ex. If the defendant in a suit based on a culpa aquiliana 1) That none but facts having rational probative value
theory admits his negligence in his answer to the are admissible
complaint, there is no more need to prove negligence. 2) That all facts having rational probative value are
Hence, negligence ceases to be a factum probandum in admissible unless some specific rule forbids their
the case. admission
If the factum probandum “signifies the fact or proposition to Note: under this concept, relevant evidence is any class
be established,” then matters of JN, conclusive presumptions of evidence which has “rational probative value” to
and judicial admissions cannot qualify as parts of the factum establish the issue in controversy.
probandum of a particular case, because such matters need
not be established or proven. Admissibility of evidence is determined at the time it is offered
to the court (§35, R132)
In practical terms, the factum probandum in a civil case refers
• Object or real evidence is offered to the court when the
to the elements of a cause of action from the point of view of
same is presented for its view or evaluation (ex. Ocular
the plaintiff and the elements of the defense from the
inspections or demos)
defendant’s standpoint.
• Documentary evidence formally offered by the
Example: Suit for collection of a sum of money – in the proponent immediately before he rests his case
absence of any admission by the defendant, • Testimonial evidence offered by the calling of the witness
• The factum probandum of the plaintiff would be: to the stand
1) The existence of the debt of the defendant
2) The maturity of the debt Every objection to the admissibility of evidence shall be made
3) The demand made by the plaintiff upon the at the time such evidence is offered, or as soon thereafter as
defendant to pay the objection to its admissibility shall be considered waived.
4) Failure to pay despite the demand • Objections to object or real evidence must be made
• The factum probandum for the defendant: the fact of either at the time it is presented in an ocular inspection
payment of the obligation or the prescription of the debt or demonstration or when it is formally offered.
or the elements of any defense he may interpose • Objections to documentary evidence must be made at
the time it is formally offered.
Corinthian Gardens Association, Inc. v. Tanjangco • In the case of testimonial evidence, objection to the
For a tort case under CC 2176, plaintiff has to prove: qualifications of the witness should be made at the time
1) Damages suffered by the plaintiff he is called to the stand
2) The fault or negligence of the defendant or some other o If the witness is otherwise qualified, the objection
person for whose act he must respond should be raised when the objectionable question
3) The connection of cause and effect between the fault or is asked or after the answer is given if the
negligence and the damages incurred. objectionable features became apparent by reason
of such answer.
In a criminal case, the factum probandum includes all matter
that the prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt in Doctrines or rules of admissibility sanctioned by SC
order to justify a conviction. • Conditional admissibility
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Where the evidence at the time of its offer appears to be • Same rule now also applies to illegally obtained
immaterial or irrelevant unless it is connected with the confessions.
other facts to be subsequently proved, such evidence
may be received on condition that the other facts will be Collateral matters
proved thereafter, otherwise the evidence already given Matters other than the facts in issue and which are offered as
will be stricken out. a basis for inference as to the existence or non-existence of
o This doctrine was applied by SC in a criminal case the facts in issue.
and in a civil case subject to the qualification that
there should be no bad faith on the part of the Not all collateral matters are prohibited by the Rules.
proponent. – Such a qualification appears necessary • Where the collateral matters are relevant to the fact in
to avoid unfair surprises to the other party. issue because “they tend in any reasonable degree to
establish the probability or improbability of the fact in
• Multiple admissibility issue,” evidence of such collateral matters is admissible.
Where the evidence is relevant and competent for two
or more purposes, such evidence should be admitted for
• What the Rules prohibit is evidence of irrelevant
collateral facts.
any or all the purposes for which it is offered provided it
satisfies all the requirements of law for its admissibility
Circumstantial evidence
therefor.
• Evidence of collateral facts or circumstances from which
RIANO: an inference may be drawn as to the probability or
Ex. Depending upon the circumstances, the declaration improbability of the facts in dispute
of a dying person may be admissible for several • Circumstantial evidence is legal evidence and, if
purposes: sufficient, can sustain a judgment.
o Dying declaration (§37, R130) • Evidence of relevant collateral facts
o Part of the res gestae (§42, R130)
o Declaration against interest (§38, R130) Admissibility is an affair of logic and law, as admissibility of
evidence is determined by its relevance and competence. On
Ex. The statement by a bus driver immediately after the the other hand, the weight to be given to such evidence,
collision that he dozed off while driving may be once admitted, depends on judicial evaluation w/in the
admissible as: guidelines provided in R133 and the decisional rules of the
o An admission under §26, R130; or SC.
o As part of the res gestae per §42, R130
While evidence may be admissible, it may be entitled to little
• Curative admissibility or no weight at all. Conversely, evidence which may have
Treats upon the right of a party to introduce evidentiary weight may be inadmissible because a special rule
incompetent evidence in his behalf where the court has forbids its reception.
admitted the same kind of evidence adduced by the
adverse party NOTE: Special rules of evidence regarding electronic
documents have been introduced by the Electronic
What should determine the application of the rule of Commerce Act (RA 8792)
curative admissibility are:
1) Whether the incompetent evidence was seasonably RIANO:
objected to, and Liberal construction of the rules of evidence
2) Whether, regardless of the objections vel non, the • §6, R1
admission of such evidence will cause a plain and • Procedural rules must be liberally interpreted and applied
unfair prejudice to the party against whom it was so as not to frustrate substantial justice. (Quiambao v.
admitted. CA) However, to justify relaxation of the rules, a
o Lack of objection to incompetent evidence satisfactory explanation and a subsequent fulfillment of
constitutes waiver by the party against whom it the requirements have always been required. (Barcenas
is introduced but does not deprive the v. Tomas)
opposing party of his right to object to similar
rebutting evidence. However, this technical No vested right in the rules of evidence
rule should be relaxed if one party would suffer Reason: the rules of evidence are subject to change by the SC
a plain and unfair prejudice. pursuant to its powers to promulgate rules concerning
pleading, practice, and procedure (§5[5], Art. VIII,
RIANO: Constitution)
It is submitted that in our jurisdiction, the principle of
curative admissibility should not be made to apply where The change in the rules of evidence is, however, subject to
the evidence was admitted without objection because the constitutional limitation on the enactment of ex post facto
the failure to object constitutes a waiver of the laws (§22, Art. III, Constitution)
inadmissibility of the evidence. In our jurisdiction,
inadmissible evidence not objected to becomes B. Rules of Exclusion
admissible.
1. Secs. 2 & 3, Art. III, Consti
Stonehill v. Diokno: Documentary evidence, illegally obtained, §2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
is inadmissible on a timely motion or action to suppress. houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches
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and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any person, not being
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall authorized by all the parties to any private communication or
issue except upon probable cause to be determined spoken word, to tap any wire or cable, or by using any other
personally by the judge after examination under oath or device or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may record such communication or spoken word by using a
produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched device commonly known as a dictaphone or dictagraph or
and the persons or things to be seized. dictaphone or walkie-talkie or tape recorder, or however
otherwise described:
§3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence
shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or It shall also be unlawful for any person, be he a participant or
when public safety and order require otherwise as prescribed not in the act or acts penalized in the next preceding
by law. sentence, to knowingly possess any tape record, wire record,
disc record, or any other such record, or copies thereof, of
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the any communication or spoken word secured either before or
preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in after the effective date of this Act in the manner prohibited by
any proceeding. this law; or to replay the same for any other person or
persons; or to communicate the contents thereof, either
verbally or in writing, or to furnish transcriptions thereof,
NOTE: right against self-incrimination can’t be invoked in
whether complete or partial, to any other person: Provided,
situations covered by immunity statutes (ex. RA 1379 grants
That the use of such record or any copies thereof as evidence
immunity to witnesses in proceedings for forfeiture of
in any civil, criminal investigation or trial of offenses
unlawfully acquired property; PD 749 grants immunity in
mentioned in section 3 hereof, shall not be covered by this
bribery and graft cases)
prohibition.
2. Sec. 12, Art. III, Consti
Section 2. Any person who willfully or knowingly does or
§12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of who shall aid, permit, or cause to be done any of the acts
an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to declared to be unlawful in the preceding section or who
remain silent and to have competent and independent violates the provisions of the following section or of any order
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot issued thereunder, or aids, permits, or causes such violation
afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by imprisonment
These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the for not less than six months or more than six years and with
presence of counsel. the accessory penalty of perpetual absolute disqualification
from public office if the offender be a public official at the time
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any of the commission of the offense, and, if the offender is an
other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against alien he shall be subject to deportation proceedings.
him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or
other similar forms of detention are prohibited. Section 3. Nothing contained in this Act, however, shall
render it unlawful or punishable for any peace officer, who is
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this authorized by a written order of the Court, to execute any of
or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against the acts declared to be unlawful in the two preceding
him. sections in cases involving the crimes of treason, espionage,
provoking war and disloyalty in case of war, piracy, mutiny in
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for the high seas, rebellion, conspiracy and proposal to commit
violations of this section as well as compensation to the rebellion, inciting to rebellion, sedition, conspiracy to commit
rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their sedition, inciting to sedition, kidnapping as defined by the
families. Revised Penal Code, and violations of Commonwealth Act
No. 616, punishing espionage and other offenses against
3. Sec. 17, Art. III, Consti national security: Provided, That such written order shall only
§17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against be issued or granted upon written application and the
himself. examination under oath or affirmation of the applicant and
the witnesses he may produce and a showing: (1) that there
4. Sec. 201, Tax Reform Act of 1997 are reasonable grounds to believe that any of the crimes
§201. Effect of Failure to Stamp Taxable Document. - An enumerated hereinabove has been committed or is being
instrument, document or paper which is required by law to committed or is about to be committed: Provided, however,
be stamped and which has been signed, issued, accepted or That in cases involving the offenses of rebellion, conspiracy
transferred without being duly stamped, shall not be and proposal to commit rebellion, inciting to rebellion,
recorded, nor shall it or any copy thereof or any record of sedition, conspiracy to commit sedition, and inciting to
transfer of the same be admitted or used in evidence in any sedition, such authority shall be granted only upon prior
court until the requisite stamp or stamps are affixed thereto proof that a rebellion or acts of sedition, as the case may be,
and cancelled. have actually been or are being committed; (2) that there are
reasonable grounds to believe that evidence will be obtained
5. RA 4200, Anti-Wiretapping Law essential to the conviction of any person for, or to the solution
of, or to the prevention of, any of such crimes; and (3) that
AN ACT TO PROHIBIT AND PENALIZE WIRE TAPPING AND
there are no other means readily available for obtaining such
OTHER RELATED VIOLATIONS OF THE PRIVACY OF
evidence.
COMMUNICATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
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The order granted or issued shall specify: (1) the identity of communication. If only one party authorizes the recording
the person or persons whose communications, conversations, and the other does not, there is a violation of the law.
discussions, or spoken words are to be overheard,
intercepted, or recorded and, in the case of telegraphic or 6. RA 1405, Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits
telephonic communications, the telegraph line or the AN ACT PROHIBITING DISCLOSURE OF OR INQUIRY INTO,
telephone number involved and its location; (2) the identity of DEPOSITS WITH ANY BANKING INSTITUTION AND
the peace officer authorized to overhear, intercept, or record PROVIDING PENALTY THEREFOR.
the communications, conversations, discussions, or spoken
words; (3) the offense or offenses committed or sought to be Section 1. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the
prevented; and (4) the period of the authorization. The Government to give encouragement to the people to deposit
authorization shall be effective for the period specified in the their money in banking institutions and to discourage private
order which shall not exceed sixty (60) days from the date of hoarding so that the same may be properly utilized by banks
issuance of the order, unless extended or renewed by the in authorized loans to assist in the economic development of
court upon being satisfied that such extension or renewal is the country.
in the public interest.
Section 2. All deposits of whatever nature with banks or
All recordings made under court authorization shall, within banking institutions in the Philippines including investments in
forty-eight hours after the expiration of the period fixed in the bonds issued by the Government of the Philippines, its
order, be deposited with the court in a sealed envelope or political subdivisions and its instrumentalities, are hereby
sealed package, and shall be accompanied by an affidavit of considered as of an absolutely confidential nature and may
the peace officer granted such authority stating the number not be examined, inquired or looked into by any person,
of recordings made, the dates and times covered by each government official, bureau or office, except upon written
recording, the number of tapes, discs, or records included in permission of the depositor, or in cases of impeachment, or
the deposit, and certifying that no duplicates or copies of the upon order of a competent court in cases of bribery or
whole or any part thereof have been made, or if made, that dereliction of duty of public officials, or in cases where the
all such duplicates or copies are included in the envelope or money deposited or invested is the subject matter of the
package deposited with the court. The envelope or package litigation.
so deposited shall not be opened, or the recordings replayed,
or used in evidence, or their contents revealed, except upon Section 3. It shall be unlawful for any official or employee of a
order of the court, which shall not be granted except upon banking institution to disclose to any person other than those
motion, with due notice and opportunity to be heard to the mentioned in Section two hereof any information concerning
person or persons whose conversation or communications said deposits.
have been recorded.
Section 4. All Acts or parts of Acts, Special Charters, Executive
The court referred to in this section shall be understood to Orders, Rules and Regulations which are inconsistent with the
mean the Court of First Instance within whose territorial provisions of this Act are hereby repealed.
jurisdiction the acts for which authority is applied for are to be
executed. Section 5. Any violation of this law will subject offender upon
conviction, to an imprisonment of not more than five years or
Section 4. Any communication or spoken word, or the a fine of not more than twenty thousand pesos or both, in
existence, contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of the discretion of the court.
the same or any part thereof, or any information therein
contained obtained or secured by any person in violation of Section 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
the preceding sections of this Act shall not be admissible in
evidence in any judicial, quasi-judicial, legislative or 7. Sec. 55, RA 8791: General Banking Act of 2000
administrative hearing or investigation. Section 55. Prohibited Transactions.
55.1. No director, officer, employee, or agent of any bank
Section 5. All laws inconsistent with the provisions of this Act shall -
are hereby repealed or accordingly amended. (a) Make false entries in any bank report or statement or
participate in any fraudulent transaction, thereby
Section 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval. affecting the financial interest of, or causing damage to,
the bank or any person;
RA 4200 prohibits the admission in evidence in any judicial, (b) Without order of a court of competent jurisdiction,
quasi-judicial, legislative, or administrative investigation of any disclose to any unauthorized person any information
communication or spoken word or any information procured relative to the funds or properties in the custody of the
by wiretapping and related means specified in said law bank belonging to private individuals, corporations, or
EXCEPT in the cases therein specially permitted. any other entity: Provided, That with respect to bank
deposits, the provisions of existing laws shall prevail;
RIANO: (c) Accept gifts, fees, or commissions or any other form of
§4, RA 4200 remuneration in connection with the approval of a loan
or other credit accommodation from said bank;
The provisions of §1, RA 4200 does not consider it unlawful (d) Overvalue or aid in overvaluing any security for the
to record open and public communications. What the law purpose of influencing in any way the actions of the
protects are private conversations and communications. It’s bank or any bank; or
considered unlawful to a) secretly overhear, b) intercept, or c) (e) Outsource inherent banking functions.
record private communication or spoken word when doing
so is w/o the authority of all the parties to such private 55.2. No borrower of a bank shall -
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(a) Fraudulently overvalue property offered as security for a In the hearing, investigation and determination of any
loan or other credit accommodation from the bank; question or controversy, affidavits and counter-affidavits may
(b) Furnish false or make misrepresentation or suppression be allowed and are admissible in evidence.
of material facts for the purpose of obtaining, renewing,
or increasing a loan or other credit accommodation or Direct testimonies of witnesses shall be in narrative form
extending the period thereof; subject to cross examination.
(c) Attempt to defraud the said bank in the event of a court
action to recover a loan or other credit accommodation; In cases where the tenurial status of a person is in issue, the
or Court of Agrarian Relations shall not issue an order restraining
(d) Offer any director, officer, employee or agent of a bank the actual tiller from cultivating the land, or impounding the
any gift, fee, commission, or any other form of harvest without providing him with at least fifty percent of the
compensation in order to influence such persons into net harvest.
approving a loan or other credit accommodation
application. Should the impounding of the harvest be at the instance of
the landholder, he shall file a cash bond to be fixed by the
55.3 No examiner, officer or employee of the Bangko Sentral Court, to answer for such damages as may be suffered by the
or of any department, bureau, office, branch or agency of the tiller who is found to be a lawful tenant. In case of the
Government that is assigned to supervise, examine, assist or malicious denial of the tenancy relationship by the
render technical assistance to any bank shall commit any of landholder, he shall be subject to the payment of exemplary
the acts enumerated in this Section or aid in the commission damages equivalent to at least the value of the harvest
of the same. (87-Aa) impounded.
The making of false reports or misrepresentation or Where a party is a tenant-farmer, agricultural lessee or tiller,
suppression of material facts by personnel of the Bangko settler, or amortizing owner-cultivator, he shall be entitled to
Sental ng Pilipinas shall be subject to the administrative and the rights of a pauper and/or indigent litigant and the
criminal sanctions provided under the New Central Bank Act. privileges of an indigent litigant under Republic Act
numbered sixty hundred and thirty-five without further proof
55.4. Consistent with the provisions of Republic Act No. 1405, thereof. He shall continue to enjoy such status as pauper
otherwise known as the Banks Secrecy Law, no bank shall and/or indigent litigant in the appellate courts and until the
employ casual or non regular personnel or too lengthy case is finally disposed of.
probationary personnel in the conduct of its business
involving bank deposits. An agricultural tiller, tenant or lessee who has been allowed
to litigate as a pauper and/or indigent litigant shall be entitled
8. Secs. 16 & 18, PD 946 to the issuance of a duly certified copy of the transcript of
Section 16. Rules of Procedure. The Courts of Agrarian stenographic notes of the hearing, which shall be given to
Relation shall adopt uniform rules of procedure on matters him free of charge. Any undue delay in the transcription of
not provided for in this Decree in order to achieve a just, the stenographic notes or in the issuance of a duly certified
expeditious and inexpensive determination of every action or copy of said transcript in favor of said party and any charging
proceeding filed before them. The rules of Court shall not be of fees against him in connection therewith shall be dealt
applicable to agrarian cases, even in a suppletory character. It with administratively.
is the spirit and intention of this Decree that the Courts of
Agrarian Relations shall utilize and employ every and all Section 18. Appeals. An appeal may be taken to the Court of
reasonable means to ascertain the facts of every case in Appeals by giving an oral or written notice of appeal with the
accordance with justice and equity and the merits of the case, trial court within the period of fifteen (15) days from notice of
without regard to technicalities of law and procedure. To this order or decision. A copy of the written notice of appeal shall
end, each Court of Agrarian Relations shall have the authority be served within the same period upon the adverse party. In
to adopt any appropriate measure or procedure in any case the notice of appeal is orally made, the clerk of court
situation or matter not provided for or covered by this Decree shall reduce the same to writing, which shall be signed by the
and in the uniform rules of procedure of the Courts of appellant and a copy thereof served within the same period
Agrarian Relations. All such special measures or procedures, by the clerk of court to the adverse party.
and the situations to which they are applied shall be reported
to the Supreme Court by the individual Judges through the In case a motion for reconsideration is filed within that period
Executive Judge who shall furnish copies of such reports to all of fifteen (15) days, the notice of appeal shall be filed within
the other Judges. ten (10) days from notice of the resolution denying the
motion for reconsideration. Only one motion for
Where there is doubt in the application of uniform rules or in reconsideration shall be allowed a party.
the construction and interpretation of this Decree or of any
contract between the parties, the doubt shall be resolved in The Court of Appeals shall affirm the decision or order or the
favor of the tenant-farmers, agricultural lessees, settlers, portions thereof appealed from if the findings of fact in the
owner-cultivators, amortizing owner-cultivators, the said decision or order are supported by substantial evidence
Samahang Nayon, compact farms, farmers' cooperatives and as basis thereof, and the conclusions stated therein are not
other registered farmers' associations or organizations. clearly against the law and jurisprudence. The Court of
Appeals shall not be precluded from taking into consideration
In criminal and expropriation cases the Rules of Court shall any issue, question or incident, even if not raised, if resolution
apply. thereof is necessary for a complete and just disposition of the
case.
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The Court of Agrarian Relations shall forward to the Court of Evidence… § 20: "Relevancy is that which conduces to the
Appeals the complete records of the case within a non- proof of a pertinent hypothesis." In Stevenson v. Stewart
extendible period of fifteen (15) days from receipt of a notice (1849)… it was said: "The competency of a collateral fact to be
of appeal, if no motions for reconsideration are filed. In the used as the basis of legitimate argument, is not to be
event that motions for reconsideration are filed, the records determined by the conclusiveness of the inferences it may
shall be forwarded to the appellate court within a like period afford in reference to the litigated fact. It is enough if these
from receipt by the party concerned of denial of the last may tend, in a slight degree, to elucidate the inquiry, or to
motion for reconsideration. assist, though remotely, to a determination probably founded
in truth."…
Appeal shall not stay the decision or order except where the
ejectment of a tenant-farmer, agricultural lessee or tiller, STATE V. BALL, 339 SW 2D 783 (1960)
settler, or amortizing owner-cultivator is directed. • Wigmore: The mere possession of a quantity of money is
in itself no indication that the possessor was the taker of
Upon receipt of the records of the case from the Court of money charged as taken, because in general all money
Agrarian Relations, the Court of Appeals may, if it deems of the same denomination and material is alike, and the
necessary, require the parties to file simultaneous memoranda hypothesis that the money found is the same as the
within a non-extendible period of fifteen (15) days from money taken is too forced and extraordinary to be
notice; the appellate court shall decide the case within thirty receivable.
(30) days from receipt of said records or memoranda.
• In the absence of proof or of a fair inference from the
No motion for rehearing or reconsideration shall be allowed record that the money in Ball's possession at the time of
in the Court of Appeals. his arrest came from or had some connection with the
robbery and in the absence of a plain showing of his
All cases of the Courts of Agrarian Relations now pending impecuniousness before the robbery and his sudden
before the Court of Appeals shall remain in the Division to affluence (State v. Garrett), the evidence was not in fact
which they have been assigned, and shall be within sixty (60) relevant and in the circumstances was obviously
days from the effectivity of this Decree: Provided, however, prejudicial for if it did not tend to prove the offense for
That if the decision or order be an affirmance in toto of the which the appellant was on trial the jury may have
dispositive conclusion of the judgment appealed from, then inferred that he was guilty of another robbery.
the Court of Appeals may, instead of rendering an extended
opinion, indicate clearly the trial court's findings of fact and MAMBA V. GARCIA, 359 SCRA 426 (2001)
pronouncements of law which have been adopted as basis The Investigating Judge's reliance on the tape-recorded
for the affirmance. conversation between Bulatao and the two police officers is
erroneous. The recording of private conversations without
Upon the effectivity of this Decree, the Court of Appeals shall the consent of the parties contravenes the provisions of RA
designate at least two (2) of its Divisions to which all appealed 4200 …and renders the same inadmissible in evidence in any
agrarian cases shall be assigned, and these cases shall have proceeding. The law covers even those recorded by persons
priority over other cases. privy to the private communications, as in this case. Thus, the
contents of the tape recorder cannot be relied upon to
The decisions or orders of the Court of Appeals may be determine the culpability of respondent judge.
appealed to the Supreme Court by petition for review on
certiorari only on questions of law, within a non-extendible MARQUEZ V. DESIERTO, 359 SCRA 772 (2001)
period of thirty (30) days from receipt by the appellant of a ISSUE/HELD/RATIO: W/N petitioner may be cited for indirect
copy of the decision or order. contempt for her failure to produce the documents
requested by the Ombudsman - And whether the order of
In cases before the then Court of Agrarian Relations, the RoC the Ombudsman to have an in camera inspection of the
were not applicable even in a suppletory character, except in questioned account is allowed as an exception to the law on
criminal and expropriation cases (§16, PD 946) secrecy of bank deposits (RA 1405)
• NOTE: such procedure has been SUPERSEDED by An examination of the secrecy of bank deposits law (RA
provisions of RA 6657 1405) would reveal the following exceptions:
1. Where the depositor consents in writing;
C. Cases 2. Impeachment case;
3. By court order in bribery or dereliction of duty cases
KNAPP V. STATE, 79 NE 1076 (1907) against public officials;
ISSUE/HELD/RATIO: W/N evidence relevant of a particular 4. Deposit is subject of litigation;
item if it tends to support whether proof of that evidence 5. Sec. 8, RA 3019, in cases of unexplained wealth as held
would assist to resolve the central issue of a case – YES. in the case of PNB vs. Gancayco
Evidence of the old man’s death was relevant.
The order of the Ombudsman to produce for in camera
While it is laid down in the books that there must be an open inspection the subject accounts with the Union Bank of the
and visible connection between the fact under inquiry and Philippines, Julia Vargas Branch, is based on a pending
the evidence by which it is sought to be established, yet the investigation at the Office of the Ombudsman against Amado
connection thus required is in the logical processes only, for Lagdameo, et. al. for violation of R. A. No. 3019, Sec. 3 (e) and
to require an actual connection between the two facts would (g) relative to the Joint Venture Agreement between the
be to exclude all presumptive evidence… Within settled rules, Public Estates Authority and AMARI.
the competency of testimony depends largely upon its
tendency to persuade the judgment… As said in 1 Wharton,
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
We rule that before an in camera inspection may be allowed, exclusionary rule, it is not appropriate for the courts to read
there must be a pending case before a court of competent such a provision into the act.
jurisdiction. Further, the account must be clearly identified,
the inspection limited to the subject matter of the pending Plunder being thus analogous to bribery, the exception to RA
case before the court of competent jurisdiction. The bank 1405, otherwise known as the Bank Secrecy Law, applicable
personnel and the account holder must be notified to be in cases of bribery must also apply to cases of plunder. The
present during the inspection, and such inspection may cover “fruit of the poisonous tree” principle, which states that once
only the account identified in the pending case. the primary source (the “tree”) is shown to have been
unlawfully obtained, any secondary or derivative evidence
Union Bank of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals: (the “fruit”) derived from it is also inadmissible, does not apply
Section 2 of the Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits, as in cases of unlawful examination of bank accounts. RA 1405
amended, declares bank deposits to be “absolutely does not provide for the application of this rule. At all events,
confidential” except: the Ombudsman is not barred from requiring the production
(1) In an examination made in the course of a special or of documents based solely on information obtained by it from
general examination of a bank that is specifically sources independent of its previous inquiry.
authorized by the Monetary Board after being satisfied
that there is reasonable ground to believe that a bank ISSUE/HELD/RATIO: W/N the Trust Account No. 858 and
fraud or serious irregularity has been or is being Savings Account No. 0116-17345-9 are excepted from the
committed and that it is necessary to look into the protection of R.A. 1405 – NO. Plunder is excepted from the
deposit to establish such fraud or irregularity, protection of RA 1405 otherwise known as The Secrecy of
(2) In an examination made by an independent auditor Bank Deposits Law
hired by the bank to conduct its regular audit provided
that the examination is for audit purposes only and the RA 1405 is broad enough to cover Trust Account No. 858.
results thereof shall be for the exclusive use of the bank, However, the protection afforded by the law is not absolute.
