CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 33, No.

6 (2016) 065202

Particle-in-Cell Simulation of the Reflection of a Korteweg–de Vries Solitary

Wave and an Envelope Solitary Wave at a Solid Boundary *
Jie Zhang( 张洁) , Xin Qi(齐新) , Heng Zhang(张恒) , Wen-Shan Duan(段文山)
1 2 1 1**
1
College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070
2
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000

(Received 4 January 2016)

Reflections of a Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) solitary wave and an envelope solitary wave are studied by using the
particle-in-cell simulation method. Defining the phase shift of the reflected solitary wave, we notice that there is
a phase shift of the reflected KdV solitary wave, while there is no phase shift for an envelope solitary wave. It is
also noted that the reflection of a KdV solitary wave at a solid boundary is equivalent to the head-on collision
between two identical amplitude solitary waves.

PACS: 52.27.Lw, 52.25.Dg, 52.35.Sb DOI: 10.1088/0256-307X/33/6/065202

In recent years, a great deal of interest has been
devoted to dusty plasmas due to their relevance in
many space and technological applications, as well
as in magnetic confinement fusion systems.[1−4] The
presence of highly charged dust grains can signifi-
cantly change the properties and behavior of a plasma
in which they are immersed. It can lead to the
appearance of very low-frequency waves associated
with the dust dynamics, including the dust acous-
tic wave (DAW)[5] and the dust ion acoustic wave
(DIAW),[6] which have been theoretically and exper-
imentally studied in dusty plasma over the past few
years.[7−12]
The nonlinear wave in a dusty plasma usually
can be described by either the Korteweg–de Vries
(KdV) equation or the nonlinear Schrödinger equa-
tion (NLSE). The coefficient of the nonlinear term in
the KdV equation can be either positive or negative.
At a certain critical point, the nonlinear term in the
KdV equation may vanish. In this case, the second-
order nonlinear term must be considered and the re-
sulting equation is called the modified KdV equation
(mKdV).[13] It is shown that the NLSE is equiva-
lent to the mKdV equation.[14] It is well known that
the NLSE possesses envelope soliton solutions. Some
other solutions of the NLSE are predicted.[15] It has
been suggested that the NLSE can describe the rogue
waves which have been found in deep water, in non-
linear fiber optics experiments,[16] and in deep water
wave experiments performed in a water tank.[17] How-
ever, the KdV equation describes the evolution of an
unmodulated wave, the interaction between two KdV
solitary waves or between two envelope solitons, which
is also a subject of great interest. In general, when two
solitary waves propagate in one-dimensional plasmas,
they can undergo two kinds of interactions. One is the
overtaking collision when both propagate in the same
direction but with different propagation speeds which
can be investigated by the inverse scattering method.
The other is the head-on collision when both propa-
gate in opposite directions, which is usually studied by
the extended Poincare–Lighthill–Kuo (PLK) method.
The head-on collision between two KdV solitary waves
has been verified experimentally and numerically by
using the PIC simulation method.[18] Recently, the
head-on collisions between two envelope solitary waves
are studied analytically.[19] There is a phase shift after
a head-on collision between two KdV solitary waves,
while there is no phase shift between two envelope
solitary waves.
The PIC method has been widely used in the field
of plasma simulation.[20−25] Recently, it has been used
in studying the propagation and collision of solitary
waves.[18,19,24,25] Qi et al.[24] have studied the stabil-
ity of ion-acoustic solitons using the PLK perturbation
method as well as one-dimensional (1D) PIC simula-
tions. Sharma et al.[25] have studied the propagation
of large-amplitude ion-acoustic solitons in the labo-
ratory frame using a 1D PIC code that evolves the
ion dynamics by treating them as particles while as-
sumes the electrons follow the usual Boltzmann distri-
bution. The collisions of two KdV solitary waves and
two envelope solitary waves in a dusty plasma have
also been studied recently by using the PIC numerical
method.[18,19]
Plasma processing has become a very effective
technique for the surface treatment of solids.[26,27] It
is necessary for further development of these tech-
niques to understand all of the physical processes in
the sheath layer at the interface between the plasma
and the immersed solid. The presence of dust par-
ticles in a radio-frequency plasma reactor is a criti-
cal phenomenon.[28] It is thus interesting to investi-
gate the interaction between a dusty plasma and a