(3) Upon written permission of the depositor, There being recognized exceptions thereto, as above-quoted
(4) In cases of impeachment, Section 2 provides. In the present case, two exceptions apply,
(5) Upon order of a competent court in cases of bribery or to wit: (1) the examination of bank accounts is upon order of
dereliction of duty of public officials, or a competent court in cases of bribery or dereliction of duty of
(6) In cases where the money deposited or invested is the public officials, and (2) the money deposited or invested is the
subject matter of the litigation subject matter of the litigation.
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
primary source (the “tree”) is shown to have been unlawfully Judicial notice
obtained, any secondary or derivative evidence (the “fruit”) The cognizance of certain facts which judges may properly
derived from it is also inadmissible, applicable in cases of take and act on without proof because they already know
unlawful examination of bank accounts – NO. The “fruit of them
the poisonous tree” doctrine or the exclusionary rule is
inapplicable in cases of unlawful examination of bank JN is based on considerations of expediency and
accounts. convenience. It displaces evidence since, being equivalent to
proof, it fulfills the object which the evidence is intended to
Ejercito’s attempt to make the exclusionary rule applicable to achieve and, therefore, makes such evidence unnecessary.
the instant case fails. R.A. 1405, it bears noting, nowhere (Alzua vs. Johnson)
provides that an unlawful examination of bank accounts shall
render the evidence obtained therefrom inadmissible in JN of a fact may be taken by a court
evidence. Section 5 of R.A. 1405 only states that “[a]ny a) on its own motion, or
violation of this law will subject the offender upon conviction, b) when it is requested or invited by the parties or either of
to an imprisonment of not more than five years or a fine of them to do so.
not more than twenty thousand pesos or both, in the
discretion of the court.” In either case, the court may allow the parties to be heard on
the matter in question. It has been held, however, that the
Even assuming arguendo, however, that the exclusionary power to take JN must be exercised with caution and every
rule applies in principle to cases involving R.A. 1405, the Court reasonable doubt on the subject must be resolved in the
finds no reason to apply the same in this particular case. The negative.
“fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine presupposes a violation
of law. If there was no violation of R.A. 1405 in the instant Rule regarding judicial notice of ordinances
case, then there would be no “poisonous tree” to begin with, • Municipal courts required to take JN of ordinances of the
and, thus, no reason to apply the doctrine. municipality or city wherein they sit
A. Judicial notice (§§1-3, R129) Courts are required to take JN of the decisions of the
appellate courts but not of the decisions of coordinate trial
Section 1. Judicial notice, when mandatory. — A court shall
courts, nor even of a decision or the facts involved in another
take judicial notice, without the introduction of evidence, of
case tried by the same court itself, unless the parties introduce
the existence and territorial extent of states, their political
the same in evidence or where the court, as a matter of
history, forms of government and symbols of nationality, the
convenience, may decide to do so.
law of nations, the admiralty and maritime courts of the world
and their seals, the political constitution and history of the
JN court required to take ≠ personal knowledge of judge
Philippines, the official acts of legislative, executive and judicial
departments of the Philippines, the laws of nature, the • A fact may be of JN and not be of the judge’s personal
measure of time, and the geographical divisions. (1a) knowledge, and vice versa, as this rule refers to facts
which “ought to be known to judges because of their
judicial functions.”
Section 2. Judicial notice, when discretionary. — A court may
take judicial notice of matters which are of public knowledge, Question as to what are the laws of a foreign state is one of
or are capable to unquestionable demonstration, or ought to fact, not of law.
be known to judges because of their judicial functions. (1a) • Foreign laws may not be taken JN of and have to be
proved like any other fact
Section 3. Judicial notice, when hearing necessary. — During o Exception: where said laws are within the actual
the trial, the court, on its own initiative, or on request of a
knowledge of the court such as when they are well
party, may announce its intention to take judicial notice of
and generally known or they have been actually
any matter and allow the parties to be heard thereon.
ruled upon in other cases before it and none of the
parties claim otherwise.
After the trial, and before judgment or on appeal, the proper
• To prove a foreign written law, the requirements of §§24
court, on its own initiative or on request of a party, may take
& 25, R132 must be complied with (by an official
judicial notice of any matter and allow the parties to be heard
publication or by a duly attested and authenticated copy
thereon if such matter is decisive of a material issue in the
thereof)
case. (n)
o Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. v. Guerrero
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
SC noted that while certain exceptions to the
requirements in §§24 & 25, R132 for proof of Cases
foreign law have been recognized, the
evidence presented for that purpose in this BPI FAMILY SAVINGS BANK, INC. V. CA, CTA (2000)
case is unacceptable. As a rule, "courts are not authorized to take judicial notice of
Instant case – petitioner submitted affidavit of the contents of the records of other cases, even when such
NY attorney which doesn’t even state the cases have been tried or are pending in the same court, and
specific NY law on the issue of damages notwithstanding the fact that both cases may have been
involved, but merely contained the affiant’s heard or are actually pending before the same judge."
interpretation and opinion of the facts of the
case vis-à-vis the alleged law and jurisprudence Be that as it may, Section 2, Rule 129 provides that courts may
therein. Further, said affidavit was taken ex take judicial notice of matters ought to be known to judges
parte abroad and the affiant never testified in because of their judicial functions.
court.
• Provisions of foreign law may also be the subject of MANUFACTURERS HANOVER TRUST V. GUERRERO (2003)
judicial admission under §4, R129. There can be no summary judgment where questions of fact
• To prove an unwritten foreign law, the provisions of §46, are in issue or where material allegations of the pleadings are
R130 supply the evidential sources or remedies. in dispute. The resolution of whether a foreign law allows
only the recovery of actual damages is a question of fact as
• GENERAL RULE: Absent any of the foregoing evidence far as the trial court is concerned since foreign laws do not
or admission, the foreign law is presumed to be the prove themselves in our courts. Foreign laws are not a matter
same as that in the Philippines – doctrine of processual of judicial notice. Like any other fact, they must be alleged
presumption and proven. Certainly, the conflicting allegations as to
whether NY law or Philippine law applies to Guerrero’s claims
RIANO: present a clear dispute on material allegations which can be
JN is based on the maxim, “what is known need not be resolved only by a trial on the merits.
proved,” hence, when the rule is invoked, the court may
dispense with the presentation of evidence on judicially Under §24 of R132, the record of public documents of a
cognizable facts. sovereign authority or tribunal may be proved by (1) an
official publication thereof or (2) a copy attested by the officer
Function of JN having the legal custody thereof. Such official publication or
To abbreviate litigation by the admission of matters that need copy must be accompanied, if the record is not kept in the
no evidence because JN is a substitute for formal proof of a Philippines, with a certificate that the attesting officer has the
matter by evidence legal custody thereof. The certificate may be issued by any of
the authorized Philippine embassy or consular officials
When JN is mandatory stationed in the foreign country in which the record is kept,
A matter of JN may either be mandatory or discretionary. and authenticated by the seal of his office. The attestation
When the matter is subject to a mandatory JN, no motion or must state, in substance, that the copy is a correct copy of the
hearing is necessary for the court to take JN of a fact because original, or a specific part thereof, as the case may be, and
this is a matter which a court ought to take JN of. must be under the official seal of the attesting officer.
• CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS (Asiavest Limited v. CA)
Matters subject to mandatory JN Although it is desirable that foreign law be proved in
1. The existence and territorial extent of states accordance with the above rule, however, the Supreme
2. The political history, forms of government and symbols Court held in the case of Willamette Iron and Steel
of nationality of states Works v. Muzzal, that Section 41, Rule 123 (Section 25,
Rule 132 of the Revised Rules of Court) does not exclude
3. The law of nations the presentation of other competent evidence to prove
4. The admiralty and maritime courts of the world and their the existence of a foreign law. In that case, the Supreme
seals Court considered the testimony under oath of an
5. The political constitution and history of the Philippines attorney-at-law of San Francisco, California, who quoted
verbatim a section of California Civil Code and who
6. The official acts of legislative, executive and judicial stated that the same was in force at the time the
departments of the Philippines obligations were contracted, as sufficient evidence to
7. The laws of nature establish the existence of said law. Accordingly, in line
8. The measure of time with this view, the Supreme Court in the Collector of
Internal Revenue v. Fisher et al., upheld the Tax Court in
9. The geographical divisions. considering the pertinent law of California as proved by
the respondents witness. In that case, the counsel for
When JN is discretionary respondent testified that as an active member of the
The principles of discretionary JN will apply where the ff. California Bar since 1951, he is familiar with the revenue
requisites are met: and taxation laws of the State of California. When asked
1. The matter must be one of common knowledge by the lower court to state the pertinent California law as
2. The matter must be settled beyond reasonable doubt (if regards exemption of intangible personal properties, the
there is any uncertainty about the matter, then evidence witness cited Article 4, Sec. 13851 (a) & (b) of the
must be adduced) California Internal and Revenue Code as published in
3. The knowledge must exist within the jurisdiction of the Derrings California Code, a publication of Bancroft-
court Whitney Co., Inc. And as part of his testimony, a full
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
quotation of the cited section was offered in evidence by • This is not to say that the process is not sanctioned by
respondents. Likewise, in several naturalization cases, it the Rules of Court; on the contrary, it does. A person’s
was held by the Court that evidence of the law of a appearance, where relevant, is admissible as object
foreign country on reciprocity regarding the acquisition evidence, the same being addressed to the senses of the
of citizenship, although not meeting the prescribed rule court. [§1, R130]
of practice, may be allowed and used as basis for
• A person’s appearance, as evidence of age (for example,
favorable action, if, in the light of all the circumstances,
of infancy, or of being under the age of consent to
the Court is satisfied of the authenticity of the written
intercourse), is usually regarded as relevant; and, if so,
proof offered. Thus, in a number of decisions, mere
the tribunal may properly observe the person brought
authentication of the Chinese Naturalization Law by the
before it. Experience teaches that corporal appearances
Chinese Consulate General of Manila was held to be
are approximately an index of the age of their bearer,
competent proof of that law. (Emphasis supplied)
particularly for the marked extremes of old age and
youth. In every case such evidence should be accepted
The Walden affidavit states conclusions from the affiant’s
and weighed for what it may be in each case worth. In
personal interpretation and opinion of the facts of the case
particular, the outward physical appearance of an
vis-à-vis the alleged laws and jurisprudence without citing any
alleged minor may be considered in judging his age; a
law in particular. The citations in the Walden affidavit of
contrary rule would for such an inference be
various US court decisions do not constitute proof of the
pedantically over-cautious. Consequently, the jury or the
official records or decisions of the US courts. While the Bank
court trying an issue of fact may be allowed to judge the
attached copies of some of the US court decisions cited in the
age of persons in court by observation of such persons.
Walden affidavit, these copies do not comply with Section 24
The formal offer of the person as evidence is not
of Rule 132 on proof of official records or decisions of foreign
necessary. The examination and cross-examination of a
courts.
party before the jury are equivalent to exhibiting him
before the jury and an offer of such person as an exhibit
The Bank’s intention in presenting the Walden affidavit is to
is properly refused.
prove NY law and jurisprudence. However, because of the
failure to comply with §24 of Rule 132 on how to prove a • There can be no question, therefore, as to the
foreign law and decisions of foreign courts, the Walden admissibility of a person’s appearance in determining his
affidavit did not prove the current state of NY law and or her age. As to the weight to accord such
jurisprudence. Thus, the Bank has only alleged, but has not appearance, especially in rape cases, Pruna laid down
proved, what NY law and jurisprudence are on the matters at guideline no. 3.
issue. • Under the above guideline, the testimony of a relative
with respect to the age of the victim is sufficient to
PEOPLE V. RULLEPA (2003) constitute proof beyond reasonable doubt in cases (a),
Several cases suggest that courts may take “judicial notice” of (b) and (c) above. In such cases, the disparity between
the appearance of the victim in determining her age. the allegation and the proof of age is so great that the
• On the other hand, a handful of cases holds that courts, court can easily determine from the appearance of the
without the requisite hearing prescribed by §3, R129 of victim the veracity of the testimony. The appearance
the RoC, cannot take judicial notice of the victim’s age. corroborates the relative’s testimony.
• Judicial notice signifies that there are certain “facta • As the alleged age approaches the age sought to be
probanda,” or propositions in a party’s case, as to which proved, the person’s appearance, as object evidence of
he will not be required to offer evidence; these will be her age, loses probative value. Doubt as to her true age
taken for true by the tribunal without the need of becomes greater and, following Agadas, supra, such
evidence. Judicial notice, however, is a phrase doubt must be resolved in favor of the accused.
sometimes used in a loose way to cover some other • This is because in the era of modernism and rapid
judicial action. Certain rules of Evidence, usually known growth, the victim’s mere physical appearance is not
under other names, are frequently referred to in terms of enough to gauge her exact age. For the extreme
judicial notice. penalty of death to be upheld, nothing but proof
beyond reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to
• The process by which the trier of facts judges a person’s constitute the crime must be substantiated. Verily, the
age from his or her appearance cannot be categorized minority of the victim should be not only alleged but
as judicial notice. Judicial notice is based upon likewise proved with equal certainty and clearness as the
convenience and expediency for it would certainly be crime itself. Be it remembered that the proof of the
superfluous, inconvenient, and expensive both to parties victim’s age in the present case spells the difference
and the court to require proof, in the ordinary way, of between life and death.
facts which are already known to courts. As Tundag puts
it, it “is the cognizance of certain facts which judges may LANDBANK V. BANAL (2004)
properly take and act on without proof because they The RTC, in concluding that the valuation of respondents'
already know them.” …When the trier of facts observes property is P703.14K, merely took judicial notice of the
the appearance of a person to ascertain his or her age, average production figures in the Rodriguez case pending
he is not taking judicial notice of such fact; rather, he is before it and applied the same to this case without
conducting an examination of the evidence, the conducting a hearing and worse, without the knowledge or
evidence being the appearance of the person. Such a consent of the parties.
process militates against the very concept of judicial
notice, the object of which is to do away with the Well-settled is the rule that courts are not authorized to take
presentation of evidence. judicial notice of the contents of the records of other cases
even when said cases have been tried or are pending in the
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
same court or before the same judge. They may only do so Judicial admissions made in one case are admissible at the
"in the absence of objection" and "with the knowledge of the trial of another case provided they are proved and are
opposing party," which are not obtaining here. pertinent to the issue involved in the latter, unless:
a) said admissions were made only for purposes of the first
Furthermore, as earlier stated, the Rules of Court shall apply to case, as in the rule on implied admissions and their
all proceedings before the Special Agrarian Courts. In this effects under R26;
regard, Section 3, Rule 129 of the Revised Rules on Evidence b) the same were withdrawn with the permission of the
is explicit on the necessity of a hearing before a court takes court therein; or
judicial notice of a certain matter. c) the court deems it proper to relieve the party therefrom.
PIGAO V. RABANILLO (2006) §4, R129, as amended, now includes superseded pleadings
We agree with respondent. We cannot take cognizance of as judicial admissions.
this document – the conditional contract to sell between
Bernabe and the PHHC alleged to be the pro-forma contract JAs cannot be contradicted by the admitted who is the party
used by PHHC with its applicants - which petitioners are himself, unless they were made through palpable mistake or
presenting for the first time. This document is not among the no such admission was made or, in the case of a pre-trial
matters the law mandatorily requires us to take judicial notice admission in civil cases, to prevent manifest injustice.
of. Neither can we consider it of public knowledge nor
capable of unquestionable demonstration nor ought to be Admissions made by the parties in their pleadings, or in the
known to judges because of their judicial functions. We have course of the trial or other proceedings, do not require proof
held that: and cannot be contradicted by them unless proved to have
Matters of judicial notice have three material requisites: been made through palpable mistake. (Sta. Ana. v. Maliwat)
(1) the matter must be one of common and general
knowledge; (2) it must be well and authoritatively settled Facts subject of a stipulation or agreement entered into by
and not doubtful or uncertain; and (3) it must be known the parties at the pre-trial of a case constitute judicial
to be within the limits of jurisdiction of the court. The admissions by them which, under this section, do not require
power of taking judicial notice is to be exercised by proof and cannot be contradicted unless previously shown to
courts with caution. Care must be taken that the have been made through palpable mistake. (Lim v. Jabalde)
requisite notoriety exists and every reasonable doubt on
the subject should be promptly resolved in the negative. When the parties in a case agree on what the foreign law
provides, these are admissions of fact which the other parties
Consequently, for this document to be properly considered and the court are made to rely and act upon, hence they are
by us, it should have been presented during trial and formally in estoppel to subsequently take a contrary position. (PCIB v.
offered as evidence. Otherwise, we would be denying due Escolin)
process of law to respondent:
2. §8, R10
It is settled that courts will only consider as evidence that Sec 8. Effect of amended pleadings. — An amended pleading
which has been formally offered. xxx If [petitioners] neglected supersedes the pleading that it amends. However, admissions
to offer [any document] in evidence, however vital [it] may in superseded pleadings may be received in evidence against
be, [they] only have themselves to blame, not respondent the pleader, and claims or defenses alleged therein not
who was not even given a chance to object as the incorporated in the amended pleading shall be deemed
documents were never offered in evidence. waived.
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
Objections to any request for admission shall be submitted to
the court by the party requested within the period for and REPUBLIC V. SANDIGANBAYAN (2003)
prior to the filing of his sworn statement as contemplated in • A written statement is nonetheless competent as an
the preceding paragraph and his compliance therewith shall admission even if it’s contained in a document which is
be deferred until such objections are resolved, which not itself effective for the purpose for which it’s made,
resolution shall be made as early as practicable. (2a) either by reason of illegality, or incompetency of a party
thereto, or by reason of not being signed, executed or
Sec 3. Effect of admission. — Any admission made by a party delivered.
pursuant to such request is for the purpose of the pending • Admissions of a party in his testimony are receivable
action only and shall not constitute an admission by him for against him.
any other purpose nor may the same be used against him in • Imelda’s failure to specifically deny the existence, much
any other proceeding. (3) less the genuineness and due execution, of the
instruments bearing her signature, was tantamount to a
Sec. 4. Withdrawal. — The court may allow the party making judicial admission of the genuineness and due execution
an admission under the Rule, whether express or implied, to of said instruments.
withdraw or amend it upon such terms as may be just. • An admission made in the pleadings cannot be
controverted by the party making such admission and
4. CC 12, 2035 becomes conclusive on him, and that all proofs
Art. 12. A custom must be proved as a fact, according to the submitted by him contrary thereto or inconsistent
rules of evidence. therewith should be ignored, whether an objection is
interposed by the adverse party or not.
Art. 2035. No compromise upon the following questions shall
be valid: PEOPLE V. LACSON, 413 SCRA 20 (2003)
(1) The civil status of persons; Lacson is bound by the judicial admissions he made in the CA
(2) The validity of a marriage or a legal separation; and such admissions so hold him in the proceedings before
(3) Any ground for legal separation; the SC. [Present case made by way of appeal under R45, as
(4) Future support; such, present recourse a mere continuation of CA
(5) The jurisdiction of courts; proceedings]
(6) Future legitime.
HERRERA-FELIX V. CA (2004)
Admissions made in a motion are judicial admissions which
5. FC 48, 60
are binding on the party who made them. Such party is
Art. 48. In all cases of annulment or declaration of absolute precluded from denying the same unless there is proof of
nullity of marriage, the Court shall order the prosecuting palpable mistake or that no such admission was made.
attorney or fiscal assigned to it to appear on behalf of the
State to take steps to prevent collusion between the parties HEIRS OF PEDRO CLEMENA V. HEIRS OF IRENE BIEN (2006)
and to take care that evidence is not fabricated or suppressed. A judicial admission conclusively binds the party making it. He
cannot thereafter contradict it. The exception is found only in
In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, no those rare instances when the trial court, in the exercise of its
judgment shall be based upon a stipulation of facts or discretion and because of strong reasons to support its stand,
confession of judgment. (88a) may relieve a party from the consequences of his admission.
Art. 60. No decree of legal separation shall be based upon a LUCIANO TAN V. RODIL ENTERPRISES (2006)
stipulation of facts or a confession of judgment. An admission made in the pleading cannot be controverted
by the party making such admission and are conclusive as to
In any case, the Court shall order the prosecuting attorney or him, and that all proofs submitted by him contrary thereto or
fiscal assigned to it to take steps to prevent collusion between inconsistent therewith should be ignored whether objection
the parties and to take care that the evidence is not fabricated is interposed by a party or not.
or suppressed. (101a)
III. RULES OF ADMISSIBILITY
Cases
A. Object (Real) Evidence
ATILLO III V. CA (1997) Sec. 1. Object as evidence. — Objects as evidence are those
GEN RULE (R129.4): JA is conclusive upon the party making it addressed to the senses of the court. When an object is
and does not require proof relevant to the fact in issue, it may be exhibited to, examined
or viewed by the court. (1a)
EXCEPTIONS:
• When it’s shown that the admission was made through Where an object is relevant to a fact in issue, the court may
palpable mistake acquire knowledge thereof by actually viewing the object, in
• When it’s shown that no such admission was in fact which case such object becomes object (real) evidence, or by
made receiving testimonial evidence thereon.
o This exception allows one to contradict an
admission by denying that he made such an An ocular inspection conducted by the judge w/o notice to
admission or the presence of the parties is invalid, as an ocular
inspection is part of the trial. (In re Hon. Rafael C. Climaco)
A party’s testimony in open court may override admissions he
made in his answer.
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
Instances when court may rely solely on testimonial evidence • This is to comply with the element of competence
(no need for object [real] evidence) as an essential ingredient of admissibility.
1. Showing/exhibiting object is against public policy, morals • After its authentication, the object needs to be
or decency offered in evidence at the appropriate time.
2. Requiring viewing amounts to delay, inconvenience, 4. The object must be formally offered in evidence
unnecessary expenses disproportionate to the object’s • Formal offer of evidence is a vital act before the
evidentiary value admission of evidence because the court “shall
3. Such object (real) evidence would be confusing or consider no evidence which has not been formally
misleading offered”
4. The testimonial or documentary evidence clearly
portrays the object in question to render viewing The right against self-incrimination cannot be invoked against
unnecessary object evidence – no testimonial compulsion involved
Court may exclude the public from the viewing of indecent Categories of object evidence
object, if such viewing is necessary in the interest of justice 1. Unique objects: objects that have readily identifiable
marks
Object (real) evidence includes any article or object which 2. Objects made unique: objects that are made readily
may be known or perceived by the use of any of the senses. identifiable
3. Non-unique objects: objects with no identifying marks
When documents are object (real) evidence and cannot be marked
If the purpose is to prove
• their existence or condition, Chain of custody
• the nature of the handwritings thereon, The third category (non-unique objects) refers to those
• to determine the age of the paper used, or the objects which are not readily identifiable, were not made
blemishes/alterations thereon, as where falsification is identifiable or cannot be made identifiable (ex. Drops of
alleged. blood or oil, drugs in powder form, etc.). Under this situation,
Otherwise, they are considered documentary evidence, i.e. if the proponent of the evidence must establish a chain of
the purpose is to establish the contents or tenor thereof. custody.
• Purpose of establishing chain of custody: to guarantee
The physical examination of a person may be conducted by the integrity of the physical evidence and to prevent the
the court, or under its direction, to show introduction of evidence which is not authentic (Lester v.
• the nature, extent or location of injuries, State)
• his physique, o BUT where the exhibit is positively identified the
• his facial features to determine his resemblance and chain of custody of physical evidence is irrelevant
possible relationship to another, (State v. Clifford)
• his racial origin, • There must be links to the chain – the people who
• his probable age, or actually handled or had custody of the object
• in the case of a woman, to establish the fact of o Each link must show:
pregnancy. how he received the object;
how he handled it to prevent substitution; and
RIANO: how it was transferred to another
Object or real evidence is exactly what its name suggests – o Each of the handlers of the evidence is a link in the
the real thing itself like the knife used to slash the victim’s chain and must testify to make the foundation
throat, the mangled fender of a truck rear-ended by a complete
bulldozer, etc.
As a method of authenticating evidence, the chain of custody
Object evidence appeals directly to the senses of the court. rule requires that the admission of an exhibit be preceded by
evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in
Physical evidence is a mute but eloquent manifestation of question is what the proponent claims it to be. …the exhibit’s
truth, and it ranks high in our hierarchy of trustworthy level of susceptibility to fungibility, alteration or tampering –
evidence – where the physical evidence runs counter to the w/o regard to whether the same is advertent or otherwise
testimonial evidence, the physical evidence should prevail. not – dictates the level of strictness in the application of the
(BPI v. Reyes, 2008) chain of custody rule. (Lopez v. People, 2008)
Object evidence is not taken in isolation. It is weighed in Chain of custody in drug cases
relation to the testimony of a witness. Also, in giving credence • Par. 1, §21, Art. II, RA 9165: The apprehending team
to a testimony, the court takes into consideration the physical having initial custody and control of the drugs shall,
evidence. If the testimony bears a striking similarity with the immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically
physical evidence, the testimony becomes worthy of belief. inventory and photograph the same in the presence of
(People v. Larrañaga) the accused or the person/s from whom such items
were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative
Requisites for admissibility of object evidence or counsel, a representative from the media and the
1. Evidence must be relevant DOJ, and any elected public official who shall be
2. Evidence must be authenticated required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given
3. The authentication must be made by a competent a copy thereof.
witness
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• A mere statement that the integrity and evidentiary value Scientific tests, demonstrations and experiments
of the evidence is not enough. It must be accompanied Matter subject to judicial discretion. In-court reenactment
by proof. (People v. Dela Cruz, 2008) of material events by witnesses has been held
permissible to help illustrate the testimony of a witness.
Demonstrative evidence
It represents or demonstrates the real thing. Consider: does Ephemeral electronic communications
the evidence sufficiently and accurately represent the object it These forms of communications refer to telephone
seeks to demonstrate or represent? If it does, the evidence conversations, text messages, chatroom sessions, streaming
would be admissible. audio, and other forms of electronic communication, the
evidence of which is not recorded or retained. (§1[k], REE)
Photographs • Shall be proven by the testimony of a person who was a
Under the electronic evidence rules, photographic party to the same or by one who has personal
evidence of events, acts or transactions shall be knowledge thereof. In the absence or unavailability of
admissible in evidence provided: such witness, other competent evidence may be
a) It shall be presented, displayed and shown to the admitted.
court; and
b) It shall be identified, explained or authenticated by View of an object or scene
either An inspection or view outside the courtroom should be
i) The person who made the recording, or by made in the presence of the parties or at least with previous
ii) Some other person competent to testify on the notice to them… Such is part of the trial since evidence is
accuracy thereof thereby being received.
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It comprehends a situation where the evidence offered is
substitutionary in nature when what should be offered is the Requirements for secondary evidence to be admissible
original evidence. There must be proof by satisfactory evidence of:
1. Due execution of the original
GEN RULE: the original of a writing must be produced. Proven through the testimony of either:
a. The person/s who executed it;
No reason to apply the BER when the issue does not involve b. Person before whom its execution as
the contents of a writing acknowledged; or
• BER cannot be invoked unless the contents of a c. Any person who was present and saw it executed
writing is the subject of judicial inquiry and delivered or who thereafter saw it and
recognized the signatures, or one to whom the
Purpose of BER: prevention of fraud or mistake in the proof of parties thereto had previously confessed the
the contents of a writing. Basic premise – the need to present execution thereof
to the court the exact words of a writing where a slight
variation of words may mean a great difference in rights 2. Loss, destruction, or unavailability of all such originals
This may be proved by anyone who, in the judgment of
When document is merely collateral in issue the court, had made a sufficient examination in the
A document is collateral in issue when the purpose of places where the document or papers of similar
introducing the document is not to establish its terms but to character are usually kept by the person in whose
show facts that have no reference to its contents like its custody the document was and has been unable to find
existence, condition, execution or delivery. it, or who has made any other investigation sufficient to
satisfy the court that the document is indeed lost.
Waiver of BER
BER may be waived if not raised in the trial. Intentional destruction of the originals by a party who,
however, had acted in good faith doesn’t preclude his
What to do to apply BER introduction of secondary evidence of the contents
1. Determine the matter inquired into. thereof.
• Procedural compliance: requires presentation of the
original document 3. Reasonable diligence and good faith in the search for or
• So long as the original is available, no other attempt to produce the original
evidence can be substituted for the original
2. What if the original cannot be presented in evidence? When the original is outside the court’s jurisdiction,
a. Find an adequate legal excuse for the failure to secondary evidence is admissible. (PNB v. Olila)
present the original
• Instances when the original does not have to Where the law specifically provides for the class and quantum
be produced even when the contents of the of secondary evidence to establish the contents of a
doc are the subjects of inquiry (R130, §3): document, or bars secondary evidence of a lost document,
(a) When the original has been lost or such requirement is controlling.
destroyed, or cannot be produced in
court, without bad faith on the part of the Reconstitution of documents by the court through secondary
offeror; evidence is governed by Act No. 3110.
(b) When the original is in the custody or
under the control of the party against RIANO:
whom the evidence is offered, and the Under R130.5, secondary evidence may be admitted only by
latter fails to produce it after reasonable laying the basis for its production. This requires compliance
notice; w/ the ff.:
(c) When the original consists of numerous 1. Offeror must prove the execution and existence of the
accounts or other documents which original document
cannot be examined in court without 2. Offeror must show the cause of its unavailability
great loss of time and the fact sought to 3. Offeror must show that the unavailability was not due to
be established from them is only the his bad faith.
general result of the whole; and
(d) When the original is a public record in the Burden of proof in establishing loss or destruction of the
custody of a public officer or is recorded in original is on the proponent of the secondary evidence.
a public office.
b. Present a secondary evidence sanctioned by RoC Sec. 6. When original document is in adverse party's custody
or control. — If the document is in the custody or under the
Present the original, except when you can justify its control of adverse party, he must have reasonable notice to
unavailability in the manner provided for by the RoC. produce it. If after such notice and after satisfactory proof of
its existence, he fails to produce the document, secondary
Sec. 5. When original document is unavailable. — When the evidence may be presented as in the case of its loss. (5a)
original document has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be
produced in court, the offeror, upon proof of its execution or Sec. 8. Party who calls for document not bound to offer it. —
existence and the cause of its unavailability without bad faith A party who calls for the production of a document and
on his part, may prove its contents by a copy, or by a recital of inspects the same is not obliged to offer it as evidence. (6a)
its contents in some authentic document, or by the testimony
of witnesses in the order stated. (4a)
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No particular form of notice is required, as long as it fairly Cases:
apprises the other party as to what papers are desired. Even
an oral demand in open court for such production at a VDA. DE CORPUS V. BRABANGCO (1963)
reasonable time thereafter will suffice. Such notice must, It’s not necessary, in order to admit evidence of the contents
however, be given to the adverse party, or his attorney, even of lost instrument, that the witnesses should be able to testify
if the document is in the actual possession of a third person. with verbal accuracy to its contents; it is sufficient if they are
able to state it in substance. It’s enough if intelligent witnesses
Where receipt of the original of a letter is acknowledged on a have read the paper and state substantially its contents and
carbon copy thereof, there’s no need for a notice to the other import with reasonable accuracy.
party to produce the original of the letter. (Phil Ready-Mix • To insist on complete verbal accuracy would be in effect
Concrete Co. v. Villacorta) Note that the duplicate copy, if to prohibit entirely the proof of lost documents by
complete, is itself an original copy and the only point in issue recollection.
is the receipt of the basic original copy thereof.
VILLA REY TRANSIT, INC. V. FERRER (1968)
The adverse party’s justified refusal or failure to produce the Requisites for admissibility of secondary evidence when the
document doesn’t give rise to the presumption of original is in the custody of the adverse party:
suppression of evidence, or create an unfavorable inference, 1. Opponent’s possession of the original
against him. It only authorizes the introduction of secondary • It is enough that the circumstances are such as to
evidence. indicate that the writing is in his possession or under
his control
Where such document is produced, that document is not 2. Reasonable notice to opponent to produce the original
necessarily admissible in evidence, UNLESS the requisites for • It’s not required that the party entitled to custody of
admissibility are present. the instrument should, on being notified to produce
it, admit having it in his possession.
Rule of production of Rule of production of • Secondary evidence is admissible where he denies
documents under R130 documents under R27 having it in his possession. The party calling for such
Procured by mere notice to Situation: document is either evidence may introduce a copy thereof as in the
the adverse party – req’ts for assumed to be favorable to case of loss.
such notice must be the party in possession 3. Satisfactory proof of its existence
complied w/ as condition thereof or that the party 4. Failure or refusal of opponent to produce the original in
precedent for subsequent seeking its production is not court
introduction of secondary sufficiently informed of the
evidence by the proponent contents of the same COMPANIA MARITIMA V. AFWU (1977)
- Presupposes that - Production of such Original writings must be produced EXCEPT when original
the doc to be produced doc is in the nature of a consists of numerous accounts or documents which cannot
is intended as evidence mode of discovery and be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact
for the proponent who can be sought only by sought to be established from them is only the general result
is presumed to have proper motion in TC, of the whole. Voluminous character of the records should be
knowledge of its but is permitted only established. The records should also be made accessible to
contents, secondary upon good cause adverse party so that the correctness of the summary may be
evidence thereof being shown tested on cross-examination.
available in case of its
non-production DE VERA V. AGUILAR (1993)
Secondary evidence is admissible when the original
Requisites for BER exception 3 (numerous accounts/docs) to documents were actually lost or destroyed. Prior to
apply introduction of such secondary evidence, the proponent
1. Voluminous character of the records must be must establish the former existence of the instrument.
established • Correct order of proof: existence, execution, loss,
2. Such records must be made accessible to the adverse contents.
party so that their correctness may be tested on cross- • The destruction of the instrument may be proved by any
examination person knowing the facts.
Sec. 7. Evidence admissible when original document is a All originals (duplicates or counterparts) must be accounted
public record. — When the original of document is in the for before using copies.
custody of public officer or is recorded in a public office, its • No excuse for non-production of the writing itself can be
contents may be proved by a certified copy issued by the regarded as established until appears that all of its parts
public officer in custody thereof. (2a) are unavailable.
This section complements exception 4 to BER. By specific CITIBANK N.A. MASTERCARD V. TEODORO (2003)
provision of R132, such document may be evidenced by an • Before a party is allowed to adduce secondary evidence
official publication thereof or by a copy attested by the officer to prove the contents of the original, the offeror must
having the legal custody of the record (§24), and in the case prove the ff:
of an authorized public record of a private writing, the same 1. existence or due execution of the original;
may also be proved by a copy thereof attested by the legal 2. loss and destruction of the original or the reason for
keeper of the record (§27). its non-production in court; and
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3. on the offeror’s part, the absence of bad faith to (b) The failure of the written agreement to express the true
which the unavailability of the original can be intent and agreement of the parties thereto;
attributed. (c) The validity of the written agreement; or
• Correct order of proof: existence, execution, loss, (d) The existence of other terms agreed to by the parties or
contents. At the sound discretion of the court, this order their successors in interest after the execution of the
may be changed if necessary. written agreement.
• When more than one original copy exists, it must appear
that all of them have been lost, destroyed, or cannot be The term "agreement" includes wills. (7a)
produced in court before secondary evidence can be
given of any one. A photocopy may not be used PER is based upon the consideration that when the parties
without accounting for the other originals. have reduced their agreement on a particular matter into
writing, all their previous and contemporaneous agreements
TENEBRO V. CA (2004) on the matter are merged therein. (De Guzman v. Calma)
There is absolutely no requirement in the law that a marriage
contract needs to be submitted to the civil registrar as a Parol evidence: any evidence aliunde, whether oral or
condition precedent for the validity of a marriage. The mere written, which is intended or tends to vary or contradict a
fact that no record of a marriage exists does not invalidate the complete and enforceable agreement embodied in a
marriage, provided all the requisites for its validity are present. document
Documentary evidence as to the absence of a record is quite PER doesn’t apply, and may not properly be invoked by either
different from documentary evidence as to the absence of a party to the litigation against the other, where at least one
marriage ceremony, or documentary evidence as to the party to the suit is not a party or privy of a party to the written
invalidity of a marriage. instrument in question and doesn’t base a claim or assert a
right originating in the instrument of the relation established
BPI V. CASA MONTESSORI INTERNATIONALE (2004) thereby. Thus, if one of the parties to the case is a complete
Forgery cannot be presumed. It must be established by clear, stranger to the contract involved therein, he’s not bound by
positive and convincing evidence. Under the BER as applied this rule and can introduce extrinsic evidence against the
to documentary evidence like the checks in question, no efficacy of the writing. (Lechugas v. CA)
secondary or substitutionary evidence may inceptively be
introduced, as the original writing itself must be produced in Parol evidence rule Best evidence rule
court. But when, w/o bad faith on the offeror’s part, the Prohibits the varying of the Prohibits introduction of
original checks have already been destroyed or cannot be terms of a written agreement substitutionary evidence in
produced in court, secondary evidence may be produced. lieu of the original doc,
Even WRT documentary evidence, the BER applies only when regardless of W/N it varies
the contents of a document – such as the drawer’s signature the contents of the original
on a check – is the subject of inquiry. Applies only to documents Applies to all kinds of writings
contractual in nature
LEE V. PEOPLE (2004) Exception: wills
The importance of the precise terms of writings in the world Invoked only when the Invoked by any part to an
of legal relations, the fallibility of the human memory as controversy is between the action regardless of W/N
reliable evidence of the terms, and the hazards of inaccurate parties to the written such party has participated in
or incomplete duplicate are the concerns addressed by the agreement, their privies, or the writing involved
BER. The rule does not apply to proof of facts collateral to the any party directly affected
issues thereby (e.g. cestui que trust)
CONSOLIDATED BANK V. DEL MONTE MOTOR WORKS For the parol evidence to be admissible, the mistake or
The only actual rule the ‘best evidence’ phrase denotes today imperfection of the document, or its failure to express the true
is the rule requiring the production of the original writing. intent and agreement of the parties, or the validity of the
(McCormick) In light of the dangers of mistransmission, agreement must be put in issue by the pleadings.
accompanying the use of written copies or of recollection, An intrinsic ambiguity in the written agreement is now
largely avoided through proving the terms by presenting the required to be put in issue in the pleading in order that
writing itself, the preference for the original writing is justified. parol evidence therein may be admitted.
2. Parol Evidence Rule (R130.9) Mistake under the first exception refers to a mistake of fact
Sec. 9. Evidence of written agreements. — When the terms of which is mutual to the parties, or where the innocent party
an agreement have been reduced to writing, it is considered was imposed upon by unfair dealing of the other.
as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, Imperfection includes an inaccurate statement in the
between the parties and their successors in interest, no agreement, or incompleteness in the writing, or the presence
evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written of inconsistent provisions therein.
agreement. There is latent ambiguity when the writing on its face
appears clear and unambiguous but there are collateral
However, a party may present evidence to modify, explain or matters or circumstances which make the meaning
add to the terms of written agreement if he puts in issue in his uncertain, or where a writing admits of 2 constructions
pleading: both of which are in harmony w/ the language used.
(a) An intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or imperfection in the (Ignacio v. Rementeria)
written agreement;
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Patent or extrinsic ambiguity is such ambiguity which is Art. 1405. Contracts infringing the Statute of Frauds, referred
apparent on the face of the writing itself and requires to in No. 2 of Article 1403, are ratified by the failure to object
something to be added in order to ascertain the to the presentation of oral evidence to prove the same, or by
meaning of the words used. the acceptance of benefit under them.
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• However, if the defendant set up the affirmative defense signification, and were so used and understood in the
that the contract mentioned in the complaint does not particular instance, in which case the agreement must be
express the true agreement of the parties, then parol construed accordingly. (12)
evidence is admissible to prove the true agreement of
the parties. Sec. 15. Written words control printed. — When an
instrument consists partly of written words and partly of a
LECHUGAS V. CA (1986) printed form, and the two are inconsistent, the former
The PER does not apply, and may not properly be invoked by controls the latter. (13)
either party to the litigation against the other, where at least
one of the parties to the suit is not party or a privy of a party Sec. 16. Experts and interpreters to be used in explaining
to the written instrument in question and does not base a certain writings. — When the characters in which an
claim on the instrument or assert a right originating in the instrument is written are difficult to be deciphered, or the
instrument or the relation established thereby. language is not understood by the court, the evidence of
• PER not applicable where the controversy is between persons skilled in deciphering the characters, or who
one of the parties to the document and third persons understand the language, is admissible to declare the
• Thus, if one of the parties to the case is a complete characters or the meaning of the language. (14)
stranger to the contract involved therein, he’s not bound
by this rule and can introduce extrinsic evidence against Sec. 17. Of Two constructions, which preferred. — When the
the efficacy of the writing. terms of an agreement have been intended in a different
sense by the different parties to it, that sense is to prevail
INCIONG, JR. V. CA (1996) against either party in which he supposed the other
The PER does not specify that the written agreement be a understood it, and when different constructions of a provision
public document. are otherwise equally proper, that is to be taken which is the
most favorable to the party in whose favor the provision was
LAPULAPU FOUNDATION, INC. V. CA (2004) made. (15)
While parol evidence is admissible to explain the meaning of
written contracts, it cannot serve the purpose of Sec. 18. Construction in favor of natural right. — When an
incorporating into the contract additional contemporaneous instrument is equally susceptible of two interpretations, one in
conditions which are not mentioned at all in writing, unless favor of natural right and the other against it, the former is to
there has been fraud or mistake. No such allegation had be adopted. (16)
been made by petitioners in this case.
Sec. 19. Interpretation according to usage. — An instrument
BALUYOT V. POBLETE (2007) may be construed according to usage, in order to determine
When the terms of an agreement are reduced to writing, it is its true character. (17)
deemed to contain all the terms agreed upon and no
evidence of such terms can be admitted other than the Rules for interpretation of contracts are provided by CC 1370-
contents of the agreement itself. 1379. For the rules on interpretation or construction of wills,
see CC 788-794.
Interpretation of Documents <not in outline>
Sec. 10. Interpretation of a writing according to its legal C. Testimonial Evidence
meaning. — The language of a writing is to be interpreted
according to the legal meaning it bears in the place of its 1. Qualification of Witnesses (R130.20)
execution, unless the parties intended otherwise. (8) Sec. 20. Witnesses; their qualifications. — Except as provided in
the next succeeding section, all persons who can perceive,
Sec. 11. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all and perceiving, can make their known perception to others,
provisions. — In the construction of an instrument, where may be witnesses.
there are several provisions or particulars, such a construction
is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all. (9) Religious or political belief, interest in the outcome of the case,
or conviction of a crime unless otherwise provided by law,
Sec. 12. Interpretation according to intention; general and shall not be ground for disqualification. (18a)
particular provisions. — In the construction of an instrument,
the intention of the parties is to be pursued; and when a GEN RULE: all persons who can perceive, and perceiving, can
general and a particular provision are inconsistent, the latter is make known their perception to others, may be witnesses
paramount to the former. So a particular intent will control a
general one that is inconsistent with it. (10) RIANO:
Testimonial or oral evidence: Evidence elicited from the
Sec. 13. Interpretation according to circumstances. — For the mouth of the witness as distinguished from real and
proper construction of an instrument, the circumstances documentary evidence
under which it was made, including the situation of the
subject thereof and of the parties to it, may be shown, so that Competence of a witness refers to his personal qualifications
the judge may be placed in the position of those who to testify. It also includes the absence of any factor that would
language he is to interpret. (11) disqualify him from being a witness.
Sec. 14. Peculiar signification of terms. — The terms of a The admission of any evidence requires its identification.
writing are presumed to have been used in their primary and • Identification precedes authentication. Without a
general acceptation, but evidence is admissible to show that witness, no evidence can ever be authenticated.
they have a local, technical, or otherwise peculiar
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Presumption in favor of competence of witness to present evidence and the sworn statement of each
GEN RULE: a person who takes the stand as a witness is proposed state witness at a hearing in support of the
presumed to be able to testify. discharge, the court is satisfied that:
• A party who desires to question the competence of a (a) There is absolute necessity for the testimony of the
witness must do so by making an objection as soon as accused whose discharge is requested;
the facts tending to show incompetency are apparent. (b) The is no other direct evidence available for the proper
prosecution of the offense committed, except the
Basic qualifications of a witness testimony of said accused;
1. He can perceive; and in perceiving (c) The testimony of said accused can be substantially
• The witness must have personal knowledge of the corroborated in its material points;
facts surrounding the subject matter of his (d) Said accused does not appear to be the most guilty; and
testimony (e) Said accused has not at any time been convicted of any
2. He can make known his perception to others. offense involving moral turpitude.
• Involves 2 factors:
a. The ability to remember what has been Case:
perceived; and
b. The ability to communicate the remembered RECTO V. REPUBLIC (2004)
perception Requirements of a child’s competence as a witness:
• When deaf-mutes are competent as witnesses: a. Capacity of observation
a. Can understand and appreciate the sanctity of b. Capacity of recollection
an oath; c. Capacity of communication
b. Can comprehend facts they are going to testify
to; and There is no showing that as a child, claimant did not possess
c. Can communicate their ideas through a the foregoing qualifications. It’s not necessary that a witness’
qualified interpreter knowledge of the fact to which he testifies was obtained in
adulthood.
Add the following:
1. He must take either an oath or an affirmation 2. Mental capacity or immaturity (§21, R130)
• R132, §1 requires that the examination of a witness Sec. 21. Disqualification by reason of mental incapacity or
in a trial or hearing shall be done xxx under oath or immaturity. — The following persons cannot be witnesses:
affirmation (a) Those whose mental condition, at the time of their
2. He must not possess the disqualifications imposed by law production for examination, is such that they are incapable of
or the rules intelligently making known their perception to others;
Credibility of a witness refers to the weight and the (b) Children whose mental maturity is such as to render them
trustworthiness or reliability of the testimony. incapable of perceiving the facts respecting which they are
• A prevaricating witness or one who has given examined and of relating them truthfully. (19a)
contradicting testimony is still a competent witness. He
may be competent, but his testimony may not be given (Dis)qualifications of witnesses are determined as of the time
much weight by the court or no weight at all if the court said witnesses are produced for examination in court or at the
deems him not worthy of belief. taking of their depositions.
• Drug abuse will not render a person incompetent to WRT children of tender years, it’s submitted that their
testify. It becomes relevant only if the witness was under competence at the time of the occurrence to be testified
the influence of drugs at the time he is testifying or at the to should also be taken into account, especially if such
time the events in question were observed. This may event took place long before their production as
serve as ground for attacking the credibility of the witnesses.
witness.
• Questions concerning the credibility of a witness are best The phrase “unsound mind” includes any mental aberration,
addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court. whether organic or functional, or induced by drugs or
hypnosis. Mental unsoundness of the witness at the time the
Related provisions fact to be testified to occurred affects only his credibility.
Nevertheless, as long as the witness can convey ideas by
a. CC 821 words or signs and give sufficiently intelligent answers to
Art. 821. The following are disqualified from being witnesses questions propounded, s/he is a competent witness even if
to a will: s/he is feeble-minded, a mental retardate, or a schizophrenic.
(1) Any person not domiciled in the Philippines;
(2) Those who have been convicted of falsification of a Deaf-mutes are competent witnesses when they can
document, perjury or false testimony. (n) understand and appreciate the sanctity of an oath, can
comprehend facts they’re going to testify to and can
communicate their ideas through a qualified interpreter.
b. §17, R119, RoC
(People v. Hayag)
Sec. 17. Discharge of accused to be state witness. — When
two or more persons are jointly charged with the commission Considerations of court in determining competency of child
of any offense, upon motion of the prosecution before resting witness – his/her capacity
its case, the court may direct one or more of the accused to 1. At the time the fact to be testified to occurred such that
be discharged with their consent so that they may be he could receive correct impressions thereof;
witnesses for the state when, after requiring the prosecution 2. To comprehend the obligation of an oath; and
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3. To relate those facts truly at the time he is offered as a This rule is based on society’s intent to preserve the marriage
witness relations and promote domestic peace. Prohibiting a
testimony in favor of the spouse is intended to discourage the
NOTE: the court should take into account his capacity for commission of perjury.
observation, recollection, and communication. (Republic v.
CA) Marital DQ rule under R130.22 forbids the husband or wife to
testify for or against the other without the consent of the
Unless a child’s testimony is punctured w/ serious affected spouse except in those cases authorized by the rule.
inconsistencies as to lead one to believe that he was
coached, if he can perceive and make known his perception, The rule does not prohibit a testimony for or against the other
he is considered a competent witness. (People v. Cidro) after the marriage is dissolved.
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The prohibition does not apply where the testimony is
4. Dead Man’s Statute (R130.23) offered to prove a claim less than what is established
Sec. 23. Disqualification by reason of death or insanity of under a written document (Icard v. Marasigan), or is
adverse party. — Parties or assignor of parties to a case, or intended to prove a fraudulent transaction of the
persons in whose behalf a case is prosecuted, against an deceased (Ong Chua v. Carr), provided such fraud is first
executor or administrator or other representative of a established by evidence aliunde
deceased person, or against a person of unsound mind,
upon a claim or demand against the estate of such deceased When DMS disqualification is waived
person or against such person of unsound mind, cannot If the defendant doesn’t timely object to the admission of
testify as to any matter of fact occurring before the death of such evidence or testifies on the prohibited matters (Asturias
such deceased person or before such person became of v. CA) or cross-examines thereon (Tongco v. Vianzon)
unsound mind. (20a)
RIANO:
Survivorship DQ Rule, a.k.a. Dead Man’s Statute The object of the rule is to guard against the temptation to
Constitutes only a partial DQ as the witness is only prohibited give false testimony in regard to the transaction on the part of
from testifying on the matters therein specified, unlike the the surviving party and thereby put the parties upon equal
marital DQ rule which is a complete and absolute DQ terms. (Tan v. CA)
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• This protection should not be treated as an absolute bar within the prohibition of DMS, private respondent is deemed
or prohibition from the filing of just claims against the to have waived the rule.
decedent’s estate.
SUNGA-CHAN V. CHUA (2001)
ICARD V. MASIGAN (1941) DMS provides that if one party to the alleged transaction is
FROM RIANO: The witness is merely precluded from testifying precluded from testifying by death, insanity, or other mental
on particular topics. A testimony favorable to the estate or to disabilities, the surviving party is not entitled to the undue
the insane person is not barred since the rule is designed to advantage of giving his own uncontradicted and
protect the interest of the estate of the deceased or insane unexplained account of the transaction.
person.
• FROM CASE: Where the purpose of the oral testimony is 5. Privileged communication (R130.24)
to prove a lesser claim than what might be warranted by
clear written evidence, to avoid prejudice to the estate of Objections under the DQ rules can be invoked only by the
the deceased, the law has no reason for its application. persons protected thereunder and may be waived by said
persons in the same manner, either expressly or impliedly.
LICHAUCO V. AG&P (1949)
Inasmuch as [DMS] disqualifies only parties or assignors of a. Marital communications [R130.24(a)]
parties, the officers and/or stockholders of a corporation are Sec. 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged
not disqualified from testifying for or against the corporation communication. — The following persons cannot testify as to
which is a party to an action upon a claim or demand against matters learned in confidence in the following cases:
the estate of a deceased person as to any matter of fact (a) The husband or the wife, during or after the marriage,
occurring before the death of such deceased person. cannot be examined without the consent of the other as
to any communication received in confidence by one
from the other during the marriage except in a civil case
GO CHI GUN V. CO CHO (1955) by one against the other, or in a criminal case for a crime
An exception to [DMS] is where the decedent had been committed by one against the other or the latter's direct
guilty of fraud. The rule has been adopted to promote justice descendants or ascendants;
and not to shield fraud. In the case of Ong Chua v. Carr, xxx
before the testimonies of witnesses were allowed to be
introduced the fraud perpetrated by the deceased had been Requisites for DQ by reason of marital privilege to apply
established beyond all doubt, not by mere preponderance of 1. Valid marital relation
the evidence alone. 2. Privilege is invoked WRT a confidential communication
• Aside from the fact that fraud must be proved as a fact between the spouses during said marriage
by a clear preponderance of evidence because fraud is a 3. The spouse against whom such evidence is being
criminal charge, there is an added ground in the case at offered has not given his/her consent to such testimony
bar for requiring a high quantum of proof of the fraud.
RIANO:
ASTURIAS V. CA (1963) Since the application of the rule requires a confidential
[DMS] waived where no timely objected has been made information received by one spouse from the other during
against the admission of such evidence and one of the the marriage, information acquired by a spouse before the
petitioners was made to testify on such prohibited matters marriage even if received confidentially will not fall squarely
covered by the exclusion rule. with R130, §24(a) but divulging the same may be objected to
under R130, §22 upon proper objection as long as the
GUERRERO V. ST. CLAIRE’S REALTY & CO. (1983) information is sought to be revealed during the marriage
DMS does not apply: through a testimony for or against the affected spouse.
• To a witness who is not a party or assignor of a party or
a person in whose behalf a case is prosecuted Confidential information received from a third person is not
• Where the case is not a claim or demand against the covered by the privilege.
estate of a deceased person
Communications in private between H & W are presumed to
GOÑI V. CA (1986) be confidential.
Waiver [of DMS] occurs where: • BUT if a third person (other than a child of the family) is
• Representative of estate takes plaintiff’s deposition, OR present with the knowledge of the communicating
counsel for rep cross-examines plaintiff as to matters spouse, this stretches the web of confidence beyond the
occurring during deceased’s lifetime; AND marital pair, and the communication is unprivileged.
• Rep files a counterclaim against plaintiff • If children of the family are present this likewise deprives
the conversation of protection unless the children are
DMS can’t be invoked where party testifies as to too young to understand what is said.
communications made or contracts entered into w/ the
agent of the decedent while the latter was alive. Marital DQ Rule (R130.22) Marital Privileged
Communication Rule
RAZON V. IAC (1992) [R130.24(a)]
DMS may not be invoked when the case was not filed against Does not refer to Refers to confidential
the administrator of the estate, nor was it filed upon claims confidential communications received by
against the estate. Granting that petitioner’s testimony [as communications between one spouse from the other
regards the true nature of transaction w/ the deceased] is the spouses. during the marriage
Includes facts, occurrences Applies only to testimonies of a
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or information even prior confidential nature received by presentation or by any conduct that may be construed as
to the marriage – in this one spouse from the other implied consent.
sense, it is broader because during the marriage – does not
it prevents testimony for or include acts merely observed b. Attorney-client privilege [R130. 24(b)]
against the spouse on any by the spouse UNLESS such Section 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged
fact and not merely a acts are intended as a means communication. — The following persons cannot testify as to
disclosure of confidential of conveying confidential matters learned in confidence in the following cases: xxx
information communication by one to the (b) An attorney cannot, without the consent of his client, be
other examined as to any communication made by the client
Can no longer be invoked The privilege does not cease to him, or his advice given thereon in the course of, or
once the marriage is just because the marriage has with a view to, professional employment, nor can an
dissolved ended attorney's secretary, stenographer, or clerk be examined,
The prohibition is a What is prohibited is the without the consent of the client and his employer,
testimony for or against the examination of a spouse as to concerning any fact the knowledge of which has been
other matters received in confidence acquired in such capacity;
by one from the other during xxx
the marriage
Preliminary communications made for the purpose of
Cases: creating the attorney-client relationship are within the
privilege
US V. ANTIPOLO (1916)
For the information to be confidential, it must be made The communications covered by the privilege include verbal
during and by reason of the marital relations and is intended statements and documents or papers entrusted to the
not to be shared with others. Without such intention, attorney, and of facts learned by the attorney through the act
common reason suggests that the information is not or agency of his client.
confidential.
• Instant case: in a prosecution for murder, the wife was Atty-client privilege DOES NOT APPLY to communications:
allowed to testify as to her husband’s dying declaration 1. intended to be made public;
regarding the identity of the assailant because there was 2. intended to be communicated to others;
no intent of confidentiality in the information. The 3. intended for an unlawful purpose;
declaration is intended to be communicated after the 4. received from third persons not acting in behalf of or as
husband’s death because it was made in the furtherance agents of the client; or
of justice. 5. made in the presence of third parties who are strangers
to the attorney-client relationship
PEOPLE V. CARLOS (1925)
Where a privileged communication from one spouse to Period to be considered for application of the privilege = that
another comes into the hands of a third party, w/o collusion date when the privileged communication was made by the
and voluntary disclosure on the part of either of the spouses, client to the attorney in relation to either a crime committed
the privilege is extinguished and the communication, if in the past or WRT a crime intended to be committed in the
otherwise competent, becomes admissible. future.
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• It is enough if he reasonably believes that the person • Client identity is privileged where a strong probability
consulted is a lawyer, although in fact he is not as in the exists that revealing the client’s name would implicate
case of a detective pretending to be a lawyer. (People v. that client in the very activity for which he sought the
Barker) For the privilege to exist, payment of a fee is not lawyer’s advice.
essential. (US v. Landorf) • Where disclosure would open the client to civil liability,
his identity is privileged.
The privilege is not confined to communications regarding • The content of any client communication to a lawyer lies
actual pending cases. The communications may refer to within the privilege if it is relevant to the subject matter of
anticipated litigations or may not refer to any litigation at all. the legal problem on which the client seeks legal
assistance.
The privilege does not extend to communications where the • The lawyer-client confidentiality privilege and lawyer’s
client’s purpose is the furtherance of a future intended crime loyalty to his client extends even after the termination of
or fraud, or for the purpose of committing a crime or a tort or the relationship.
those made in furtherance of illicit activity.
PEOPLE V. SANDIGANBAYAN (1997)
Under the last link doctrine, non-privileged information, such The rule on attorney-client privilege has always referred to
as the identity of the client, is protected if the revelation of “any communication,” without distinction or qualification.
such information would necessarily reveal privileged There is no particular mode by which a confidential
information. communication shall be made by a client to his attorney.
• The privilege is not confined to verbal or written
The statements of the client need not have been made to the communications made by the client to his attorney, but
attorney in person. extends as well to information communicated by the
• Those made to the attorney’s secretary, clerk or client to the attorney by other means.
stenographer for transmission to the attorney for the
purpose of the professional relationship or with a view to For the application of the privilege, the period to be
such relationship or such knowledge acquired by such considered is the date when the privileged communication
employees in such capacity are covered by the privilege. was made by the client to the attorney in relation to either a
crime committed in the past or WRT a crime intended to be
Before the statements of the client and the advice of the committed in the future.
attorney can be deemed as privileged, the same should have • If the client seeks lawyer’s advice WRT a crime the former
been intended to be confidential. There can be no attorney- has committed, he is given the protection of the privilege
client privilege where the information is given with the which cannot be broken by the attorney w/o the client’s
expectation that it will be revealed to others. consent.
• The same privilege does not attach with regard to a
In relation to the attorney, the privilege is owned by the client.
crime which a client intends to commit thereafter or in
If the client waives the privilege, no one else including the
the future and for purposes of which he seeks the
attorney can invoke it.
lawyer’s advice.
For lawyer-client communication to be privileged, it must be
The protection of the privilege will generally survive the
for a lawful purpose or in furtherance of a lawful end. The
client’s death.
existence of an unlawful purpose prevents the privilege from
attaching.
Cases:
MERCADO V. VITRIOLO
BARTON V. LEYTE ASPHALT (1924)
The mere relation of attorney and client does not raise a
When a document, containing admissions of the client,
presumption of confidentiality. The client must intend the
comes to the hand of a third party, and reaches the
communication to be confidential. The communication made
adversary, it is admissible in evidence. Where the authenticity
by a client to his attorney must have been transmitted for the
of such a document is admitted, the court will take no notice
purpose of seeking legal advice.
of the manner in which it was obtained.
c. Physician-patient privilege [R130. 24(c)]
ORIENT INSURANCE V. REVILLA (1930)
The introduction in evidence by one party of part of a writing Section 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged
[privileged matter] makes the whole document admissible – communication. — The following persons cannot testify as to
privilege is waived as to other parts of the same writing. matters learned in confidence in the following cases: xxx
(c) A person authorized to practice medicine, surgery or
UPJOHN COMPANY V. US (1981) obstetrics cannot in a civil case, without the consent of
The attorney-client privilege applies when the client is a the patient, be examined as to any advice or treatment
corporation. given by him or any information which he may have
acquired in attending such patient in a professional
• If the employee making the communication, of whatever
capacity, which information was necessary to enable
rank he may be, is in a position to control or even to take
him to act in capacity, and which would blacken the
a substantial part in a decision about any action which
reputation of the patient;
the corporation may take upon the advice of the
xxx
attorney, …in effect, he is (or personifies) the corporation
when he make his disclosure to the lawyer, and the
privilege would apply. Requisites:
1. The physician is authorized to practice medicine, surgery
REGALA V. SANDIGANBAYAN (1996) or obstetrics;
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2. The information was acquired or the advice or treatment aside from the fact that the doctor’s services were not for
was given by him in his professional capacity for the purposes of medical treatment.
purpose of treating and curing the patient;
3. The information, advice or treatment, if revealed, would Cases:
blacken the patient’s reputation; and
4. The privilege is invoked in a civil case, whether the LIM V. CA (1992)
patient is a party thereto or not The privilege is not violated by permitting a physician to give
expert opinion testimony. Such opinion must exclude from his
The privilege DOES NOT APPLY where: consideration his personal knowledge of the patient acquired
1. the communication was not given in confidence; through the physician-patient relationship.
2. Communication is irrelevant to professional employment;
3. the communication was made for an unlawful purpose; KROHN V. CA (1994)
as when it’s intended for the commission or In the instant case, the person against whom the privilege is
concealment of a crime; claimed is not one duly authorized to practice medicine,
4. the information was intended to be made public; or surgery, or obstetrics. He is simply the patient’s husband who
5. there was a waiver of the privilege either by provisions of wishes to testify on a document executed by medical
contract or law practitioners. Clearly, this does not fall within the claimed
prohibition.
RIANO:
The privilege applies to a civil case, whether the patient is a d. Priest/minister-penitent privilege [§24(d), R130]
party or not. Section 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged
communication. — The following persons cannot testify as to
Rationale: to encourage the patient to freely disclose all the matters learned in confidence in the following cases:
matters which may aid in the diagnosis in the treatment of a xxx
disease or an injury (d) A minister or priest cannot, without the consent of the
person making the confession, be examined as to any
The information which cannot be disclosed refers to: confession made to or any advice given by him in his
1. any advice given to the client; professional character in the course of discipline
2. any treatment given to the client; enjoined by the church to which the minister or priest
3. any information acquired in attending such patient belongs;
provided that the advice, treatment or information was xxx
made or acquired in a professional capacity and was
necessary to enable him to act in that capacity; and The privilege requires that the communications were made
4. that the information sought to be disclosed would tend pursuant to a religious duty enjoined in the course of the
to blacken the reputation of the patient discipline of the sect or denomination to which they belong
and must be confidential and penitential in character, e.g.,
The rule doesn’t require that the physician-patient relationship under the seal of the confessional.
be a result of a contractual relationship.
RIANO:
It’s necessary for the operation of the privilege that the The person making the confession holds the privilege.
physician is acting in his “professional capacity” and that the • The priest or minister hearing the confession in his
advice or treatment is given or acquired in such capacity. professional capacity is prohibited from making a
disclosure of the confession without the consent of the
The privilege does not apply to shield the commission of a person confessing.
crime or when the purpose is an unlawful one. o Note: the priest or minister must be duly ordained
or consecrated by his sect.
The privilege survives the death of the patient.
The privilege also extends to any advice given by the minister
The privilege may be waived by the patient. There could also or priest. NOTE: the communication must be made pursuant
be a waiver by operation of law or of the rules. to confessions of sins.
• Where the penitent discussed business arrangements
Rule 28: Physical and Mental Examination of Persons with the priest, the privilege does not apply.
xxx
Sec. 4. Waiver of privilege. — By requesting and obtaining a e. State secrets [§24(e), R130]
report of the examination so ordered or by taking the Section 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged
deposition of the examiner, the party examined waives any communication. — The following persons cannot testify as to
privilege he may have in that action or any other involving matters learned in confidence in the following cases:
the same controversy, regarding the testimony of every other xxx
person who has examined or may thereafter examine him in (e) A public officer cannot be examined during his term of
respect of the same mental or physical examination. (4) office or afterwards, as to communications made to him
in official confidence, when the court finds that the
Under R28, the results of the physical and mental public interest would suffer by the disclosure. (21a)
examination of a person, when ordered by the court, are
intended to be made public, hence they can be divulged in Requisites:
that proceeding and cannot be objected to on the ground of 1. The communication was made to the public officer in
privilege. Also, results of autopsies or postmortem official confidence; and
examinations are generally intended to be divulged in court,
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2. That public interest would suffer by the disclosure of enforcement agencies before the prosecution of the accused
such communication, as in the case of State secrets. were exempted from the right to information. (Chavez v.
PCGG)
Where no public interest would be prejudiced, this rule does
not apply. Presidential communications fall under the protection of
executive privilege.
RIANO:
National security matters and State secrets are confidential. A TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGE
court will most likely uphold the privilege.
f. Parental and filial privilege
Cases: Section 25. Parental and filial privilege. — No person may be
compelled to testify against his parents, other direct
BANCO FILIPINO V. MONETARY BOARD (1986) ascendants, children or other direct descendants. (20a)
Tapes and transcripts of Monetary Board deliberations on the
closure of BF may be confidential, but they are not necessarily Both parental and filial privileges are granted to any person,
absolute and privileged. There’s no specific provision in the which privileges against compulsory testimony he can invoke
Central Bank Act w/c prohibits absolutely the courts from in any case against any of his parents, direct ascendants,
conducting an inquiry on said deliberations when these are children, or direct descendants.
relevant or material to a matter subject of a suit pending
before it. Related provision: CC 215
Art. 215. Each spouse shall proportionately bear the family
RA 7653 (New Central Bank Act), §16. Responsibility. - expenses.
Members of the Monetary Board, officials, examiners, and
employees of the Bangko Sentral who willfully violate this Act Case:
or who are guilty of negligence, abuses or acts of
malfeasance or misfeasance or fail to exercise extraordinary PEOPLE V. INVENCION (2003)
diligence in the performance of his duties shall be held liable The rule on filial privilege refers to a privilege not to testify,
for any loss or injury suffered by the Bangko Sentral or other which can be invoked or waived like other privileges.
banking institutions as a result of such violation, negligence,
abuse, malfeasance, misfeasance or failure to exercise g. Newsman’s Privilege (RA No. 53, as amended
extraordinary diligence. by RA 1477)
Similar responsibility shall apply to members, officers, and Under RA 53, the publisher, editor or duly accredited reporter
employees of the Bangko Sentral for: (1) the disclosure of any of any newspaper, magazine or periodical of general
information of a confidential nature, or any information on circulation cannot be compelled to reveal the source of any
the discussions or resolutions of the Monetary Board, or news report or information appearing in said publication
about the confidential operations of the Bangko Sentral, which was related in confidence to him, unless the court or a
unless the disclosure is in connection with the performance House or committee of Congress finds that such revelation is
of official functions with the Bangko Sentral, or is with prior demanded by the security of the State.
authorization of the Monetary Board or the Governor; or (2)
the use of such information for personal gain or to the Case:
detriment of the Government, the Bangko Sentral or third
parties: Provided, however, That any data or information IN THE MATTER OF FARBER (1978)
required to be submitted to the President and/or the
Congress, or to be published under the provisions of this Act
shall not be considered confidential.
It is believed that if the prior inconsistent statement appears in ESTATE OF JESUS S. YUJUICO V. REPUBLIC (2007)
a deposition of the adverse party, and not a mere witness, A hydrographic map is not the best evidence to show the
that adverse party who testifies may be impeached w/o nature and location of the lot subject of a land registration
laying the predicate, as such prior statements are in the application; it is derived from a hydrographic survey which is
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
mainly used for navigation purposes. [Ocular inspections An offer to pay or the actual payment of the medical, hospital
trump map] or other expenses by reason of the victim’s injuries is not
admissible to prove civil or criminal liability therefor.
B. Compromises
4. §204, RA 8424, Tax Reform Act of 1997
1. §1(f), R116
2. §§ 1 & 2, R118 In prosecutions for violation of the internal revenue laws,
such offers of compromise are not admissible in evidence as
The amendment regarding the inadmissibility of a plea of the law provides that the payment of any internal revenue tax
guilty later withdrawn or an unaccepted offer to plead guilty may be compromised, and all criminal violations may likewise
to a lesser offense is a consequence of the present provisions be compromised, except those already filed in court and
in criminal procedure on plea bargaining. [§1(f), R116; §§ those involving fraud.
1&2, R118]
5. §§ 2, 4, 6, & 10, PD No. 1508
3. §27, R130 Amicable settlement at barangay level
Section 27. Offer of compromise not admissible. — In civil
cases, an offer of compromise is not an admission of any Cases:
liability, and is not admissible in evidence against the offeror.
VARADERO V. INSULAR LUMBER (1924)
In criminal cases, except those involving quasi-offenses GEN RULE: offer of compromise is inadmissible
(criminal negligence) or those allowed by law to be
compromised, an offer of compromised by the accused may EXCEPTION: where amount named in the offer to accept a
be received in evidence as an implied admission of guilt. certain sum in settlement appears to have been arrived at as
a fair estimate of value, it is relevant (thus admissible)
A plea of guilty later withdrawn, or an unaccepted offer of a
plea of guilty to lesser offense, is not admissible in evidence PEOPLE V. GODOY (1995)
against the accused who made the plea or offer. Generally, an offer of compromise in a criminal case is
admissible as evidence against the party making it.
An offer to pay or the payment of medical, hospital or other • However, the accused may show that the offer was
expenses occasioned by an injury is not admissible in made merely to avoid the inconvenience of
evidence as proof of civil or criminal liability for the injury. imprisonment or some other reason justifying a claim
that the offer was not an admission of guilt
CIVIL CASES
As a rule, an offer of compromise in a civil case is not a tacit PEOPLE V. LAMBID (2003)
admission of liability and cannot be proved over the objection Plea for forgiveness is analogous to an attempt to
of the offeror, unless such offer is clearly not only to “buy compromise, and an offer of compromise by accused may be
peace” but amounts to an admission of liability, the offered received in evidence as an implied admission of guilt
compromise being directed only to the amount to be paid.
(El Varadero de Manila vs. Insular Lumber) BATULANON V. PEOPLE (2006)
Offer of compromise by accused may be received in evidence
CRIMINAL CASES as an implied admission of guilt in criminal cases EXCEPT in
An offer of compromise is an implied admission of guilt, cases involving quasi-offenses or criminal negligence or those
although the accused may be permitted to prove that such allowed by law to be compromised.
offer was not made under consciousness of guilt but merely
to avoid the risks of criminal action against him. C. Res Inter Alios Acta (§§ 28 & 34, R130)
Section 28. Admission by third party. — The rights of a party
While rape cases can in effect be compromised by actual cannot be prejudiced by an act, declaration, or omission of
marriage of the parties since criminal liability is extinguished, another, except as hereinafter provided. (25a)
an offer to compromise for a monetary consideration, and
not to marry the victim, is an implied admission of guilt. First branch of the rule of “res inter alios acta alteri nocere
non debet”
An offer of marriage by the accused, during the investigation
of the rape case, is also an admission of guilt. (People v. Exceptions:
Valdez) 1. §29: Where the third person is a partner, agent, joint
owner, joint debtor or has a joint interest with the party
People v. Manzano: the attempt of the parents of the accused 2. §30: Third person is a co-conspirator
to settle the case with the complainant was considered an 3. §31: Third person is a privy of the party
implied admission of guilt – ?! Note: attempt to settle made
during trial. May fall under §29, R130 Section 34. Similar acts as evidence. — Evidence that one did
or did not do a certain thing at one time is not admissible to
Criminal cases involving criminal negligence, or the quasi- prove that he did or did not do the same or similar thing at
offenses contemplated in RPC 365, are allowed to be another time; but it may be received to prove a specific intent
compromised under the amendment to this section, hence or knowledge; identity, plan, system, scheme, habit, custom or
an offer of settlement is not an implied admission of guilt. usage, and the like. (48a)
Good Samaritan doctrine
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Second branch of res inter alios acta (first branch is R130 § 28: a. §29, R130
the rights of a party cannot be prejudiced by an act, Section 29. Admission by co-partner or agent. — The act or
declaration, or omission of another) declaration of a partner or agent of the party within the
• Applies to both civil and criminal cases scope of his authority and during the existence of the
partnership or agency, may be given in evidence against
• Strictly enforced in all cases where applicable such party after the partnership or agency is shown by
evidence other than such act or declaration. The same rule
GEN RULE: Evidence that one did or did not do a certain applies to the act or declaration of a joint owner, joint debtor,
thing at one time is not admissible to prove that he did or did or other person jointly interested with the party.
not do the same or similar thing at another time.
Requisites for application:
EXCEPTIONS: Where evidence of similar acts may prove 1. That the partnership, agency, or joint interest is
a. a specific intent or knowledge established by evidence other than the act or
b. identity declaration;
c. a plan/system/scheme 2. The act or declaration is within the scope of the
d. a specific habit partnership, agency, or joint interest; and
e. established customs, usages, and the like 3. Such act or declaration must have been made during
the existence of the partnership, agency, or joint interest
Evidence of another crime is admissible in a prosecution for
robbery where it has the tendency to identify the accused or Refer to CC 1803 (on partners), 1910 (agents), 487 (co-
show his presence at the scene of the crime (People v. Irang, owners), and 1222 (solidary debtors).
People v. Liera)
Evidence of another crime is inadmissible where the As a rule, statements made after a partnership has been
evidence is to prove that the accused committed dissolved do not fall within this exception.
another crime wholly independent of that for which he
• Where the admissions are made in connection w/ the
is on trial. (People v. Asinas)
winding up of the partnership affairs, said admissions are
still admissible as the partner is acting as an agent of his
RIANO:
co-partners in said winding-up.
The rule prohibits the admission of “propensity evidence,”
evidence that tends to show that what a person has done at
The phrase “joint debtor” should be understood according to
one time is probative of the contention that he has done a
its meaning in the common law system from which the
similar act at another time. Evidence of similar acts or
provision was taken, that is, in solidum, and not
occurrences compels the defendant to meet allegations not
mancomunada. (Jaucian v. Querol)
mentioned in the complaint, confuses him in his defense,
raises a variety of relevant issues, and diverts the attention of
b. §23, R138
the court from the issues immediately before it. Hence, the
evidentiary rule guards against the practical inconvenience of
Admissions by counsel are admissible against the client as the
trying collateral issues and protracting the trial and prevents
former acts in representation and as an agent of the client,
surprise or other mischief prejudicial to litigants. (Cruz v. CA)
subject to the limitation that the same should not amount to
a compromise (§23, R138) or confession of judgment.
The admissibility of similar acts or previous conduct would
(Acenas v. Sison)
depend on the purposes for which such conduct or acts are
offered.
Cases:
Cases:
ACENAS V. SISON (1963)
Attorney for defendants agreed to judgment on confession
ALVIZO V. SANDIGANBAYAN (2003)
against his clients: records do not show that he had authority
Direct proof is not essential to show conspiracy. The existence
to confess judgment – such must be clear. R127.21 of the old
of the assent of minds involved in a conspiracy may be, and
RoC states that special authority is needed to compromise
from the secrecy of the crime, usually must be, inferred by the
their client’s litigation
court from proof of facts and circumstances which, taken
together, apparently indicate that they are merely parts of
PHIL. JOURNALISTS, INC. V. NLRC (2006)
some complete whole. Proof of conspiracy most frequently
A judgment approving a compromise agreement cannot
made by evidence of a chain of circumstances only
have the effect of res judicata upon non-signatories since the
requirement of identity of parties is not satisfied – the union
PEOPLE V. GAUDIA (2004)
has no authority to compromise the individual claims of
Alleged offer of compromise by defendant’s parents cannot
members who didn’t consent to the settlement
prejudice defendant per res inter alios acta
• their actions can’t affect him as he was not a party to 2. Admission by conspirators (§30, R130)
said conversation
Section 30. Admission by conspirator. — The act or declaration
• it was not shown that he was privy to the offer they
of a conspirator relating to the conspiracy and during its
made to the victim’s mother
existence, may be given in evidence against the co-
conspirator after the conspiracy is shown by evidence other
D. Exceptions to the Res Inter Alios Acta Rule
than such act of declaration. (27)
1. Admission by a co-partner or agent
This rule applies only to extrajudicial acts or statements and
not to testimony given on the witness stand at the trial where
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the party adversely affected thereby has the opportunity to
cross-examine the declarant. (People v. Serrano) Requirements to be admissible:
• The requirement that the conspiracy must preliminarily 1. Relation of privity between the party and the declarant
be proved by evidence other than the conspirator’s 2. Admission was made by the declarant, as predecessor-in-
admission applies on to extrajudicial admissions. (People interest, while holding the title to the property
v. Nierra) 3. Admission is in relation to said property
An admission by a conspirator is admissible against his co- Privity in estate may have arisen by succession by acts mortis
conspirator if: causa or by acts inter vivos.
1. Such conspiracy is shown by evidence aliunde;
2. The admission was made during the existence of the RIANO:
conspiracy; and “Privies”: persons who are partakers or have an interest in any
3. The admission relates to the conspiracy itself. action or thing, or any relation to another
Note: These are not required in admissions during the trial as Cases:
the co-accused can cross-examine the declarant (People v.
Serrano) and, besides, these are admissions after the CITY OF MANILA V. DEL ROSARIO (1905)
conspiracy has ended. (People v. Vizcarra) Where one derives title to real property from another, the
declaration/act/omission of the latter in relation to the
Existence of conspiracy may be inferred from: property is evidence against the former only when made
• The acts of the accused while the latter holds the title
• The confessions of the accused
• Prima facie proof thereof REPUBLIC V. SANDIGANBAYAN (2003)
The individual and separate admissions of each respondent
Where there is no independent evidence of the alleged bind all of them pursuant to §§29 and 31, R130 of the Rules
conspiracy, the extrajudicial confession of an accused cannot of Court. The declarations of a person are admissible against a
be used against his co-accused as the res inter alios acta rule party whenever a “privity of estate” exists between the
applies to both extrajudicial confessions and admissions. declarant and the party, the term “privity of estate” generally
(People v. Alegre) denoting a succession in rights. Consequently, an admission
of one in privity with a party to the record is competent.
Extrajudicial admissions made by a conspirator after the
conspiracy had terminated and even before trial are not E. Confessions
admissible against the co-conspirator, EXCEPT:
1. if made in the presence of the latter who expressly or 1. §33, R130
impliedly agreed therein as, in the latter case, it would be Section 33. Confession. — The declaration of an accused
a tacit admission under §32; acknowledging his guilt of the offense charged, or of any
2. where the facts in said admission are confirmed in the offense necessarily included therein, may be given in
individual extrajudicial confessions made by the co- evidence against him. (29a)
conspirators after their apprehension;
3. as a circumstance to determine a witness’ credibility; or Confession: a categorical acknowledgment of guilt made by
4. as circumstantial evidence to show the probability of the an accused in a criminal case, without any exculpatory
latter’s participation in the offense. statement or explanation.
In order that the extrajudicial statements of a co-accused may May be oral or in writing
be taken into consideration in judging the testimony of a • If in writing, it need not be under oath
witness, it is necessary that the statements are made by
several accused, the same are all in material respects identical, The fact that the extrajudicial confession was made while the
and there could have been no collusion among said co- accused was under arrest does not render it inadmissible
accused in making such statements. (People v. Badilla) where the same was made and admitted prior to the 1973
Constitution.
Cases:
May be judicial or extrajudicial
PEOPLE V. CABRERA (1974) • Judicial confession: one made before a court in which
Statement not made during the existence of the alleged the case is pending and in the course of legal
conspiracy, but after said alleged conspiracy had already proceedings therein and, by itself, can sustain a
ceased – rule on admission by conspirator can’t be availed of conviction even in capital offenses
PREAGIDO V. SANDIGANBAYAN (2005) • Extrajudicial confession: one made in any other place or
R130.27 applies only to extrajudicial acts or declarations, not occasion and cannot sustain a conviction unless
to testimony given on the witness stand at the trial where the corroborated by evidence of the corpus delicti (R133.3)
defendant has the opportunity to cross-examine the declarant o Any form of coercion renders the extrajudicial
confession inadmissible
3. Admission by privies (§31, R130) o The extrajudicial confession of an accused is binding
Section 31. Admission by privies. — Where one derives title to only upon himself and is not admissible against his
property from another, the act, declaration, or omission of the co-accused.
latter, while holding the title, in relation to the property, is EXCEPTIONS:
evidence against the former. (28)
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a. Co-accused impliedly acquiesced in or
adopted said confession by not Refer to notes under previous part (R130.33).
questioning its truthfulness
b. Accused persons voluntarily and Corpus delicti: the body or substance of the crime
independently executed identical The actual commission by someone of the particular crime
confessions without conclusion charged. It’s a common fact made up of 2 things: a) the
(interlocking confessions), corroborated by existence of a certain act or result forming the basis of the
other evidence and without contradiction criminal charge, and b) the existence of a criminal agency as
by the co-accused who was present the cause of the act or the result.
c. Accused admitted facts stated by Proved when the evidence on record shows that the
confessant after being apprised of such crime prosecuted had been committed
confession
d. They are charged as co-conspirators of A mere voluntary extrajudicial confession uncorroborated by
the crime confessed by one of the independent proof of the corpus delicti is insufficient to
accused and said confession is used only sustain a judgment of conviction. There must be independent
as corroborating evidence proof of the corpus delicti. The evidence may be
e. Confession is used as circumstantial circumstantial but, just the same, there should be some
evidence to show the probability of evidence substantiating the confession. (US v. de la Cruz)
participation by the co-conspirator
f. Confessant testified for his co-defendant 3. §§ 12 & 17, Art. III, 1987 Constitution
g. Co-conspirator’s extrajudicial confession is Art. III, Sec. 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the
corroborated by other evidence of record commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed
of his right to remain silent and to have competent and
Requirements for confession to be admissible: independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
1. Confession must involve an express and categorical person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be
acknowledgment of guilt provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in
2. Facts admitted must be constitutive of a criminal offense writing and in the presence of counsel.
3. Given voluntarily
• Confessions are presumed to be voluntary. The (2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any
onus is on the defense to prove that it was other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against
involuntary for having been obtained by violence, him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or
intimidation, threat or promise of reward or leniency other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
• Why involuntary confessions are inadmissible
o Unreliable (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this
o Humanitarian considerations or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against
o Legal considerations of their being violative of him.
the constitutional right against self-
incrimination (4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for
4. Intelligently made violations of this section as well as compensation to the
5. No violation of §12, Art. III of the 1987 Constitution rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their
• Waiver of right to counsel during custodial families.
investigation must be made with the assistance of
counsel Art. III, Sec. 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness
• When the accused was merely told of his against himself.
constitutional rights and asked if he understood
what he was told, but he was never asked whether Cases:
he wanted to exercise or avail himself of such rights, PEOPLE V. COMPIL (1995)
his extrajudicial confession is inadmissible. Right to counsel attaches upon the start of investigation
• Where the verbal extrajudicial confession was made (when investigating officer asks questions to get info etc.). At
without counsel, but spontaneously made by the such point, the person being interrogated must be assisted by
accused immediately after the assault, the same is counsel. The belated arrival of the lawyer, even if prior to the
admissible not under the confession rule, but as part signing of the uncounseled [extrajudicial] confession does not
of the res gestae, aside from the consideration that cure the defect.
no custodial investigation was involved.
PEOPLE V. WANG CHUEN MING (1996)
Inadmissible evidence termed as “fruit of the poisonous tree” Signatures of the accused on the boxes [they were made to
refers to object, not testimonial evidence; it also refers to an sign while at NAIA and again on bags when already taken in
object seized in the course of an illegal search and seizure. It custody], which are tantamount to uncounseled extrajudicial
does not refer to testimony or a confession obtained through confessions, are inadmissible as evidence for being
an illegal arrest. unconstitutional.
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as corroborative evidence of other facts that tend to 1) When the creditor is absent or unknown, or does not
establish the guilt of his co-accused. appear at the place of payment;
• Where confession is used as circumstantial evidence to 2) When he is incapacitated to receive the payment at the
show the probability of participation by an accused co- time it is due;
conspirator, that confession is receivable as evidence 3) When, without just cause, he refuses to give a receipt;
against him. 4) When two or more persons claim the same right to
collect;
PEOPLE V. BASE (2000) 5) When the title of the obligation has been lost. (1176a)
Requirements for extrajudicial confession to be admissible:
a. Voluntary Such tender of payment must, however, be followed by
b. Made with assistance of competent and independent consignation of the amount in court in order to produce the
counsel effects of valid payment. (McLaughlin v. CA)
c. Express
d. In writing Cases:
1. §§ 34 & 35, R130 EXCEPTION: when it’s otherwise relevant, as where it tends to
Section 34. Similar acts as evidence. — Evidence that one did identify defendant as perpetrator of robbery charged, or
or did not do a certain thing at one time is not admissible to tends to show his presence at the scene or in the vicinity of
prove that he did or did not do the same or similar thing at the crime at the time charged, or when it’s evidence of a
another time; but it may be received to prove a specific intent circumstance connected with the crime
or knowledge; identity, plan, system, scheme, habit, custom or
usage, and the like. (48a) NICOLAS V. ENRIQUEZ (1955)
Where the previous sexual relations sought to be proved
were far removed in point of time from the illicit act [of
Section 35. Unaccepted offer. — An offer in writing to pay a
concubinage] now complained of, and took place when
particular sum of money or to deliver a written instrument or
there was as yet no legal impediment to the same, they give
specific personal property is, if rejected without valid cause,
no rational basis for the inference that they would be
equivalent to the actual production and tender of the money,
continued after complainant’s marriage had created such
instrument, or property. (49a)
impediment and made continuance of sexual relations
between defendants a crime.
This section is merely an evidentiary complement to the rule
on tender of payment. BOSTON BANK V. MANALO (2006)
The fact that other lot buyers were allowed to pay the
2. CC 1256 balance of the purchase price of lots purchased by them in
CC 1256. If the creditor to whom tender of payment has 120 or 180 monthly installments does not constitute evidence
been made refuses without just cause to accept it, the debtor that XEI also agreed to give respondents the same mode and
shall be released from responsibility by the consignation of timeline of payment.
the thing or sum due.
III. HEARSAY RULE
Consignation alone shall produce the same effect in the
following cases: A. Testimonial knowledge (§§ 36-47, R130)
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
Section 36. Testimony generally confined to personal
knowledge; hearsay excluded. — A witness can testify only to RIANO:
those facts which he knows of his personal knowledge; that Evidence is called hearsay when its probative force depends,
is, which are derived from his own perception, except as in whole or in part, on the competency and credibility of
otherwise provided in these rules. (30a) some persons other than the witness by whom it is sought to
produce it (Estrada v. Desierto).
HEARSAY EVIDENCE RULE (R130.36)
Any evidence, whether oral or documentary, is hearsay if its Although hearsay evidence presupposes lack of personal
probative value is not based on the personal knowledge of knowledge of the truth of the fact asserted by a witness, the
the witness but on the knowledge of some other person not purpose for which the evidence is offered is a vital element of
on the witness stand. hearsay evidence. It is the purpose for which the evidence is
offered which would determine whether the same is hearsay
Why hearsay evidence is excluded or not.
The party against whom it is presented is deprived of his right
and opportunity to cross-examine the persons to whom the Hearsay, as defined by R801[c] of the Federal Rules of
statements or writings are attributed. Consequently, if a party Evidence: a statement (oral or written assertion or nonverbal
does not object to the hearsay evidence, the same is conduct intended by the person as an assertion), other than
admissible, as a party can waive his right to cross-examine. the one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or
(People v. Ola) hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter
Hearsay evidence alone may be insufficient to establish a asserted.
fact in issue but when no objection is interposed thereto,
it is, like any other evidence, to be considered and given Elements of hearsay evidence
the importance it deserves. (Manliclic v. Calaunan) 1. Out-of-court statement
However, it has also been held that hearsay evidence • Implied from an out-of-court statement is the fact
not objected to may be admissible but, whether that the witness has no personal knowledge of the
objected to or not, has no probative value and, as matter testified to.
opposed to direct primary evidence, the latter always
prevails. (People v. Valero, People v. Williams) 2. Repeated and offered by the witness in court to prove
the truth of the matters asserted by the statement
Where the statements or writings attributed to a person not • Where a statement is not offered for the truth of the
on the witness stand are being offered not to prove the truth matter asserted but is offered for an evidentiary
of the facts stated therein but only to prove that those purpose not dependent on the truth of the matters
statements were actually made or those writings were asserted, the statement is non-hearsay.
executed, such evidence is not covered by the hearsay
evidence rule. The witness who testifies thereto is competent Hearsay evidence Opinion evidence
because he heard the same or saw the execution of the One that is not based on Based on the personal
document, as these are matters of fact derived from his own one’s personal perception knowledge or personal
perception and the purpose is only to prove either that the but based on the knowledge conclusions of the witness
statement was made or the tenor thereof. (People v. Cusi Jr., of others to prove the truth based on his skill, training, or
Cornejo Sr. v. Sandiganbayan, Sebastian Sr. v. Garchitorena) of the matter asserted in an experience (R130 §49)
out-of-court declaration
Thus, a witness may testify to the statements made by a (R130 §36)
person if, for instance, the fact that such statements were
made by the latter would indicate the latter’s mental Where a statement is not offered for the truth of the contents
state or physical condition – doctrine of independently of the conversation, but only to show that it was made, then
relevant statements, that is, independent of whether the the statement is not hearsay.
facts stated are true or not, they are relevant since they As long as an out-of-court statement is offered for a non-
are the facts in issue or are circumstantial evidence of the hearsay purpose (a purpose other than to prove the
facts in issue. truth of the matter asserted), the statement is admissible
if it has relevance to the matter in issue.
Examples: those made by a person
- showing his state of mind (mental condition, Cases:
knowledge, belief, intention, ill will, and other emotion)
- which show his physical condition, as illness and the RICHMOND V. ANCHUELO (1905)
like Defense witness told by defendant, “Plaintiff agreed to cure
- from which an inference may be made as to the state me for PhP 200, no charge if successful” – this is hearsay (and
of mind of another (knowledge, belief, motive, good or as such inadmissible), as the witness didn’t know that plaintiff
bad faith, etc. of the latter) made such statements. All he knows is that defendant told
- which may identify the date, place, and person in him that’s what plaintiff said.
question
- showing the lack of credibility of a witness LEA MER INDUSTRIES, INC. V. MALAYAN INSURANCE CO.,
(Estrada v. Desierto, Resolution on MR) INC. (2005)
Unless the affiant is presented as a witness, an affidavit is
Newspaper clippings or facts published in the newspapers considered hearsay.
are hearsay and have no evidentiary value unless
substantiated by persons with personal knowledge of said
• EXCEPTION: independently relevant statements
facts. (People v. Aguel)
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
A report made by a person is admissible if it’s intended to 1. The proponent shall make known to the adverse party
prove the tenor, not the truth, of the statements. the intention to offer such statement and its particulars to
Independent of the truth or falsity of the statement given provide him a fair opportunity to object
in the report, the fact that it has been made is relevant. 2. If the child is available, the court shall, upon motion of
the adverse party, require the child to be present at the
ESTRADA V. DESIERTO presentation of the hearsay statement for cross-
The ban on hearsay does not include statements which are examination by the adverse party
relevant independently of whether they are true or not, like 3. When the child is unavailable (deceased, suffers from
statements of a person to show, among others, his state of physical infirmity, mental illness, loss of memory, or
mind, mental condition, knowledge, belief, intention, ill will, because the child will be exposed to severe
and other emotions. psychological injury), the fact of such circumstance must
be proved by the proponent and the hearsay testimony
Kinds of independently relevant statements: shall be admitted only if corroborated by other
a. Those statements which are the very facts in issue admissible evidence
b. Those statements which are circumstantial evidence of
the fact in issue In this connection, the court is allowed to admit videotape
i. Statements of a person showing and audiotape in-depth or disclosure interviews as evidence,
his state of mind (mental condition, knowledge, provided it is shown that a) the child witness is unable to
belief, intention, ill will, and other emotions) testify per §28(c) of the Rule on Examination of a Child
ii. Statements of a person which Witness; and b) the interview was conducted by duly trained
show his physical condition, as illness and the like members of a multidisciplinary team or representatives of law
iii. Statements of a person from enforcement or child protective services, in situations where
which an inference may be made as to the state of child abuse is suspected, so as to determine whether child
mind of another (knowledge, belief, motive, abuse occurred.
good/bad faith etc. of the latter)
iv. Statements which may identify Aside from the above requirements, the ff. foundational
the date, place and person in question matters must be established:
v. Statements showing the lack of a) the party offering the videotape or audiotape, must
credibility of a witness disclose the identity of all individuals present and at all
times includes their images and voices;
B. Specific Exceptions b) that the statement was not made in response to
questioning calculated to lead the child to make a
11 Exceptions to Hearsay Rule (R130.37-47) particular statement or is clearly shown to be the
a. Dying declarations statement of the child and not the product of improper
b. Declaration against interest suggestion;
c. Act or declaration against pedigree c) that the videotape and audiotape machine or device
d. Family reputation or tradition regarding pedigree was capable of recording testimony;
e. Common reputation d) that the person operating the device was competent to
f. Part of the res gestae operate it;
g. Entries in the course of business e) that the videotape or audiotape is authentic and correct;
h. Entries in official records and
i. Commercial lists and the like f) that the recording has been duly preserved. (§29. Rule
j. Learned treatises on Examination of a Child Witness)
k. Testimony or deposition at a former trial (Regalado:
logically, this is not an exception to the hearsay rule, for it 1. Dying declaration (R130.37)
requires for its admissibility that the party had either Section 37. Dying declaration. — The declaration of a dying
cross-examined or had the opportunity to cross-examine person, made under the consciousness of an impending
the witness at said former trial) death, may be received in any case wherein his death is the
subject of inquiry, as evidence of the cause and surrounding
These exceptions are warranted by the necessity for such circumstances of such death. (31a)
evidence and/or the assumption that, in the ordinary course
of events, the same are trustworthy. 1) DYING DECLARATIONS
NOTE: §28 of the Rule on Examination of a Child Witness a.k.a. ante mortem statement or statement in articulo mortis
(AM No. 00-4-07-SC) – special exception to the hearsay
rule in child abuse cases Requisites
Hearsay testimony of a child describing any act or attempted 1. That death is imminent and the declarant is conscious of
act of sexual abuse may now be admitted in any criminal the fact
proceeding, subject to certain prerequisites and the right of
cross-examination by the adverse party. The admissibility of A declaration will be deemed as having been made
such hearsay statements shall be determined by the court in under the consciousness of imminent death, in
light of specified subjective and objective considerations consideration of:
which provide sufficient indicia of reliability of the child a) The words or statements of the declarant on the same
witness. occasion;
b) His conduct at the time the declaration was made (US
RIANO: v. Virrey); or
Requisites
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
c) The serious nature of his wounds as would necessarily 4. That the declaration is offered in a case wherein the
engender a belief on his part that he would not survive declarant’s death is the subject of inquiry
therefrom (People v. Avila, People v. Sarabia), especially
where he died an hour thereafter (People v. Brioso, After a dying declaration is proved and admitted as such, its
People v. Garcia, People v. Araja). credibility and weight should be determined by the courts
under the same rules used in testing the weight and
The intervening time from the making of the declaration credibility of any other testimonial evidence. (People v. Aniel,
up to the actual death of the declarant is immaterial, as People v. Ola)
long as the declaration was made under the
consciousness of impending death (US v. Mallari) which Such factors as where the facts narrated by the declarant
is a question of fact for the trial court to determine have occurred under circumstances of surprise, rapidity,
(People v. Extra), and as long as no retraction was made and confusion, should not be lost by oversight, because
by the declarant until his demise. Where the gravity of the accuracy of his observation of the occurrences
the wound did not diminish, the admissibility of the before him could be blurred by such disorder and
dying declaration is not affected by the fact that the rapidity of events and, therefore, he could be mistaken in
declarant died hours or days later (People v. Devaras) or his identification of his assailant. Taking into
even 14 days later (People v. Jacinto). It is the belief in consideration, too, that the source, accuracy and
impending death at the time the statement was made, completeness of the declarant’s knowledge as to the
and not the rapid succession of death, that renders the facts by him asserted could not be tested by cross-
dying declaration admissible. (People v. Sabio) examination, a dying declaration has to be accepted
with utmost care and should be considered in light of all
However, the time interval between the declaration and the facts proved in the case. (People v. Mallare)
the death of the declarant may be taken into account
where the declaration is ambiguous as to whether the A dying declaration may be oral or written or made by signs
declarant believed that his death was imminent when which could be interpreted and testified to by a witness
he made such declaration. Thus, where the declarant thereto. The [spouse] of the declarant may testify to the same,
stated that he would not die if treated, such statement either for the prosecution or as a defense witness, and this
indicates an awareness of death and the nature of his does not violate the marital privilege as a dying declaration is
wound and his death an hour later qualifies such not considered a confidential communication between the
statement into a dying declaration, or, at least, as part of spouses (US v. Antipolo). If the ante mortem statement was
the res gestae (People v. Antonio). made orally, the witness who heard it may testify thereto,
without necessarily reproducing the exact words as long as
Where, shortly after he was wounded, the victim he can give the substance thereof, and if the deceased had
was asked as to whether he believed he would die an unsigned dying declaration, the same may be used as a
and to which he replied “I cannot ascertain” and he memorandum by the witness who took it down (People v.
died the following day, his statement is admissible Odencio).
both as part of the res gestae and as a dying
declaration. (People v. Gueron) A dying declaration may be attacked on the ground that any
of the requisites for its admissibility are not present, and the
Where the viction, when asked as to whether he same may be impeached in the same manner as the
thought he would die, replied: testimony of any other witness on the stand (US v. Castellon,
- “I don’t know,” his declaration was not made People v. Malacon, People v. Aniel). American jurisprudence is
under the consciousness of his imminent death and to the effect that dying declarations are on the same footing
does not qualify as an ante mortem statement, as testimony of a witness on the stand and whatever would
although the same was admitted as part of the res disqualify such witness would also make such declarations
gestae since it was made immediately after the incompetent evidence (People v. Sanchez, Donnelly v. State)
incident. (People v. Laquinon)
- “It all depends,” and his condition had RIANO:
progressively improved, his statements thereafter As an exception to the rule against hearsay evidence, a dying
cannot be considered as a dying declaration. declaration is evidence of the highest order and is entitled to
(People v. Lanza) utmost credence since no person aware of his impending
death would make a careless and false accusation. It is thus
2. That the declaration refers to the cause and surrounding admissible, to provide the identity of the accused and the
circumstances of such death deceased, to show the cause of death of the deceased, and
the circumstances under which the assault was made upon
Statements referring to the antecedents of the fateful him. The reason for its admissibility is necessity and
encounter (People v. Bustos) or opinions, impressions or trustworthiness (People v. Cerilla).
conclusions of the declarant (State v. Horn) are not
admissible; but all facts relating to the cause of such As presently worder, R130 §37 no longer places any
death are admissible whether the same are in favor or limitation on the type of action in which a dying declaration
against the accused (US v. Clemente, US v. Antipolo, may be introduced. As long as the relevance is clear, a dying
People v. Martinez). declaration may now be introduced in a criminal or a civil
action and the relevance is satisfied where the subject of
3. That the declaration relates to facts which the victim is inquiry is the death of the declarant himself.
competent to testify to
A mere consciousness of death is not enough… the declarant
must be conscious that the death is near and certain, and
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
what is said must have been spoken in the hush of its 4. Declarant had no motive to falsify and believed such
impending presence. declaration to be true
Apart from the statements of the declarant, consciousness of Declarations against interest Admissions against interest
an impending death may be established by other Those made by a person Those made by a party to a
circumstances such as the nature of the injury and the who is neither a party nor in litigation or by one in privity
conduct of the declarant... the declarant’s belief that he is privity with a party to the suit. with or identified in legal
going to die soon may be shown circumstantially by the They are secondary evidence interest with such party
obvious fatal quality of the wound, by the statements made but constitute an exception
to the victim by the physician that his condition is hopeless, or to the hearsay rule
by some other circumstances (People v. Silang Cruz, People v. Admissible only when the Admissible W/N the
Chan Lin Watt) declarant is unavailable as a declarant is available as a
witness witness
A dying declaration may be attacked in the same manner as
one would do to a testimony in open court. A declaration against interest is the opposite of a self-serving
declaration (a statement favorable to or intended to advance
Cases: the interests of the declarant). Consequently, a self-serving
declaration is inadmissible as being hearsay if the declarant is
PEOPLE V. SABIO (1981) unavailable as a witness.
It is the belief in impending death at the time the statement
was made, and not the rapid succession of death, that A declaration admitting that he was the one who killed the
renders the dying declaration admissible. victim, made by a declarant who died shortly thereafter, is
admissible where another person was subsequently charged
PEOPLE V. LAQUINON (1985) as the killer of the same victim, under the theory that said
• When the deceased was in doubt as to W/N he would declaration was one against the penal interest of the
die, his dying declaration is not admissible as an ante- declarant (People v. Toledo and Holgado). This would be a
mortem declaration. justifiable theory since under our penal laws a person
• A dying declaration is admissible as part of the res gestae criminally liable is also civilly liable, and is sustained under the
when the declarant’s statement was made immediately present amended rule which does not delimit or distinguish
after the incident and he had no sufficient time to as to the interest against which the declaration is made.
concoct a charge against the accused.
RIANO:
PEOPLE V. DE JOYA (1991) As a rule, the interest against which the declaration may have
To be admissible, a dying declaration must be complete in been made should be either a pecuniary or moral interest,
itself – the statement of any given fact should be a full but in our jurisdiction, the declaration could be against one’s
expression of all that he intended to say as conveying his penal interest because if one admits to a crime, he is also
meaning in respect of such fact. civilly liable, a liability that is pecuniary (People v. Toledo).
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respect to the pedigree of another person related to him by the controversy, in respect to the pedigree of any one of its
birth or marriage, may be received in evidence where it members, may be received in evidence if the witness
occurred before the controversy, and the relationship testifying thereon be also a member of the family, either by
between the two persons is shown by evidence other than consanguinity or affinity. Entries in family bibles or other family
such act or declaration. The word "pedigree" includes books or charts, engravings on rings, family portraits and the
relationship, family genealogy, birth, marriage, death, the like, may be received as evidence of pedigree. (34a)
dates when and the places where these fast occurred, and
the names of the relatives. It embraces also facts of family 4) FAMILY REPUTATION OR TRADITION REGARDING
history intimately connected with pedigree. (33a) PEDIGREE
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Under R130 §41, the character of a person is permitted to be Refers to
established by his common reputation. a) Spontaneous statements in connection with a startling
occurrence relating to that fact and in effect forming part
Admissible to prove the ff. cases (NOTE: In any of the three thereof
cases, it is necessary that the common reputation existed ante
litem motam.): Requisites
1. Facts of public or general interest more than 30 years old 1. The principal act, the res gestae, is a startling
occurrence
Matters of public interest Matters of general interest 2. The statements forming part thereof were made
Those of national interest Those affecting inhabitants of before the declarant had the opportunity to
a particular region or contrive
community 3. The statements refer to the occurrence in question
and its attending circumstances (People v. Siscar).
The common reputation of such matters, which is required to
have existed ante litem motam, must likewise be >30 years Further, only such statements as appear to have been
old and, therefore, can be established only by persons who involuntarily and simultaneously wrung from the witness by
have had knowledge of that fact for such length of time, or the impact of the occurrence are admissible. (People v.
by monuments and inscriptions existing for that length of Tulagan)
time.
Res gestae in connection Dying declarations
2. Marriage with a homicidal act
3. Moral character May be that of the killer Can be made only by the
himself after or during the victim
Common reputation may be established either by the killing (People v. Reyes) or
testimonial evidence of competent witnesses, by monuments that of a third person
and inscriptions in public places, or by documents containing The statement may precede, Made only after the
statements of reputation. accompany, or be made homicidal attack has been
after the homicidal act was committed
While, as a rule, the reputation of a person should be that committed
existing in the place of his residence, it may also be that Justification in the Trustworthiness of
existing in the place where he is best known. Also, the spontaneity of the statement declaration based upon its
character of a place as an opium joint may be proved by its being given under an
common reputation in the community. (US v. Choa Chiok) awareness of impending
death
Common reputation is hearsay like any other exception to the
hearsay rule, but is admissible because of trustworthiness While the victim’s statements may not qualify as a dying
(Reg. v. Bedfordshire) declaration because it was not made under the
consciousness of impending death (People v. Palamos), it may
While common reputation in the community may establish a still be admissible as part of the res gestae if it was made
matter of public or general interest, marriage or moral immediately after the incident (People v. Reyes, People v.
character, it cannot establish pedigree. This is established by Abboc, People v. Pascual, People v. Araja) or a few hours
reputation in the family and not in the community. thereafter (People v. Tumalip, People v. Lanza, cf. People v.
Balbas). However, where the elements of both are present,
Case: the statement may be admitted both as a dying declaration
and as part of the res gestae (People v. Balbas, People v.
CITY OF MANILA V. DEL ROSARIO Cortezano).
[V’s testimony, w/c consisted of what he had learned from
some of the oldest residents in that section of the city] was The interval of time between the startling occurrence and the
introduced by the City of Manila apparently for the purpose statement depends upon the circumstances; but such
of proving that the city was generally considered the owner statement must have been made while the declarant was
of the land, drawing from this fact the presumption of actual under the immediate influence of the startling occurrence,
ownership. Such testimony, however, does not constitute the hence it is generally required to have been made immediately
“common reputation” referred to. Common reputation is prior or subsequent to the event. However, if the declarant
equivalent to universal reputation. was rendered unconscious after the startling occurrence, his
statements relative thereto upon regaining consciousness are
6. Res gestae (R130.42) still part of the res gestae regardless of the time that
Section 42. Part of res gestae. — Statements made by a person intervened in between.
while a starting occurrence is taking place or immediately
prior or subsequent thereto with respect to the circumstances If the statement was made under the influence of a startling
thereof, may be given in evidence as part of res gestae. So, event and the declarant did not have the opportunity to
also, statements accompanying an equivocal act material to concoct or contrive a story, even if made 9 hours after the
the issue, and giving it a legal significance, may be received as killing, the statement is admissible as part of the res gestae
part of the res gestae. (36a) (People v. Berame).
6) PART OF RES GESTAE Statements or outcries as part of the res gestae have been
Res gestae: literally means “things done” admitted to establish the identity of the assailant (People v.
Alban, People v. Diva), to prove the complicity of another
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person in the crime (US v. David), and to establish an DBP POOL OF ACCREDITED COMPANIES V. RMN
admission of liability on the part of the accused (People v. The rule in res gestae applies when the declarant himself did
Reyes, People v. Gondayao). not testify and provided that the testimony of the witness
who heard the declarant complies w/ the ff. requisites:
RIANO: a. The principal act (res gestae) is a startling occurrence;
The admissibily of a spontaneous statement is anchored on b. Statements were made before the declarant had the
the theory that the statement was uttered under time to contrive or devise a falsehood; and
circumstances where the opportunity to fabricate is absent. c. The statements must concern the occurrence in
The statement is a reflex action rather than a deliberate act, question and its immediate attending circumstances.
instinctive rather than deliberate.
7. Entries in the course of business (R130.43)
b) Statements accompanying an equivocal act, otherwise Section 43. Entries in the course of business. — Entries made
known as verbal acts, on the theory that they are the verbal at, or near the time of transactions to which they refer, by a
parts of the act to be explained. person deceased, or unable to testify, who was in a position
to know the facts therein stated, may be received as prima
Requisites facie evidence, if such person made the entries in his
1. The res gestae or principal act to be characterized must professional capacity or in the performance of duty and in the
be equivocal ordinary or regular course of business or duty. (37a)
2. Such act must be material to the issue
3. The statements must accompany the equivocal act 7) ENTRIES IN THE COURSE OF BUSINESS
4. The statements give a legal significance to the equivocal
act Requisites
1. The person who made the entry must be dead, out of
Such verbal acts must have been made at the time, and not the country or unable to testify
after, the equivocal act was being performed unlike 2. Entries were made at or near the time of the transactions
spontaneous exclamations which may have been made to which they refer (Figueras v. Serrano)
before, during or immediately subsequent to the startling 3. Entrant was in a position to know the fact stated in the
occurrence. entries
4. Entries were made in his professional capacity or in the
Term “verbal act” is used to denote that such statements performance of a duty, whether legal, contractual,
are the verbal parts of the equivocal act of which such moral, or religious (US v. de Vera)
statements are explanatory, hence they constitute part of 5. Entries were made in the ordinary or regular course of
this form of res gestae. business or duty (FM Yap Tico & Co., Ltd. v. Lopez Vito,
Chapman v. Garcia)
Notes taken regarding a transaction by a person who is not a
party thereto and who has not been requested to take down If the entrant is available as a witness, the said entries will not
such notes are not part of the res gestae. (Borromeo v. CA) be admitted as an exception to the hearsay rule, but they
may nevertheless be availed of by said entrant as a
RIANO: memorandum to refresh his memory while testifying on the
Objections to the admissibility of verbal acts depend upon transactions reflected therein. (R132 §16; Cang Yui v.
W/N the proponent has established the foundations for Gardner)
admissibility. The objector has to consider the ff:
In the presentation and admission as evidence of entries
1. Is there an act that is equivocal or ambiguous? made in the regular course of business, there is no overriding
2. Will the statement accompanying the ambiguous or necessity to bring into court all the clerks or employees who
equivocal act explain the act or give legal significance to it? individually made the entries in a long account. It is sufficient
3. Is the equivocal act material to the issue? that the person who supervises the work of the clerks or
4. Does the statement accompany the equivocal act? other employees making the entries testify that the account
was prepared under his supervision and that the entries were
Cases: regularly entered in the ordinary course of business (Yek Tong
Fire & Marine Insurance v. Gutierrez)
PEOPLE V. LUNGAYAN
Complainant’s revelation cannot be considered as part of the RIANO:
res gestae – her statement must be spontaneous and made The exception is commonly encountered in breach of
at a time when there was no opportunity for her to concoct contract suits and suits for collection of a sum of money.
her own story.
Rules on Electronic Evidence also expressly exempt business
PEOPLE V. LATAYADA records from the hearsay rule (R8 §1).
The utterances separately made by the victim to each of the
witnesses were correctly appreciated as part of the res gestae, Entries in the payroll, being entries in the ordinary course of
since they had been made immediately after a startling business, enjoy the presumption of regularity under R130 §43
occurrence and had complied w/ the ff. requirements: (Sapio v. Undaloc Construction)
a. Statements were spontaneous;
b. Made immediately before, during, and after the startling Cases:
occurrence; and
c. They related the circumstances thereof. CANQUE V. CA
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Requisites for corporate books to be admitted in evidence that such records or certificates should be authenticated as
<see notes above> private writings (US v. de Vera). At any rate, the copy of the
certificate transmitted to the public officer as required by law
SADAGNOT V. REINIER PACIFIC INT’L SHIPPING becomes a public document and a certified copy thereof is
The ship’s logbook is the official record of a ship’s voyage w/c admissible in evidence without prior authentication (US v.
its captain is obligated by law to keep. The entries made in Evangelista).
the ship’s logbook by a person performing a duty required by
law are prima facie evidence of the facts stated in the Cases:
logbook.
US V. QUE PING
8. Official records (R130.44) Exhibits in the nature of entries in public records, made in the
Section 44. Entries in official records. — Entries in official performance of their duty by public officers, are prima facie
records made in the performance of his duty by a public evidence of the facts stated therein. Such documents,
officer of the Philippines, or by a person in the performance of however, are not conclusive evidence. Their probative value
a duty specially enjoined by law, are prima facie evidence of may either be substantiated or nullified by other competent
the facts therein stated. (38) evidence.
An official record may be a register (US v. Que Ping), a cash 9. Commercial lists (R130.45)
book (US v. Asensi), or an official return or certificate (Manalo Section 45. Commercial lists and the like. — Evidence of
v. Robles Trans) statements of matters of interest to persons engaged in an
occupation contained in a list, register, periodical, or other
Entries in official records Entries in the course of published compilation is admissible as tending to prove the
business truth of any relevant matter so stated if that compilation is
The entrant, if a private It is sufficient that the entrant published for use by persons engaged in that occupation
individual, must have acted made the entries pursuant to and is generally used and relied upon by them therein. (39)
pursuant to a specific legal a duty, either legal,
duty (“specially enjoined by contractual, moral, or 9) COMMERCIAL LISTS AND THE LIKE
law”) religious
No such requirement for the To be admissible, the person Examples: mortality tables, accepted actuarial and annuity
admissibility of entries in who made such entries must tables
official records be dead or unable to testify
Case:
Baptismal certificates or parochial records of baptism are not
public or official records and are not proof of relationship or PNOC SHIPPING V. CA
filiation of the child baptized (Fortus v. Novero, Arde v. Requisites for commercial lists:
Anicoche). a. It’s a statement of matters of interest to persons engaged
in an occupation;
The entrant must have been competent with respect to b. Such statement is contained in a list, registet, periodical
the facts stated in his entries. Consequently, while the or other published compilation;
priest who officiates at a baptism acts pursuant to a legal c. Said compilation is published for the use of persons
duty in recording the facts of such baptism in a register, engaged in that occupation; and
such entries in the register are not admissible to prove d. It’s generally used and relied upon by persons in the
the date of birth of the child or its relation to particular same occupation.
persons (Remigio v. Ortiga), as the entrant priest was not
competent to testify with respect to the truth of these 10. Learned treatises (R130.46)
latter facts. Section 46. Learned treatises. — A published treatise,
periodical or pamphlet on a subject of history, law, science, or
After the promulgation of GO No. 58 and the passage of Act art is admissible as tending to prove the truth of a matter
No. 190, church registries are no longer public writings. stated therein if the court takes judicial notice, or a witness
However, they are admissible as evidence of the facts stated expert in the subject testifies, that the writer of the statement
therein WRT marriages solemnized by the priest without the in the treatise, periodical or pamphlet is recognized in his
necessity of calling him. CC 68 requires the solemnizing officer profession or calling as expert in the subject. (40a)
to keep a record of such marriages. It is necessary, however,
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10) LEARNED TREATISES (Ed. A. Keller & Co. [Ltd.] v. Ellerman & Bucknall, City of Manila
v. Manila Electric)
Requisites
1. Court takes judicial notice thereof; OR Said judgment cannot, in a civil action arising from the
2. The same are testified to by an expert witness commission of a crime, or in which the commission of said
crime is collateral, be admitted to prove plaintiff’s cause of
Legal treatises are now properly included in this exception to action, or defendant’s defense, and whatever findings of fact
the hearsay rule. are made by the TC in the decision are not binding upon the
parties to the civil action. The judgment can only prove that a
RIANO: certain defendant has been convicted of a crime and
History books, published findings of scientists fall within this sentenced to the penalty therein imposed (Arambulo v.
exception if an expert on the subject testifies to the expertise Manila Electric). Whatever informal expressions of views were
of the writer or if the court takes judicial notice of such fact. made by the court therein have no probative value. They
amount to nothing more than an order for judgment, which
Case: is not part of the judgment (Rebullida v. Estrella)
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• W/N courts are bound by the testimony of an expert
A. R130.48-50 depends greatly upon the nature of the subject of
Section 48. General rule. — The opinion of witness is not inquiry. It’s only where the subject of inquiry is of such a
admissible, except as indicated in the following sections. (42) technical nature that a layman can possibly have no
knowledge thereof that courts must depend and rely
Section 49. Opinion of expert witness. — The opinion of a upon expert evidence.
witness on a matter requiring special knowledge, skill,
experience or training which he shown to posses, may be The value of expert testimony depends largely on the extent
received in evidence. (43a) of the experience or studies of the witness.
Section 50. Opinion of ordinary witnesses. — The opinion of a The value of the opinion of a handwriting expert depends
witness for which proper basis is given, may be received in upon the assistance he may afford in pointing out
evidence regarding — distinguishing marks, characteristics and discrepancies in and
(a) the identity of a person about whom he has adequate between genuine and false specimens of writing w/c would
knowledge; ordinarily escape detection by an untrained observer.
(b) A handwriting with which he has sufficient familiarity;
and The results of blood grouping tests on the filiation of a child,
(c) The mental sanity of a person with whom he is competently conducted by qualified persons, are admissible
sufficiently acquainted. and conclusive on the non-paternity of a person over the
child.
The witness may also testify on his impressions of the
emotion, behavior, condition or appearance of a person. The testimony of a witness skilled in the unwritten law of a
foreign country is not necessarily binding on our courts.
GEN RULE (R130.48): witness’ opinion is inadmissible
B. R132.22
EXCEPTIONS Section 22. How genuineness of handwriting proved. — The
1. Opinion of expert witnesses on matter requiring special handwriting of a person may be proved by any witness who
knowledge, skill, experience or training which he believes it to be the handwriting of such person because he
possesses (R130.49) has seen the person write, or has seen writing purporting to
2. Opinion of ordinary witnesses (R130.50) re: be his upon which the witness has acted or been charged,
a. Identity of person about whom he has adequate and has thus acquired knowledge of the handwriting of such
knowledge person. Evidence respecting the handwriting may also be
b. Handwriting he is sufficiently familiar w/ given by a comparison, made by the witness or the court,
c. Mental sanity of person he’s sufficiently acquainted with writings admitted or treated as genuine by the party
w/ against whom the evidence is offered, or proved to be
d. Emotion, behavior, condition or appearance of a genuine to the satisfaction of the judge. (23a)
person he has observed
e. Ordinary matters known to all men of common This section merely enumerates the methods of proving
perception, such as the value of ordinary household handwriting but does not give preference or priority to a
articles (Galian v. State Assurance Co., Ltd.) particular method.
A. R130.51 B. R132.14
Sec. 51. Character evidence not generally Sec. 14. Evidence of good character of witness. — Evidence of
admissible; exceptions: — the good character of a witness is not admissible until such
(a) In Criminal Cases: character has been impeached. (17)
1) The accused may prove his good moral character
which is pertinent to the moral trait involved in the C. §6, RA 8505
offense charged. Section 6. Rape Shield. - In prosecutions for rape, evidence of
2) Unless in rebuttal, the prosecution may not prove complainant's past sexual conduct, opinion thereof or of
his bad moral character which is pertinent to the his/her reputation shall not be admitted unless, and only to
moral trait involved in the offense charged. the extent that the court finds, that such evidence is material
3) The good or bad moral character of the offended and relevant to the case.
party may be proved if it tends to establish in any
reasonable degree the probability or improbability Cases:
of the offense charged. PEOPLE V. BABIERA
(b) In Civil Cases: While it is true that when the defense of the accused is that
Evidence of the moral character of a party in civil case is he acted in self-defense, he may prove the deceased to have
admissible only when pertinent to the issue of character been of a quarrelsome, provoking and irascible disposition,
involved in the case. the proof must be of his general reputation in the community
(c) In the case provided for in Rule 132, Section 14, (46a, 47a) and not of isolated and specific acts.
Rules on admissibility of character evidence PEOPLE V. SOLIMAN
1. Criminal cases While good or bad character may be availed of as an aid to
• Prosecution may not at the outset prove the determine the probability or improbability of the commission
accused’s bad moral character w/c is pertinent to of an offense, such is not necessary in murder, where the
the moral trait involved in the offense charged. killing is committed through treachery of premeditation. The
However, if the accused in his defense attempts to proof of such character may only be allowed in homicide
prove his good moral character, prosecution can cases to show "that it has produced a reasonable belief of
introduce evidence of such bad moral character at imminent danger in the mind of the accused and a justifiable
the rebuttal stage. conviction that a prompt defensive action was necessary."
• The offended party’s good or bad moral character
may always be proved by either party as long as PEOPLE V. CHENG
such evidence tends to establish the (im)probability Loose morals per se is not a ground to discredit a witness.
of the offense charged. There must be clear indications militating against her
2. Civil cases credibility other than her being a person of ill repute.
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CSC V. BELAGAN
• Although she is the offended party, Magdalena, by
testifying in her own behalf, opened herself to character
or reputation attack pursuant to the principle that a party
who becomes a witness in his own behalf places himself
in the same position as any other witness, and may be
impeached by an attack on his character or reputation.
• Settled is the principle that evidence of one’s character or
reputation must be confined to a time not too remote
from the time in question.[24] In other words, what is to
be determined is the character or reputation of the
person at the time of the trial and prior thereto, but not
at a period remote from the commencement of the suit.
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PART THREE The burden of proof is fixed by the pleadings. The plaintiff’s
claim w/c he must prove is spelled out in his complaint.
I. BURDEN OF PROOF AND PRESUMPTIONS Defendant’s defenses which he must likewise prove are
found in his answer to the complaint. The burdens of proof of
A. Burden of proof (R131.1) both parties do not shift during the course of the trial.
Section 1. Burden of proof. — Burden of proof is the duty of a Ex. Burden of proof to establish that defendant owes plaintiff
party to present evidence on the facts in issue necessary to remains w/ the latter; burden of proof to establish that
establish his claim or defense by the amount of evidence the loan has been paid remains w/ defendant
required by law. (1a, 2a) throughout the litigation
Equipoise rule
Burden of proof: onus probandi
Refers to a situation where the parties’ pieces of evidence are
Obligation imposed upon a party who alleges the existence
evenly balanced or there’s doubt on which side the evidence
of facts necessary for the prosecution of his action or defense
preponderates. In such case, the decision should be against
to establish the same by the requisite quantum of evidence.
the party w/ the burden of proof.
Where burden of proof is on the plaintiff and the evidence
Quantum of evidence required:
does not suggest that the scale of justice should weigh
• Civil cases: preponderance of evidence in his favor court should render verdict for defendant.
• Criminal cases: evidence of guilt beyond reasonable In a criminal case, the equipoise rule provides that where the
doubt evidence is evenly balanced, the constitutional
• administrative cases: substantial evidence (only such presumption of innocence tilts the scales in favor of the
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as accused.
sufficient to support a conclusion) NOT APPLICABLE where the evidence presented is not
equally weighty, such as where prosecution evidence is
Burden of proof Burden of evidence overwhelming
Doesn’t shift – remains Shifts from party to party
throughout the trial w/ depending upon the Cases:
the party upon whom exigencies of the case in the
it’s imposed course of the trial PEOPLE V. PAJENADO
Generally determined by Generally determined by In criminal cases burden of proof as to offense charged lies
pleadings filed by a party developments at the trial, or w/ prosecution, and a negative fact must be proved if it is an
by the provisions of the essential ingredient of the crime – burden of proof w/
substantive law or procedural prosecution to prove that the firearm used by the accused in
rules w/c may relieve the committing the offense charged was not properly licensed.
party from presenting
evidence on the fact alleged SAMBAR V. LEVI STRAUSS & CO.
(i.e. presumptions, judicial In civil cases, the burden of proof may be on either the
notice & admissions) plaintiff or the defendant. It is on the latter, if in his answer he
alleges an affirmative defense, which is not a denial of an
In both civil and criminal cases, the burden of evidence lies essential ingredient in the plaintiff’s cause of action, but is one
w/ the party asserting an affirmative allegation. Negative which, if established, will be a good defense – i.e., an
allegations don’t have to be proved except where such are “avoidance” of the claim, which prima facie, the plaintiff
essential parts of the COA or defense in a civil case, or are already has because of the defendant’s own admissions in
essential ingredients of the offense in a criminal case or the the pleadings.
defenses thereto. (Industrial Finance v. Tobias)
PEOPLE V. MACALABA
GEN RULE: prosecution has burden of proving the criminal GEN RULE: if a criminal charge is predicated on a negative
charge if it’s predicated on a negative allegation or that a allegation, or that a negative averment is an essential element
negative averment is an essential element of a crime of a crime, the prosecution has the burden of proving the
charge.
What need not be proved
1. Facts w/c are of judicial notice (R129) EXCEPTION: Where the negative of an issue does not permit
2. Facts w/c are judicially admitted (R129) of direct proof, or where the facts are more immediately
3. Facts w/c are presumed (R131) within the knowledge of the accused, the onus probandi
• Presumption: an inference of the existence or non- rests upon him.
existence of a fact which courts are permitted to
PEOPLE V. FLORENDO
draw from the proof of other facts
The onus probandi rests upon him who invokes insanity as
a. Presumptions of fact: derived wholly and
an exempting circumstance, and he must prove it by clear
directly from the circumstances of the
and convincing evidence.
particular case by means of the common
experience of mankind
RUDECON MGMT. CORP. V. CAMACHO
b. Presumptions of law: reduced to fixed rules
In administrative cases for disbarment or suspension against
and form a part of the system of jurisprudence
lawyers, the quantum of proof required is clearly
o Conclusive/absolute presumptions
preponderant evidence and the burden of proof rests upon
o Disputable/rebuttable presumptions
the complainant.
RIANO:
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PRUDENTIAL GUARANTEE V. TRANS-ASIA SHIPPING CC 1176 also lays down presumption that interest has been
In the course of trial in a civil case, once plaintiff makes out a paid if the principal is received by the creditor without
prima facie case in his favor, the duty or the burden of reservation
evidence shifts to defendant to controvert plaintiff’s prima
facie case, otherwise, a verdict must be returned in favor of (j) That a person found in possession of a thing taken in the
plaintiff. doing of a recent wrongful act is the taker and the doer
of the whole act; otherwise, that things which a person
B. Presumptions (R131.2-4) possess, or exercises acts of ownership over, are owned
Sec. 2. Conclusive presumptions. — The following are by him;
instances of conclusive presumptions: (k) That a person in possession of an order on himself for the
(a) Whenever a party has, by his own declaration, act, or payment of the money, or the delivery of anything, has
omission, intentionally and deliberately led to another to paid the money or delivered the thing accordingly;
believe a particular thing true, and to act upon such (l) That a person acting in a public office was regularly
belief, he cannot, in any litigation arising out of such appointed or elected to it;
declaration, act or omission, be permitted to falsify it: (m) That official duty has been regularly performed;
(b) The tenant is not permitted to deny the title of his landlord (n) That a court, or judge acting as such, whether in the
at the time of commencement of the relation of landlord Philippines or elsewhere, was acting in the lawful
and tenant between them. (3a) exercise of jurisdiction;
(o) That all the matters within an issue raised in a case were
Pars. a & b: estoppel in pais. laid before the court and passed upon by it; and in like
Under the doctrine of estoppel, the person making the manner that all matters within an issue raised in a
representation cannot claim benefit from the wrong he dispute submitted for arbitration were laid before the
himself committed. arbitrators and passed upon by them;
(p) That private transactions have been fair and regular;
Sec. 3. Disputable presumptions. — The following (q) That the ordinary course of business has been followed;
presumptions are satisfactory if uncontradicted, but may be (r) That there was a sufficient consideration for a contract;
contradicted and overcome by other evidence: (s) That a negotiable instrument was given or indorsed for a
(a) That a person is innocent of crime or wrong; sufficient consideration;
(b) That an unlawful act was done with an unlawful intent; (t) That an endorsement of negotiable instrument was made
(c) That a person intends the ordinary consequences of his before the instrument was overdue and at the place
voluntary act; where the instrument is dated;
(d) That a person takes ordinary care of his concerns; (u) That a writing is truly dated;
(e) That evidence willfully suppressed would be adverse if (v) That a letter duly directed and mailed was received in the
produced; regular course of the mail;
No constitutional objection to a law providing that the Facts needed proven before an inference of guilt from
presumption of innocence may be overcome by a contrary possession of recently stolen goods can be made
presumption founded upon the experience of human 1. The crime was actually committed
conduct, and declaring what evidence shall be sufficient to 2. It was committed recently
overcome such presumption. Legislature may provide for 3. Stolen property found in the possession of the accused
prima facie evidence of guilt provided there be a rational 4. Accused is unable to satisfactorily explain his possession
connection between the facts proved and the ultimate facts thereof
presumed. (People v. Mingoa)
Necessary to conclusively prove possession that:
Requisites for application of presumption that evidence 1. Possession must be unexplained by any innocent
willfully suppressed would be adverse if produced origin
1. The evidence is material 2. Possession is fairly recent
2. The party had the opportunity to produce the same 3. Possession is exclusive
3. Said evidence is available only to said party
Similar rationale to par (j): if a person had in his possession a
When this presumption doesn’t apply falsified document and he made use of it, taken advantage of
• Evidence in question is equally available to both parties it and profited thereby, the presumption is that he is the
material author of the falsification (People v. Sendaydiego)
• Evidence is merely corroborative, cumulative, or
unnecessary
For presumption in par (v) to arise, it must be proved that the
• Suppression is not willful letter was properly addressed with postage prepaid and that
• The suppression is an exercise of a privilege it was actually mailed (Nava v. CIR), and if said letter wasn’t
returned to the sender, it’s presumed that the addressee
(f) That money paid by one to another was due to the latter; received it (Sebastian v. WCC)
(g) That a thing delivered by one to another belonged to the
latter; R13.10 states that service of pleadings by mail is complete
(h) That an obligation delivered up to the debtor has been upon the expiration of 10 days after mailing, unless the court
paid; provides otherwise, while service by registered mail is
(i) That prior rents or installments had been paid when a complete upon actual receipt by the office w/in 5 days from
receipt for the later one is produced; date of first notice, the service is complete at the expiration of
such time. However, there must be conclusive proof that a
first notice was sent to the addressee as the presumption that
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official duty has been regularly performed does not apply to benefit of marriage or under void marriage, has been
this situation. (Barrameda v. Castillo) If, however, the obtained by their joint efforts, work or industry.
postmaster certifies that such notice was sent, such (cc) That in cases of cohabitation by a man and a woman
presumption arises and overrides the addressee’s contrary who are not capacitated to marry each other and who
claim. (Ferraren v. Santos) have acquire properly through their actual joint
contribution of money, property or industry, such
(w) That after an absence of seven years, it being unknown contributions and their corresponding shares including
whether or not the absentee still lives, he is considered joint deposits of money and evidences of credit are
dead for all purposes, except for those of succession. equal.
The absentee shall not be considered dead for the (dd) That if the marriage is terminated and the mother
purpose of opening his succession till after an absence of contracted another marriage within three hundred days
ten years. If he disappeared after the age of seventy-five after such termination of the former marriage, these rules
years, an absence of five years shall be sufficient in order shall govern in the absence of proof to the contrary:
that his succession may be opened. (1) A child born before one hundred eighty days after
The following shall be considered dead for all the solemnization of the subsequent marriage is
purposes including the division of the estate among the considered to have been conceived during such
heirs: marriage, even though it be born within the three
(1) A person on board a vessel lost during a sea voyage, hundred days after the termination of the former
or an aircraft with is missing, who has not been marriage.
heard of for four years since the loss of the vessel or (2) A child born after one hundred eighty days following
aircraft; the celebration of the subsequent marriage is
(2) A member of the armed forces who has taken part in considered to have been conceived during such
armed hostilities, and has been missing for four marriage, even though it be born within the three
years; hundred days after the termination of the former
(3) A person who has been in danger of death under marriage.
other circumstances and whose existence has not
been known for four years; Par (dd) was taken from CC 259, which provided for
(4) If a married person has been absent for four presumptions of paternity, except that the former now
consecutive years, the spouse present may contract includes termination of the prior marriage for causes other
a subsequent marriage if he or she has well- than the death of the husband, in line with FC 168.
founded belief that the absent spouse is already
death. In case of disappearance, where there is a (ee) That a thing once proved to exist continues as long as is
danger of death the circumstances hereinabove usual with things of the nature;
provided, an absence of only two years shall be (ff) That the law has been obeyed;
sufficient for the purpose of contracting a (gg) That a printed or published book, purporting to be
subsequent marriage. However, in any case, before printed or published by public authority, was so printed
marrying again, the spouse present must institute a or published;
summary proceeding as provided in the Family (hh) That a printed or published book, purporting contain
Code and in the rules for declaration of presumptive reports of cases adjudged in tribunals of the country
death of the absentee, without prejudice to the where the book is published, contains correct reports of
effect of reappearance of the absent spouse. such cases;
(ii) That a trustee or other person whose duty it was to
Except for subpar 4, this paragraph is taken from CC 390 & convey real property to a particular person has actually
391. A view is held that WRT the ordinary but continued conveyed it to him when such presumption is necessary
absence of 7/10/5 years contemplated in the first 2 to perfect the title of such person or his successor in
subparagraphs, the absentee is presumed to have died at the interest;
end of said period, but that in the qualified absence where (jj) That except for purposes of succession, when two persons
the absentee was in danger of death under the perish in the same calamity, such as wreck, battle, or
contemplated circumstances therein, the absentee is conflagration, and it is not shown who died first, and
presumed to have died at the time he was exposed to such there are no particular circumstances from which it can
danger or peril – at the start of the 4-year period stated be inferred, the survivorship is determined from the
therein. The distinction assumes significance in questions of probabilities resulting from the strength and the age of
successional rights to the absentee’s estate arising from his the sexes, according to the following rules:
presumptive death. 1) If both were under the age of fifteen years, the older is
deemed to have survived;
(x) That acquiescence resulted from a belief that the thing 2) If both were above the age sixty, the younger is
acquiesced in was conformable to the law or fact; deemed to have survived;
(y) That things have happened according to the ordinary 3) If one is under fifteen and the other above sixty, the
course of nature and ordinary nature habits of life; former is deemed to have survived;
(z) That persons acting as copartners have entered into a 4) If both be over fifteen and under sixty, and the sex be
contract of copartneship; different, the male is deemed to have survived, if the
(aa) That a man and woman deporting themselves as sex be the same, the older;
husband and wife have entered into a lawful contract of 5) If one be under fifteen or over sixty, and the other
marriage; between those ages, the latter is deemed to have
(bb) That property acquired by a man and a woman who are survived.
capacitated to marry each other and who live exclusively
with each other as husband and wife without the
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Requirements for presumption of survivorship in par (jj) to and 4) that the defendant is unable to explain his
arise possession satisfactorily.
1. The deaths occurred in a calamity • For purposes moreover of conclusively proving
2. There are no particular circumstances from which it can possession, the following considerations have to be
be inferred that one died ahead of the other. emphasized: 1) the possession must be unexplained by
any innocent origin; 2) the possession must be fairly
Thus, regarding the third rule, if one is a one-day old child recent; and 3) the possession must be exclusive.
and the other is 61 years old, it can’t be presumed that the
child survived, in view of the second requirement. ONG V. SANDIGANBAYAN
The constitutional assurance of the right against self
(kk) That if there is a doubt, as between two or more persons incrimination likewise cannot be invoked by petitioners. The
who are called to succeed each other, as to which of right is a prohibition against the use of physical or moral
them died first, whoever alleges the death of one prior compulsion to extort communications from the accused. It is
to the other, shall prove the same; in the absence of simply a prohibition against legal process to extract from the
proof, they shall be considered to have died at the same accused’s own lips, against his will, admission of his guilt. In
time. (5a) this case, petitioners are not compelled to present themselves
as witnesses in rebutting the presumption established by law.
The presumption is the same as the rule in CC 43 except that They may present documents evidencing the purported bank
it omits the last clause therein w/c states “and there shall be loans, money market placements and other fund sources in
no transmission of rights from one to the other,” since said their defense.
clause is a rule of substantive law as to the effect on the rights
of the parties. PILIPINAS BANK V. GLEE CHEMICAL LABORATORIES
The presumption that official duty has been regularly
Par (kk) Par (jj) performed is not conclusive. As provided under R131.3, such
Not required that the parties Parties must’ve perished in a presumption is rebuttable.
perished in a calamity calamity
• In this case, the testimony of petitioner’s own witness
Only applies in questions of Applies only where the destroyed this presumption by admitting that when the
successional rights deaths occurred during a document was notarized, C.Y. and M.H. did not appear
calamity and applies to cases before the notary public. Hence, the notary public did
not involving successional not witness C.Y. affixing his signature on the document.
rights Such notarization is useless since there is no truth
Provides a presumption of Provides for presumptions of whatsoever to the notary public’s statement or
simultaneity in the deaths of survivorship acknowledgment that the person who executed the
the persons called to document personally appeared before him and the
succeed each other same was his free and voluntary act.
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5) Not to give an answer which will tend to degrade his Bermudez case: testimony given by complainant who, unlike
reputation, unless it to be the very fact at issue or to a an accused person, could not refuse to testify without an
fact from which the fact in issue would be presumed. unfavorable inference being drawn against her. She did
But a witness must answer to the fact of his previous final not open the issue in her direct examination as it was
conviction for an offense. (3a, 19a) raised during cross, thus she didn’t waive the privilege
against self-incrimination of her own volition or by acts
A witness cannot refuse to answer questions material to the imputable to her.
inquiry even if it may tend to establish a claim against him.
When he may validly refuse to answer: GEN RULE: Witness granted the right against self-
1. Under the right against self-incrimination, if his incrimination.
answer will tend to subject him to punishment for
an offense; or EXCEPTION: immunity statutes wherein the witness is granted
2. Under the right against self-degradation, if his immunity from criminal prosecution for offenses admitted in
answer will have a direct tendency to degrade his his testimony
character UNLESS Classes of immunity states – see Galman v. Pamaran next
a. such question is directed to the very fact at page
issue or to a fact from which the fact at issue
would be presumed, or 2. §8, RA 1379
b. it refers to his previous final conviction for an Sec. 8. Protection against self-incrimination. Neither the
offense respondent nor any other person shall be excused from
attending and testifying or from producing books, papers,
WRT accused in criminal cases, R115.1(e) provides for his correspondence, memoranda and other records on the
right against self-incrimination – he may refuse to take the ground that the testimony or evidence, documentary or
stand altogether, but in other cases or proceedings, a party otherwise, required of him may tend to incriminate him or
may be compelled to take the stand although he may object subject him to prosecution; but no individual shall be
to incriminating questions. (Suarez v. Tengco) The accused prosecuted criminally for or on account of any transaction,
also has the right against self-degradation. matter or thing concerning which he is compelled, after
having claimed his privilege against self-incrimination, to
The right against self-incrimination is available in criminal, civil, testify or produce evidence, documentary or otherwise,
or administrative cases. (Bermudez v. Castillo) It extends to except that such individual so testifying shall not be exempt
administrative proceedings with a criminal/penal aspect. from prosecution and conviction for perjury or false testimony
(Pascual, Jr. v. Board of Medical Examiners) committed in so testifying or from administrative proceedings.
The right against self-incrimination, which may be invoked by Sec. 1. Any person who voluntarily gives information about
the accused, may be with reference to the offense involved in any violation of Articles 210, 211, and 212 of the RPC; RA
the same case wherein he is charged or to an offense for 3019, as amended; Section 345 of the Internal Revenue Code
which he may be charged and tried in another case; WRT a and Section 3604 of the Tariff and Customs Code and other
witness, the offense involved is one for w/c he may be tried in provisions of the said Codes penalizing abuse or dishonesty
another case. In either instance, the right should be on the part of the public officials concerned; and other laws,
seasonably invoked and may be waived. rules and regulations punishing acts of graft, corruption and
other forms of official abuse; and who willingly testifies
Seemingly conflicting decisions against any public official or employee for such violation shall
Where, in a prosecution for falsification, the accused took the be exempt from prosecution or punishment for the offense
stand and testified denying his authorship of the alleged with reference to which his information and testimony were
falsified signature, on cross-examination he can be compelled given, and may plead or prove the giving of such information
to give a sample of his handwriting and it was not a denial of and testimony in bar of such prosecution: Provided; that this
his right against self-incrimination. (Beltran v. Samson) immunity may be enjoyed even in cases where the
information and testimony are given against a person who is
Where, in a disbarment case, the complainant on cross- not a public official but who is a principal, or accomplice, or
examination denied authorship of certain handwritten letters, accessory in the commission of any of the above-mentioned
she could not be compelled to give samples of her violations: Provided, further, that this immunity may be
handwriting as it would amount to a denial of her right enjoyed by such informant or witness notwithstanding that
against self-incrimination in a possible charge for perjury. he offered or gave the bribe or gift to the public official or his
(Bermudez v. Castillo) accomplice for such gift or bribe-giving; and Provided, finally,
that the following conditions concur:
Reconciliation of the two decisions 1. The information must refer to consummated violations of
Beltran case: accused opened the issue on his direct any of the above-mentioned provisions of law, rules and
examination. As such, he waived his right against self- regulations;
incrimination on the issue, and could be cross-examined 2. The information and testimony are necessary for the
thereon like any other witness. conviction of the accused public officer;
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3. Such information and testimony are not yet in the • Thus, for a party in a civil case to possess the right to
possession of the State; refuse to take the witness stand, the civil case must also
4. Such information and testimony can be corroborated on its partake of the nature of a criminal proceeding
material points; and
5. The informant or witness has not been previously C. Order of examination
convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude.
1. R132.4-10
Sec. 2. The immunity granted hereunder shall not attach Sec. 4. Order in the examination of an individual witness. —
should it turn out subsequently that the information and/or The order in which the individual witness may be examined is
testimony is false and malicious or made only for the purpose as follows:
of harassing, molesting or in any way prejudicing the public (a) Direct examination by the proponent;
officer denounced. In such a case, the public officer so (b) Cross-examination by the opponent;
denounced shall be entitled to any action, civil or criminal, (c) Re-direct examination by the proponent;
against said informant or witness. (d) Re-cross-examination by the opponent.
GALMAN V. PAMARAN Sec. 6. Cross-examination; its purpose and extent. — Upon the
Classes of immunity statutes termination of the direct examination, the witness may be
a. Use immunity: prohibits use of witness’ compelled cross-examined by the adverse party as to many matters
testimony and its fruits in any manner in connection w/ stated in the direct examination, or connected therewith, with
the criminal prosecution of the witness sufficient fullness and freedom to test his accuracy and
• Merely testifying and/or producing evidence truthfulness and freedom from interest or bias, or the reverse,
doesn’t render the witness immune from and to elicit all important facts bearing upon the issue.
prosecution despite his invocation of the right
against self-incrimination. He’s merely saved from Sec. 7. Re-direct examination; its purpose and extent. — After
the use against him of such statements or evidence the cross-examination of the witness has been concluded, he
w/c he had been compelled to produce may be re-examined by the party calling him, to explain or
notwithstanding his having seasonably invoked said supplement his answers given during the cross-examination.
right against self-incrimination On re-direct-examination, questions on matters not dealt with
b. Transactional immunity: grants immunity to witness from during the cross-examination, may be allowed by the court in
prosecution for an offense to w/c his compelled its discretion.
testimony relates
Sec. 8. Re-cross-examination. — Upon the conclusion of the re-
PD 1886 grants only use immunity. Hence, dictates of fair play direct examination, the adverse party may re-cross-examine
demand that Generals Ver & Olivas should’ve been informed the witness on matters stated in his re-direct examination, and
of their rights to remain silent by the Agrava Board. also on such other matters as may be allowed by the court in
its discretion.
HERRERA V. ALBA
Obtaining DNA samples from an accused in a criminal case A witness may be cross-examined not only upon matters
or from the respondent in a paternity case, contrary to the testified to by him on his direct examination, but also on all
belief of respondent in this action, will not violate the right matters relevant to the issue. (Cupps v. State)
against self-incrimination. This privilege applies only to
evidence that is “communicative” in essence taken under Where the witness is an unwilling or hostile witness so
duress. The SC has ruled that the right against self- declared by the court or is an adverse party, the cross-
incrimination is just a prohibition on the use of physical or examination shall only be on the subject matter of his
moral compulsion to extort communication (testimonial examination-in-chief. This is the same as the limitation of the
evidence) from a defendant, not an exclusion of evidence cross-examination of an accused who testifies as a witness in
taken from his body when it may be material. his own behalf.
ROSETE V. LIM When the question w/c assumes facts not on record is asked
As a rule, only an accused in a criminal case can refuse to on cross-examination, it’s objectionable for being misleading;
take the witness stand. The right to refuse to take the stand if on direct examination, it’s objectionable for lack of basis.
does not generally apply to parties in administrative cases or
proceedings. The parties thereto can only refuse to answer if When cross-examination is not and cannot be done or
incriminating questions are propounded. But there is an completed due to causes attributable to the party who
exception – a party who is not an accused in a criminal case offered the witness, the uncompleted testimony is thereby
is allowed not to take the witness stand in administrative rendered incompetent and should be stricken from the
cases/proceedings that partook of the nature of a criminal record. (Bachrach Motor v. CIR)
proceeding or analogous to a criminal proceeding. It is the Where, however, in a criminal case the prosecution
opinion of the Court that said exception applies to parties in witness was extensively cross-examined on the essential
civil actions which are criminal in nature. As long as the suit is elements of the crime and what remained for further
criminal in nature, the party thereto can altogether decline to cross-examination was the matter of price or reward w/c
take the witness stand. It is not the character of the suit was treated therein as merely an aggravating
involved but the nature of the proceedings that controls. circumstance, his failure to appear for further cross
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thereon will not warrant the striking out of his direct understand; deaf & dumb; or unable to speak or
exam, especially since further cross could not be understand the English language or only imperfectly
conducted due to the witness’ subsequent death, a familiar therewith. (People v. Dela Cruz)
circumstance not attributable to the prosecution. (People
v. Seneris) Same rule followed where prosecution Misleading question: one w/c assumes facts not in evidence
witness was extensively cross-examined on material or w/o sufficient basis or w/c assumes testimony or proof w/c
points and thereafter failed to appear and could not be has not been given.
produced despite a warrant for his arrest. (People v.
Gorospe) RIANO:
Leading questions are not appropriate in direct and re-direct
RIANO: examinations particularly when the witness is asked to testify
Basic purposes of cross-examination: about a major element of the cause of action or defense.
1. Bring out facts favorable to counsel’s client not
established by the direct testimony As to a child witness, R132.10 should be deemed by §20 of
2. To enable counsel to impeach or to impair the witness’ the Rule on Examination of a Child Witness. Under the latter
credibility rule, the court may allow leading questions in ALL stages of
examination of a child under the condition that the same will
If witness dies before his cross-examination is over, his further the interests of justice.
testimony on the direct may be stricken out only WRT the
testimony not covered by the cross-examination. 2. R115.1(d)
Sec. 1. Rights of accused at trial. – In all criminal prosecutions,
Sec. 9. Recalling witness. — After the examination of a witness the accused shall be entitled to the following rights: xxx
by both sides has been concluded, the witness cannot be d) To testify as a witness in his own behalf but subject to
recalled without leave of the court. The court will grant or cross-examination on matters covered by direct examination.
withhold leave in its discretion, as the interests of justice may His silence shall not in any manner prejudice him;
require. (14)
Cases:
Where all sides in the case have concluded witness
examination, his recall for further examination is discretionary CAPITOL SUBDIVISION V. PROV. OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
w/ the court as the interest of justice requires. However, A party may cross-examine a witness on matters not
where such examination has not been concluded, or if the embraced in his direct examination. But this does not mean
recall of the witness was expressly reserved by a party w/ the that a party by doing so is making the witness his own
approval of the court, then his recall is a matter of right. accordance with [law].
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of Section 10, the party producing a witness is not allowed to Oral or documentary statements made by the witness sought
impeach his credibility. to be impeached on occasions other than the trial in which
he is testifying.
A witness may be considered as unwilling or hostile only if so • How to impeach a witness by prior inconsistent
declared by the court upon adequate showing of his adverse statements: by laying the predicate
interest, unjustified reluctance to testify, or his having misled 1. Confront him w/ such statements, w/ the
the party into calling him to the witness stand. circumstances under w/c they were made;
2. Ask him whether he made such statements; and
The unwilling or hostile witness so declared, or the witness 3. Give him a chance to explain the inconsistency.
who is an adverse party, may be impeached by the party o Unless the witness is given the opportunity to
presenting him in all respects as if he had been called by the explain the discrepancies, the impeachment is
adverse party, except by evidence of his bad character. He incomplete. (US v. Baluyot) However, such
may also be impeached and cross-examined by the adverse defect in the impeachment of the witness is
party, but such cross-examination must only be on the subject deemed waived if no objection on that ground
matter of his examination-in-chief. (6a, 7a) is raised when the document involved is
offered for admission. (People v. Molo)
Sec. 13. How witness impeached by evidence of inconsistent
statements. — Before a witness can be impeached by It is believed that if the prior inconsistent statement appears in
evidence that he has made at other times statements a deposition of the adverse party, and not a mere witness,
inconsistent with his present testimony, the statements must that adverse party who testifies may be impeached w/o
be related to him, with the circumstances of the times and laying the predicate, as such prior statements are in the
places and the persons present, and he must be asked nature of admissions of said adverse party. Thus, under
whether he made such statements, and if so, allowed to R23.4(b), the deposition of an adverse party may be used by
explain them. If the statements be in writing they must be any party for any purpose, i.e. as evidence for the latter or to
shown to the witness before any question is put to him impeach or contradict said party deponent through
concerning them. (16) inconsistent statements therein.
GEN RULE: a party who voluntarily offers the testimony of a Where a witness’ previous statements are offered as evidence
witness in the case is bound by the testimony of said witness. of an admission, and not merely to impeach him, the rule on
laying a predicate does not apply (Juan Ysmael & Co., Inc. v.
EXCEPTIONS: Hashim) and the same would apply to like statements of a
1. Hostile witness; party to the case
2. Where the witness is the adverse party or the
representative of a juridical person w/c is the adverse Sec. 14. Evidence of good character of witness. — Evidence of
party; and the good character of a witness is not admissible until such
3. When the witness is not voluntarily offered but is character has been impeached.
required by law to be presented by the proponent, as in
the case of subscribing witnesses to a will. (Fernandez v.
See R130.51
Tantoco)
A party can impeach the adverse party’s witness by: Sec. 15. Exclusion and separation of witnesses. — On any trial
1. Contradictory evidence or hearing, the judge may exclude from the court any witness
2. Evidence of prior inconsistent statements not at the time under examination, so that he may not hear
3. Evidence of bad character the testimony of other witnesses. The judge may also cause
4. Evidence of bias, interest, prejudice, or incompetence witnesses to be kept separate and to be prevented from
conversing with one another until all shall have been
A party can impeach his own witness only by: examined. (18)
1. Evidence contradictory to his testimony
2. Evidence of prior inconsistent statements The power of exclusion applies only to the witnesses and not
to the parties in a civil case. The same right against exclusion
In the case of hostile witnesses, adverse party witnesses or also applies to the accused in a criminal case.
involuntary witnesses, they can also be impeached by other A party to an action has a right to be present in court
modes of impeachment, aside from contradictory statements while his case is being tried, and the rule authorizing the
and prior inconsistent statements made by them. exclusion of witnesses during the trial cannot be
understood to extend to him. (Paez v. Berenguer)
Contradictory evidence: other testimony of the same witness,
or other evidence presented by him in the same case, but not If the witness violates the order of exclusion, the court may
the testimony of another witness bar him from testifying (People v. Sandal) or give little weight
Fairness demands that the impeaching matter be raised in to his testimony, aside from his liability for contempt.
the cross-examination of the witness sought to be Contrarily, it is within the power of the trial judge to refuse to
impeached by allowing him to admit or deny a matter to order the exclusion of the principal witness of the
be used as the basis of impeachment by contradictory government during the hearing of a criminal case and it may
evidence. not, on that count alone, be considered as an abuse of his
discretion. (People v. Lua Chu)
Prior inconsistent statements
2. R23.4
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Sec. 4. Use of depositions. At the trial or upon the hearing of Second sentence = “revival of past recollection.” Applies
a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a where the witness does not recall the facts involved, and is
deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence, entitled to lesser weight
may be used against any party who was present or
represented at the taking of the deposition or who had due This provision applies only when it is shown beforehand that
notice thereof, in accordance with any one of the following there is a need to refresh the memory of the witness. The
provisions: memorandum used to refresh the memory of the witness
a) Any deposition may be used by any party for the does not constitute evidence, and may not be admitted as
purpose of contradicting or impeaching the testimony of such, because the witness has just the same to testify on the
deponent as a witness; basis of refreshed memory.
b) The deposition of a party or of any one who at the time Where the witness has testified independently of or after
of taking the deposition was an officer, director, or his memory has been refreshed by a memorandum of
managing agent of a public or private corporation, the events in dispute, such memorandum is not
partnership, or association which is a party may be used admissible as corroborative evidence, since a witness
by an adverse party for any purpose; may not be corroborated by any written statement
c) The deposition of a witness, whether or not a party, may prepared wholly by him. Exception = when the proper
be used by any party for any purpose if the court finds: predicate of his failing memory is priorly laid down.
(1) that the witness is dead; or (2) that the witness (Borromeo v. CA)
resides at a distance more than one hundred (100)
kilometers from the place of trial or hearing, or is out of Sec. 17. When part of transaction, writing or record given in
the Philippines, unless it appears that his absence was evidence, the remainder, the remainder admissible. — When
procured by the party offering the deposition; or (3) that part of an act, declaration, conversation, writing or record is
the witness is unable to attend or testify because of age, given in evidence by one party, the whole of the same
sickness, infirmity, or imprisonment; or (4) that the party subject may be inquired into by the other, and when a
offering the deposition has been unable to procure the detached act, declaration, conversation, writing or record is
attendance of the witness by subpoena; or (5) upon given in evidence, any other act, declaration, conversation,
application and notice, that such exceptional writing or record necessary to its understanding may also be
circumstances exist as to make it desirable, in the interest given in evidence. (11a)
of justice and with due regard to the importance of
presenting the testimony of witnesses orally in open Similar rule provided for in use of depositions – see R23.4(d)
court, to allow the deposition to be used; and
d) If only part of a deposition is offered in evidence by a Sec. 18. Right to inspect writing shown to
party, the adverse party may require him to introduce all witness. — Whenever a writing is shown to a witness, it may
of it which is relevant to the part introduced, and any be inspected by the adverse party. (9a)
party may introduce any other parts.
Cases:
Case:
CANQUE V. CA
OFFICE OF THE COURT ADMINISTRATOR V. MORANTE
Under R132.13, a witness may be impeached by showing • Under R132.10, the memorandum used to refresh the
that such two contradicting statements are under oath. In memory of the witness does not constitute evidence,
order to impeach his testimony to be inconsistent with the and may not be admitted as such, for the simple reason
sworn statement, the sworn statement alleged to be that the witness has just the same to testify on the basis
inconsistent with the subsequent one should have been of refreshed memory. In other words, where the witness
shown and read to him and, thereafter, he should have been has testified independently of or after his testimony has
asked to explain the apparent inconsistency. been refreshed by a memorandum of the events in
dispute, such memorandum is not admissible as
E. Reference to writing (R132.16-18) corroborative evidence.
Sec. 16. When witness may refer to memorandum. — A • As the entries in question were not made based on
witness may be allowed to refresh his memory respecting a personal knowledge, they could only corroborate her
fact, by anything written or recorded by himself or under his testimony that she made the entries as she received the
direction at the time when the fact occurred, or immediately bills.
thereafter, or at any other time when the fact was fresh in his
memory and knew that the same was correctly written or PEOPLE V. DELA CRUZ
recorded; but in such case the writing or record must be The leading questions were neither conclusions of facts
produced and may be inspected by the adverse party, who merely put into the mouth of JONALYN nor prepared
may, if he chooses, cross examine the witness upon it, and statements which she merely confirmed as true. The
may read it in evidence. So, also, a witness may testify from questions were indeed carefully phrased and sometimes
such writing or record, though he retain no recollection of based on her Sinumpaang Salaysay to make JONALYN
the particular facts, if he is able to swear that the writing or understand the import of the questions. In the same vein, the
record correctly stated the transaction when made; but such prosecution’s referral to JONALYN’s Sinumpaang Salaysay to
evidence must be received with caution. (10a) refresh her memory was also reasonable. The purpose of
refreshing the recollection of a witness is to enable both the
First sentence = “revival of present memory.” Applies if the witness and her present testimony to be put fairly and in their
witness remembers the facts regarding his entries and is proper light before the court.
entitled to greater weight
III. AUTHENTICATION AND PROOF OF DOCUMENTS
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must be proved in accordance w/ Secs. 24 & 25 of the same
A. Public documents Rule.
EXCEPTION: where a special rule of law requires proof Sec. 26. Irremovability of public record. — Any public record,
thereof despite its being a document acknowledged in an official copy of which is admissible in evidence, must not
accordance w/ Sec. 30, as in the case of probate of notarial be removed from the office in which it is kept, except upon
wills where the testimony of the attesting witnesses are still order of a court where the inspection of the record is
required for its probate (R132.76 & 30) essential to the just determination of a pending case. (27a)
Requisites for admissibility of copy of foreign official document A public record cannot be removed from the office in w/c it is
1. Attested by the officer having legal custody of the kept w/o a court order, such as a subpoena duces tecum,
records or by his deputy; and and even the court cannot order its removal therefrom.
2. Accompanied by a certificate of the Philippine diplomatic EXCEPTION: when essential to the just determination of
or consular representative to the foreign country a pending case
certifying that such attesting officer has the custody of
the document NOTE that this rule refers only to a public record an official
• This requirement is intended to justify the giving of copy of w/c could be made available to the interested part
full faith and credit to the genuineness of a and is admissible in evidence.
document in a foreign country (Valencia v. Lopez)
§24: requirements for admissibility in evidence of a foreign
A document, to be public, must be an official written act of a public document.
public officer. Absent the attestation of the officer having the legal
custody of the records and the certificate to that effect by
If a private writing itself is inserted officially into a public a Philippine foreign service officer, a mere copy of the
record, its record/recordation/incorporation into the public foreign document is not admissible as evidence to prove
record becomes a public document, but that does not make the foreign law. (Wildvalley Shipping Co., Ltd. v. CA)
the private writing itself a public document so as to make it
admissible w/o authentication. (Republic v. Worldwide Sec. 27. Public record of a private document. — An authorized
Insurance) public record of a private document may be proved by the
original record, or by a copy thereof, attested by the legal
A claim for the enforcement of a foreign judgment can be custodian of the record, with an appropriate certificate that
brought only before the regular courts and not in an such officer has the custody.
administrative agency. A foreign decision purporting to be
the written record of an act of an official body or tribunal of a Sec. 28. Proof of lack of record. — A written statement signed
foreign country is a public writing under R132.19(a), and by an officer having the custody of an official record or by his
deputy that after diligent search no record or entry of a
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specified tenor is found to exist in the records of his office, NOTE: While recognizing the primacy of a birth certificate as
accompanied by a certificate as above provided, is admissible proof of the victim’s age, SC held that in the absence of such
as evidence that the records of his office contain no such evidence, the victim’s minority may be proved by other
record or entry. (29) documentary evidence such as her baptismal certificate or
other authentic records. (People v. Llandelar)
Sec. 29. How judicial record impeached. — Any judicial record
may be impeached by evidence of: (a) want of jurisdiction in A death certificate is not proof of the cause of death, its
the court or judicial officer, (b) collusion between the parties, probative value being confined only to the fact of death, and
or (c) fraud in the party offering the record, in respect to the the statement therein contained regarding the duration of
proceedings. (30a) illness and the cause of death are mere hearsay. (Sison v. Sun
Life Assurance)
RIANO: BUT it has been held that a death certificate is admissible
Judicial record: the record of judicial proceedings. Includes to prove the residence of the deceased at the time of his
official entries or files, official acts of a judicial officer, and death. (Garcia Fule v. Malvar)
judgment of the court
2. CC408
Sec. 30. Proof of notarial documents. — Every instrument duly CC403. Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding
acknowledged or proved and certified as provided by law, article, a daughter above twenty-one but below twenty-three
may be presented in evidence without further proof, the years of age cannot leave the parental home without the
certificate of acknowledgment being prima facie evidence of consent of the father or mother in whose company she lives,
the execution of the instrument or document involved. (31a) except to become a wife, or when she exercises a profession
or calling, or when the father or mother has contracted a
subsequent marriage. (321a)
Public documents may be proved by:
1. The original copy;
2. An official publication thereof; or Cf. CC 402. Majority commences upon the attainment of the
3. A certified true copy thereof age of twenty-one years. The person who has reached
majority is qualified for all acts of civil life, save the exceptions
When a CTC is presented, § 24 & 25 provide what should established by this Code in special cases.
appear in the certification or attestation of said true copy and
w/c must have the documentary stamp affixed thereto in 3. §201, RA 8424
order to be admissible (§201, RA 8424), UNLESS specifically NIRC, Sec. 201. Effect of Failure to Stamp Taxable Document. -
exempted therefrom, as in the case of baptismal/birth An instrument, document or paper which is required by law
certificates of contracting parties to a marriage (FC 13). It’s to be stamped and which has been signed, issued, accepted
presumed that the requisite stamps have been affixed to the or transferred without being duly stamped, shall not be
original copy of a document where only the carbon copies recorded, nor shall it or any copy thereof or any record of
thereof are available. (Mahilum v. CA) transfer of the same be admitted or used in evidence in any
court until the requisite stamp or stamps are affixed thereto
Where the SPA is executed and acknowledged before a and cancelled.
notary public or other competent officer in a foreign country,
it can’t be admitted in evidence in Philippine courts UNLESS Cases:
it’s certified as such in accordance w/ R132.24 by a secretary
of the embassy or legation, consul-general/consul/vice- PACIFIC ASIA OVERSEAS SHIPPING CORP. V. NLRC
consul/consular agent or by any officer in the foreign service • The Dubai decision was not properly proved before the
of the Philippines stationed in the foreign country in w/c the POEA. The Dubai decision purports to be the written act
record is kept of said public document and authenticated by or record of an act of an official body or tribunal of a
the seal of his office. (Lopez v. CA) foreign country, and therefore a public writing under
R132.20(a)
The probative value of public instruments depends on the
kind of document that is presented in evidence. (Dupilas v. • Also, the Dubai decision is accompanied by a document
Cabacungan) which purports to be an English translation of that
decision, but that translation is legally defective. R132.34
Only baptismal certificates issued by the priests during the requires that documents written in a non-official
Spanish regime are considered public documents. (Adriano v. language (Arabic) shall not be admitted as evidence
de Jesus) However, a baptismal certificate issued after the unless accompanied by a translation into English or
Spanish regime is a private document and cannot even be Spanish or Filipino.
considered prima facie evidence of the fact that gave rise to
its execution – the fact of baptism and the date thereof – and PEOPLE V. LAZARO
is therefore hearsay and inadmissible evidence even as to the Either the testimony of a representative of, or a certification
date of baptism unless the priest who performed the from, the PNP Firearms and Explosive Office attesting that a
baptismal rites and made the certificate is produced. (People person is not a licensee of any firearm would suffice to prove
v. Barcebal) beyond reasonable doubt the second element of possession
of illegal firearms. Moreover, the rule on hearsay evidence
Baptismal certificates are not sufficient to prove paternity admits of several exceptions. One such exception is that
(Arde v. Anicoche) or voluntary recognition of a child. provided for under R130.44 (Entries in official records).
(Berciles v. GSIS) Relative to this provision, R132.28 of the same Rules allows
the admission of the said document.
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MONTEVERDE V. PEOPLE Where the reply of the adverse party refers to and affirms the
A private document acquires the character of a public transmittal to him and his receipt of the letter in question, a
document when it becomes part of an official record and is copy of which the proponent is offering as evidence
certified by a public officer duly authorized by law.
Instances when authentication of a document is NOT
SORIANO V. GALIT required
Public documents by themselves may be adequate to 1. The writing is an ancient document, under the requisites
establish the presumption of their validity. However, their of §21
probative weight must be evaluated not in isolation but in 2. The writing is a public document or record per §19
conjunction with other evidence adduced by the parties in 3. It’s a notarial document acknowledged, proved, or
the controversy, much more so in this case where the certified in accordance w/ §30
contents of a copy thereof subsequently registered for 4. The authenticity and due execution of the document
documentation purposes is being contested. has been expressly or impliedly admitted by a failure to
deny the same under oath, as in the case of actionable
DELFIN V. BILLONES documents per R8.8
Documents consisting of entries in public records made in the
performance of a duty by a public officer are prima facie The authenticity and due execution of a private document
evidence of the facts therein stated. Nevertheless, this are proved, inter alia, by evidence of the genuineness of the
presumption is disputable and is satisfactory only if handwriting of the maker
uncontradicted, and may be overcome by other evidence to Genuineness of maker’s handwriting proved by:
the contrary. 1. A witness who actually saw the person writing the
instrument (§20[a])
SEVILLA V. CARDENAS 2. A witness familiar w/ such handwriting (§22) and
The presumption of regularity of official acts may be rebutted who can give his opinion thereon, such opinion
by affirmative evidence of irregularity or failure to perform a being an exception to the opinion rule (R.130.50[b])
duty. 3. A comparison by the court of the questioned
handwriting and admitted genuine specimens
B. Private documents (R132.20-22, 32-33) thereof (§22)
Sec. 20. Proof of private document. — Before any private 4. Expert evidence (R.130.49)
document offered as authentic is received in evidence, its due
execution and authenticity must be proved either: §22 merely enumerates the methods of proving handwriting
a) By anyone who saw the document executed or written; but does not give preference or priority to a particular
or method (Lopez v. CA)
b) By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or
handwriting of the maker. Sec. 32. Seal. — There shall be no difference between sealed
and unsealed private documents insofar as their admissibility
Any other private document need only be identified as that as evidence is concerned. (33a)
which it is claimed to be. (21a)
Sec. 33. Documentary evidence in an unofficial
Sec. 21. When evidence of authenticity of private document language. — Documents written in an unofficial language
not necessary. — Where a private document is more than shall not be admitted as evidence, unless accompanied with a
thirty years old, is produced from the custody in which it translation into English or Filipino. To avoid interruption of
would naturally be found if genuine, and is unblemished by proceedings, parties or their attorneys are directed to have
any alterations or circumstances of suspicion, no other such translation prepared before trial.
evidence of its authenticity need be given. (22a)
PD 155 (1973) provides that “the Spanish language shall
Sec. 22. How genuineness of handwriting proved. — The continue to be recognized as an official language in the
handwriting of a person may be proved by any witness who Philippines while important documents in government files
believes it to be the handwriting of such person because he are in the Spanish language and not translated into either
has seen the person write, or has seen writing purporting to English or Pilipino language.”
be his upon which the witness has acted or been charged, 1987 Consti: the official languages are Filipino and, until
and has thus acquired knowledge of the handwriting of such otherwise provided by law, English, w/ the regional
person. Evidence respecting the handwriting may also be languages as auxiliary official languages in the region
given by a comparison, made by the witness or the court,
with writings admitted or treated as genuine by the party Cases:
against whom the evidence is offered, or proved to be
genuine to the satisfaction of the judge. (23a) BARTOLOME V. IAC
Under R132.21, the due execution and authenticity of a
R132.20-22: rules on authentication of private documents private writing must be proved either by anyone who saw
the writing executed, by evidence of the genuineness of the
Doctrine of self-authentication handwriting of the maker, or by a subscribing witness.
Where the facts in the writing could only have been known
by the writer CEQUEÑA V. BOLANTE
• An ancient document is one that is (1) more than 30
Rule of authentication of the adverse party years old, (2) found in the proper custody, and (3)
unblemished by any alteration or by any circumstance of
suspicion. It must on its face appear to be genuine.
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• Not all notarized documents are exempted from the rule b) by evidence that other appropriate security procedures or
on authentication. Thus, an affidavit does not devices as may be authorized by the Supreme Court or
automatically become a public document just because it by law for authentication of electronic documents were
contains a notarial jurat. applied to the document; or
• By itself, an affidavit is not a mode of acquiring c) by other evidence showing its integrity and reliability to the
ownership. satisfaction of the judge.
CIRELOS V. HERNANDEZ The literal import of §34 has been relaxed in the sense that
The party producing a document as genuine which has been evidence not formally offered can be admitted by the TC
altered in a part material to the question in dispute must provided the ff. requirements are present:
account for the alteration. 1. The same must’ve been duly identified by testimony duly
recorded; and
D. Rule on Electronic Evidence 2. The same must’ve been incorporated in the records of
Rule 5. Authentication of Electronic Documents the case
Sec. 1. The person seeking to introduce an electronic
document in any legal proceeding has the burden of proving The formal offer of testimonial evidence at the time the
its authenticity. witness is called to testify is necessary to enable the court to
intelligently rule on any objection to the questions asked. As a
Sec. 2. Manner of authentication. – Before any private rule, the proponent must show its relevance, materiality, and
electronic document offered as authentic is received in competence, and the adverse party must promptly raise any
evidence, its authenticity must be proved by any of the objection thereto. (People v. Ancheta)
following means:
a) by evidence that it had been digitally signed by the person RIANO:
purported to have signed the same; When formal offer of evidence is not required
1. In a summary proceeding, as it’s a proceeding where
there’s no full-blown trial
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2. Documents judicially admitted or taken judicial notice of objection, but a ruling should always be made during the
3. Documents, affidavits, and depositions used in rendering trial.
a summary judgment The courts should consider the evidence only for the
4. Documents or affidavits used in deciding quasi-judicial or purpose for which it was offered (People v. Abalos)
administrative cases
5. Lost objects previously marked, identified, described in The trial courts should permit all exhibits presented by the
the record, and testified to by witnesses who had been parties, although not admitted, to be attached to the records
subjects of cross-examination in respect to said objects so that, in case of appeal, the appellate court may be able to
examine the same and determine the propriety of their
Sec. 36. Objection. — Objection to evidence offered orally rejection. (Oliveros v. Oliveros)
must be made immediately after the offer is made. However, it has been held that where documentary
evidence was rejected by the TC and the offeror did not
Objection to a question propounded in the course of the oral move that the same be attached to the record, the same
examination of a witness shall be made as soon as the cannot be considered by the appellate court (Banez v.
grounds therefor shall become reasonably apparent. CA), as documents forming no part of proofs before the
appellate court cannot be considered in disposing of the
An offer of evidence in writing shall be objected to within case (De Castro v. CA); otherwise, that would infringe
three (3) days after notice of the offer unless a different period upon the adverse party’s constitutional right to due
is allowed by the court. process of law. (Tinsay v. Yusay)
In any case, the grounds for the objections must be specified. Where there is no indication of bad faith on the part of the
attorney offering the evidence, the court may, as a rule, safely
Sec. 37. When repetition of objection unnecessary. — When it accept the testimony upon the statement of the attorney that
becomes reasonably apparent in the course of the the proof offered will be connected later. (Prats & Co. v.
examination of a witness that the question being Phoenix Insurance)
propounded are of the same class as those to which
objection has been made, whether such objection was The purpose for w/c the evidence is offered must be specified
sustained or overruled, it shall not be necessary to repeat the because such evidence may be admissible for several
objection, it being sufficient for the adverse party to record his purposes under the doctrine of multiple admissibility, or may
continuing objection to such class of questions. be admissible for one purpose and not for another, otherwise
the adverse party can’t interpose the proper objection.
Sec. 38. Ruling. — The ruling of the court must be given Evidence submitted for one purpose may not be considered
immediately after the objection is made, unless the court for any other purpose. (People v. Diano)
desires to take a reasonable time to inform itself on the
question presented; but the ruling shall always be made A document or writing which is admitted merely as part of
during the trial and at such time as will give the party against the testimony of a witness (and not as an independent
whom it is made an opportunity to meet the situation evidence) does not constitute proof of the facts related
presented by the ruling. therein. (Sheraton-Palace Hotel v. Quijano)
The reason for sustaining or overruling an objection need not Identification of Formal offer of documentary
be stated. However, if the objection is based on two or more documentary evidence evidence
grounds, a ruling sustaining the objection on one or some of Made in the course of the Only when the proponent
them must specify the ground or grounds relied upon. (38a) trial and marked as exhibits. rests his case and formally
Evidence identified at trial offers the evidence that an
Sec. 39. Striking out answer. — Should a witness answer the and marked as exhibits may objection thereto may be
question before the adverse party had the opportunity to be withdrawn before formal made.
voice fully its objection to the same, and such objection is offer thereof or may not at all
found to be meritorious, the court shall sustain the objection be offered as evidence
and order the answer given to be stricken off the record.
Documents which may have been marked as exhibits during
On proper motion, the court may also order the striking out the hearing but w/c were not formally offered in evidence
of answers which are incompetent, irrelevant, or otherwise cannot be considered as evidence nor can they be given any
improper. (n) evidentiary value. (Vda. De Flores v. WCC)
However, it has been held in a criminal case for
Sec. 40. Tender of excluded evidence. — If documents or kidnapping w/ murder that even if there was no formal
things offered in evidence are excluded by the court, the offer of the exhibits but the same have been duly
offeror may have the same attached to or made part of the identified by testimony duly recorded and the exhibits
record. If the evidence excluded is oral, the offeror may state have been incorporated in the records of the case, said
for the record the name and other personal circumstances of exhibits are admissible against the accused. (People v.
the witness and the substance of the proposed testimony. (n) Mate)
Parties who offer objections to questions on whatever §37 provides that the repetition of objections to the same
ground are entitled to a ruling at the time the objection is class of evidence is not required. The party may just enter a
made, unless they present a question with regard to which general and continuing objection to the same class of
the court desires to inform itself before making its ruling. In evidence and the ruling of the court shall be applicable to all
that event, it’s perfectly proper for the court to take a such evidence of the same class. It has been held that the
reasonable time to study the questions raised by the court itself may motu proprio treat the objection as a
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
continuing one. (Ed. A. Keller & Co., Ltd. v. Ellerman &
Bucknail) YU V. CA
It is apparent [from R132.40] that before tender of excluded
An erroneous admission or rejection of evidence by the TC is evidence is made, the evidence must have been formally
not a ground for a new trial or reversal of the decision if there offered before the court. And before formal offer of evidence
are other independent evidence to sustain the decision, or if is made, the evidence must have been identified and
the rejected evidence, if it had been admitted, wouldn’t have presented before the court.
changed the decision (People v. Bande); otherwise a new
trial is warranted by reason of such erroneous ruling w/c VALENCIA V. SANDIGANBAYAN
goes into the merits of the case and would’ve affected the • Admission of additional evidence is addressed to the
decision (US v. Villanueva). sound discretion of the TC.
If the TC erroneously ruled out the evidence and • A motion to reopen presupposes that either or both
discovered such error before the judgment had become parties have formally offered and closed their evidence.
final or before and appeal therefrom had been
perfected, it may reopen the case. (Tinsay v. Yusay) PAREL V. PRUDENCIO
A formal offer is necessary because it is the duty of a judge to
The TC rulings on procedural questions and on admissibility rest his findings of facts and his judgment only and strictly
of evidence during the course of a trial are interlocutory in upon the evidence offered by the parties to the suit. It is a
nature and may not be the subject of separate appeals or settled rule that the mere fact that a particular document is
review on certiorari. These are to be assigned as errors and identified and marked as an exhibit does not mean that it has
reviewed in the appeal taken from the TC on the merits of the thereby already been offered as part of the evidence of a
case. (Gatdula v. People) party.
The demeanor, the emphasis, gestures, and inflection of the The non-production of a corroborative witness without any
voice of a witness, while testifying, are potent aids in the explanation given why he wasn’t produced weakens the
proper evaluation of his credibility. (US v. Macuti) testimony of the witness who named that corroborating
witness in his testimony. (People v. Abonales)
When a witness makes 2 sworn statements gravely
contradicting each other, the court cannot accept either Affirmative testimony is stronger than negative testimony.
statement as proof. The witness by his own act of giving false Negative testimony of a witness cannot prevail over the
testimony impeaches his own testimony and the court should positive statements of persons who were eyewitnesses of the
exclude it from all consideration. (US v. Pala) This is different fact w/c is the subject of investigation. (Vda de Ramos v. CA)
from the situation wherein the testimonies of 2 witnesses
contradict each other, in w/c case the court shall adopt such Delay of a witness in revealing to the authorities what he
testimony w/c it believes to be true. (US v. Lasada) knows about a crime does not render his testimony false, for
the delay may be explained by the natural reticence of most
The fact that a person has reached the “twilight of his life” is people and their abhorrence to get involved in a criminal
not always a guarantee that he would tell the truth. It’s also case. (People v. Untalasco Jr) More than this, there is always
quite common that advanced age makes a person mentally the inherent fear of reprisal, which is quite understandable
dull and completely hazy about things which have happened
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evidence | 1st sem, 2011-2012 ysr
especially if the accused is a man of power and influence in engender reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the
the community. (People v. Catao) accused. (People v. Gerones)
The refusal of a person to submit to investigation to
explain the innocent role he professes is inconsistent Where one accused withdraws his appeal after realizing the
with the normal reaction of an innocent man. (People v. futility of his defense, and the other escapes from
Bunsol) confinement thereby causing the dismissal of his appeal, said
acts are unmistakable signs of guilt. (People v. Aquiedo)
The mere relationship of the witness to the victim does not
impair his positive and clear testimony nor render the same Tax declarations or the payment of real estate taxes on the
less worthy of credit (People v. Berganio), UNLESS there’s a land are not conclusive evidence of ownership of the
showing of improper motive on the part of said witnesses. declarant or payor. (De Guzman v. CA)
(People v. Jabeguero) Tax receipts are not incontrovertible evidence of
ownership but if accompanied by open, adverse, and
Affidavits are generally subordinated in importance to open continued possession in the concept of owner of the
court declarations because they are oftentimes executed property, they constitute evidence of great weight in
when the affiant is at a high pitch of excitement and when support of a claim of ownership over said property by
his mental faculties are not in such a state as to afford him a the possessor thereof or his privies. (Tabuena v. CA)
fair opportunity of narrating in full the incident which has just
transpired. An affidavit is only prima facie evidence of weak Flight is evidence of guilt and of a guilty conscience. (US v.
probative force and should be received with caution. Alegado) The converse, however, is not true.
(Rodriguez v. Red Line Transportation)
These rules don’t apply where the omission in the As a rule, the motive of the accused in a criminal case is
affidavit refers to a very important detail such that the immaterial and, not being an element of a crime, it does not
affiant would not have failed to mention it (People v. have to be proved. (People v. Tiengo)
Anggot), or the self-contradictions and inconsistencies
are on very material and substantial matters. (People v. Instances when evidence of motive is relevant or
Amon) essential
1. Where the assailant’s identity is in question (US v.
The infirmity of affidavits as a species of evidence is a matter of McMann)
judicial experience. Generally, an affidavit is not prepared by 2. To determine the voluntariness of the criminal act
the affiant himself but by another who uses his own (People v. Taneo), or the sanity of the accused
language in writing the affiant’s statements. Omissions and (People v. Bascos)
misunderstandings by the writer are frequent particularly 3. To determine from which side the unlawful
under circumstances of hurry or impatience. (People v. aggression commenced, as where the accused
Mariquina) invoked self-defense wherein unlawful aggression
on the part of his opponent is an essential element
To prove conspiracy, prosecution need not establish that all (US v. Laurel)
the parties thereto agreed on every detail in the execution of 4. To determine the specific nature of the crime
the crime or that they were actually together at all stages; it is committed
enough that, from the individual acts of each accused, it may 5. To determine whether a shooting was intentional
reasonably be deduced that they had a common plan to or accidental, the fact that the accused had
commit the felony. (People v. Catao) However, the same personal motives to shoot the victim being a
degree of proof required for establishing the crime is required weighty consideration (People v. Martinez Godinez)
to support a finding of conspiracy. (People v. Tumalip) 6. Where the accused contends that he acted in
defense of a stranger, since it’s essential, for such
The circumstances qualifying or aggravating the act must be defense to prosper, that the accused wasn’t
proved in an evident and incontestable manner. They must induced by revenge, resentment or other evil
be proved as conclusively as the acts constituting the offense. motive
(People v. Tiongson) 7. Where the evidence is circumstantial or
inconclusive and there’s doubt whether a crime has
The quantum of evidence necessary to prove self-defense or been committed or whether the accused has
defense of a relative is “clear and convincing” evidence. If the committed it (People v. Nicolas)
evidence for the defense is of doubtful veracity, conviction of
the accused is imperative. (People v. Berio) In some cases, motive is necessary not only for the procedural
requirement on the quantum of proof but as virtually an
For alibi to be given credence, it must not only appear that element of the offense, such as to prove malice of the
the accused interposing the same was at some other place, accused in libel or slander (US v. Bustos). The true motive of
but also that it was physically impossible for him to be at the the conduct of the accused explains and supplies the element
crime scene at the time of its commission. (People v. Gerones) of malice and, correspondingly, proves his criminal intent.
Such defense becomes weaker if uncorroborated; worse still if
it could’ve been corroborated by other persons mentioned People v. Pineda: non-exhaustive list of danger signals that
by the accused but such corroborative testimony has not the out-of-court identification of suspects may be erroneous
been presented. (People v. Brioso) even though the method used is proper
While, as a rule, the defense of alibi deserves scant 1. The witness originally stated that he couldn’t identify
consideration, it may be duly entertained if predicated anyone
on substantial and reliable evidence sufficient to
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2. The witness knew the accused before the crime but insufficient to establish civil liability by mere preponderance of
made no accusation against him when questioned by evidence.
the police
3. A serious discrepancy exists between the witness’ On the other hand, if the evidence so far presented is
original description and his actual description of the insufficient as proof beyond reasonable doubt, it does not
accused follow that the same evidence is insufficient to establish a
4. Before identifying the accused at trial, the witness preponderance of evidence. For if the court grants the
erroneously identified some other person demurrer, proceedings on the civil aspect of the case
5. Other witnesses of the crime fail to identify the accused generally proceeds. The only recognized instance when an
6. Before trial, the witness sees the accused but fails to acquittal on demurrer carries with it the dismissal of the civil
identify him aspect is when there is a finding that the act or omission from
7. Before the commission of the crime, the witness had which the civil liability may arise did not exist. Absent such
limited opportunity to see the accused determination, trial as to the civil aspect of the case must
8. The witness and the person identified are of different perforce continue.
racial groups
9. During his original observation of the offender, the If demurrer is granted and the accused is acquitted by the
witness was unaware that a crime was involved court, the accused has the right to adduce evidence on the
10. A considerable time elapsed between the witness’ view civil aspect of the case unless the court also declares that the
and his identification of the accused act or omission from which the civil liability may arise did not
11. Several persons committed the crime exist.
12. The witness failed to make a positive trial identification
B. Criminal cases (R133.2-4)
Res ipsa loquitur: the thing speaks for itself Sec. 2. Proof beyond reasonable doubt. — In a criminal case,
The fact of the occurrence of an injury, taken with the the accused is entitled to an acquittal, unless his guilt is
surrounding circumstances, may permit an inference or raise shown beyond reasonable doubt. Proof beyond reasonable
a presumption of negligence, or make out a plaintiff’s prima doubt does not mean such a degree of proof, excluding
facie case, and present a question of fact for the defendant to possibility of error, produces absolute certainly. Moral certainly
meet w/ an explanation. The doctrine is simply a recognition only is required, or that degree of proof which produces
of the postulate that as a matter of common knowledge and conviction in an unprejudiced mind. (2a)
experience, the very nature of certain types of occurrences
may justify an inference of negligence on the part of the See notes under R133.1
person who controls the instrumentality causing the injury, in
the absence of some explanation by him. Sec. 3. Extrajudicial confession, not sufficient ground for
Note that this doctrine is considered as merely conviction. — An extrajudicial confession made by an
evidentiary or in the nature of a procedural rule. Its accused, shall not be sufficient ground for conviction, unless
application doesn’t dispense with the requirement of corroborated by evidence of corpus delicti. (3)
proof of negligence. It’s simply in the process of such
proof, permitting the plaintiff to present enough of the
attending circumstances to invoke the doctrine, creating Refer to notes under R130.33.
an inference or presumption of negligence and thereby
place on the defendant the burden of going forward Corpus delicti: the body or substance of the crime
with the proof to the contrary. (Ramos v. CA) The actual commission by someone of the particular crime
charged. It’s a common fact made up of 2 things: a) the
Cases: existence of a certain act or result forming the basis of the
criminal charge, and b) the existence of a criminal agency as
HABAGAT GRILL V. DMC-URBAN PROPERTY DEVELOPER the cause of the act or the result.
“Preponderance of evidence” means that the evidence Proved when the evidence on record shows that the
adduced by one side is, as a whole, superior to or has greater crime prosecuted had been committed
weight than that of the other. Where the evidence presented
by one side is insufficient to ascertain the claim, there is no A mere voluntary extrajudicial confession uncorroborated by
preponderance of evidence. In criminal cases in which the independent proof of the corpus delicti is insufficient to
quantum of evidence required is greater than in civil cases, sustain a judgment of conviction. There must be independent
the testimony of only one witness – if credible, proof of the corpus delicti. The evidence may be
straightforward, and worthy of belief – is sufficient to convict. circumstantial but, just the same, there should be some
evidence substantiating the confession. (US v. de la Cruz)
HUN HYUNG PARK V. EUNG WAN CHOI
In case of a demurrer to evidence filed with leave of court, Sec. 4. Circumstantial evidence, when sufficient. —
the accused may adduce countervailing evidence if the court Circumstantial evidence is sufficient for conviction if:
denies the demurrer. Such denial bears no distinction as to a) There is more than one circumstance;
the two aspects of the case because there is a disparity of b) The facts from which the inferences are derived are
evidentiary value between the quanta of evidence in such proven; and
aspects of the case. In other words, a court may not deny the c) The combination of all the circumstances is such as to
demurrer as to the criminal aspect and at the same time grant produce a conviction beyond reasonable doubt. (5)
the demurrer as to the civil aspect, for if the evidence so far
presented is not insufficient to prove the crime beyond Circumstantial evidence is sufficient for conviction even in
reasonable doubt, then the same evidence is likewise not capital offenses, except when the law specifies the species
and quantum of evidence.
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PEOPLE V. PADUA
Not only the prior and coetaneous actuations of the accused Conviction based on circumstantial evidence can be upheld,
in relation to the crime but also his acts or conduct provided the circumstances proven constitute an unbroken
subsequent thereto can be considered as circumstantial chain which leads to one fair and reasonable conclusion that
evidence of guilt. points to the accused, to the exclusion of all others, as the
guilty person.
While the motive of the accused is generally immaterial not
being an element of the crime, such motive becomes C. Administrative cases (R133.5)
important when the evidence of the crime is purely Sec. 5. Substantial evidence. — In cases filed before
circumstantial. administrative or quasi-judicial bodies, a fact may be deemed
established if it is supported by substantial evidence, or that
RIANO: amount of relevant evidence which a reasonable mind might
A conviction based on circumstantial evidence must exclude accept as adequate to justify a conclusion. (n)
each and every hypothesis consistent w/ innocence. If the
totality of the circumstances eliminates beyond reasonable Substantial evidence doesn’t necessarily mean preponderant
doubt the possibility of innocence, conviction is proper. proof as required in ordinary civil cases, but such kind of
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
Cases: adequate to support a conclusion (Biak-na-bato Mining Co. v.
Tanco), or evidence commonly accepted by reasonably
UNGSOD V. PEOPLE prudent men in the conduct of their affairs. (EO 292)
• Circumstantial evidence: that w/c goes to prove a fact or
series of facts other than the facts in issue, which, if Cases:
proved, may tend by inference to establish a fact in issue.
• Standard that courts should observe in appreciating REYES V. MANGINO
circumstantial evidence, as discussed in People v. • It is settled that in administrative proceedings, the burden
Modesto: of proof that the respondent committed the acts
“No general rule can be laid down as to the complained of rests on the complainant.
quantity of circumstantial evidence which in any case
will suffice. All the circumstances proved must be • Even in administrative cases, the Rules of Court requires
consistent with each other, consistent with the that if a judge should be disciplined for grave
hypothesis that the accused is guilty, and at the same misconduct or any graver offense, the evidence against
time inconsistent with the hypothesis that he is innocent, him should be competent and derived from direct
and with every other rational hypothesis except that of knowledge. The judiciary to which the respondent
guilt. belongs demands no less. Before any of its members
It has been said, and we believe correctly, that the could be faulted, competent evidence should be
circumstances proved should constitute an unbroken presented, since the charge is penal in character. Thus,
chain which leads to one fair and reasonable conclusion the ground for the removal of a judicial officer should be
which points to the accused, to the exclusion of all established beyond reasonable doubt. Such is the rule
others, as the guilty person. From all the circumstances, where the charge on which removal is sought is
there should be a combination of evidence which in the misconduct in office, willful neglect, corruption, or
ordinary and natural course of things leaves no room for incompetence. The general rules in regard to
reasonable doubt as to his guilt.” admissibility of evidence in criminal trials apply.
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The evaluation by the trial court of the credibility of witnesses PEOPLE V. MONTEIRO
is entitled to the highest respect and will not be disturbed on The trial court should have applied R133.7 on evidence on
appeal unless certain facts of substance and value were motion. In Sapida v De Villanueva, the SC had ruled that
overlooked which, if considered, might affect the result of the “while the court may rule upon motions solely on the basis of
case. affidavits and counter-affidavits, if the affidavits contradict
each other on matters of fact, the court can have no basis to
PEOPLE V. ALCANTARA make its findings of facts and the prudent course is to subject
We have followed the rule in accord with human nature and the affiants to cross-examination so that the court can decide
experience that honest inconsistencies on minor and trivial whom to believe.”
matters serve to strengthen, rather than destroy, the credibility
of a witness, especially of witnesses to crimes shocking to
conscience and numbing to senses.
Case:
PEOPLE V. SUBIDA
While justice must be administered with dispatch, the
essential ingredient is that the proceedings must be orderly
expeditious and not merely speedy. The judicial conscience
certainly cannot rest easy on a conviction based solely on
prosecution evidence just because the presentation of the
defense evidence had been barred by technicality.
• Records show that respondent was present during the
trial and presumably was ready to continue with the
presentation of his evidence and the testimony of his
witnesses. He had no inkling why his counsel did not
appear for trial. That the absence of his counsel could
not have been deliberate is evidenced by the fact that it
was only he who was absent.
While the court may hear and rule upon motions solely on
the basis of affidavits or counter-affidavits, if the affidavits
contradict each other on matters of fact, the court can have
no basis to make its findings of fact and the prudent course is
to subject the affiants to cross-examination so that the court
can decide whom to believe. (Sapida v. De Villanueva)
Cases:
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