* Supportedby the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11275156, 11547304 and 11505261.
Corresponding author. Email: duanws@nwnu.edu.cn
**

© 2016 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd

065202-1
 CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 33, No. 6 (2016) 065202
solid boundary. A number of works on the studies of
the sheath of dusty plasma have been published.[29−31]
The sheath study or the interaction of the plasma with
the solid boundary has been reported extensively.[32]
Using the PIC method, we investigate how a KdV
solitary wave and an envelope solitary wave inter-
act with a solid boundary in the present study. It
is found that there is a phase delay after reflection
of a KdV solitary wave which is compared with the
interaction between two identical amplitude solitary
waves. It seems that the reflection of a solitary wave
at a solid boundary is equivalent to a head-on colli-
sion between two identical amplitude solitary waves.
However, there is no phase shift after the reflection of
an envelope solitary wave.
To study the reflection of both a KdV solitary wave
and an envelope solitary at a solid boundary, we now
focus on the one-dimensional dimensionless equations
of the motion of the cold dusty plasma[18]
𝜕𝑛d 𝜕 tion, 𝑛d0 is the corresponding value at the equilib-
+ (𝑛𝑑 𝑢d ) = 0, (1)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢d 𝜕𝑢d 𝜕𝜑
+ 𝑢d = , (2)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝜑
= 𝑛d + 𝜈 exp(𝛽𝑠𝜑) − 𝜇 exp(−𝑠𝜑), (3)
𝜕𝑥2
where 𝜇 and 𝜈 are the normalized ion and electron
number densities, respectively, 𝛽 = 𝑇𝑇ei is the ratio of
the ion and electron temperatures, 𝑠 = 𝜇+𝜈𝛽 1
. In the
simulations, the ratio of the ion and election tempera-
tures 𝛽 is 0.1, and the density ratios of both ions and
electrons to the dust particles are 𝜇 = 1.1 and 𝜈 = 0.1,
respectively, 𝑢d is the velocity of dust particles, 𝑛d is
the number density of the dust grains, and 𝜑 is the
electric potential.
In this study, the 1D PIC simulation method is
carried out to study the formation and propagation
of a KdV solitary wave and an envelope solitary wave
in an infinite background dusty plasma. In the sim-
ulation, we have simulated the fluid Eq. (3) using the
1D PIC code by particle algorithm. The dusty parti-
cles are treated as the so-called ’super-particles’ (SPs)
that are kinetic particles, while the electrons and ions
are treated as the Boltzmann distributed background.
Each SP has a weight factor 𝑆 that specifies the num-
ber of real particles it represents. During the PIC
simulation, the simulation region is divided into sev-
eral grid cells where the field parameters such as den-
sity, potential, electric field are calculated at the grid
points, and the particle parameters such as velocity,
density are calculated at the particle locations. Ini-
tially, the SPs are distributed in phase space accord-
ing to a chosen density distribution and velocity dis-
tribution to calculate the charge density 𝜌. Once 𝜌
is obtained, the Poisson–Boltzmann equation will be
solved numerically to derive the value of 𝐸(𝑥) at grids.
065202-2
If we identify each SP with a label 𝑝, and its mass with
𝑚p , velocity with 𝑣p , charge with 𝑞p and position with
𝑥p , the field imposed on each SP can be worked out
and each SP will be driven by electric field according
to Newton’s motion equations
𝑑𝑥p
= 𝑣p , (4)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣p
𝑚p = 𝑞p 𝐸(𝑥). (5)
𝑑𝑡
These equations will be solved numerically via the
leap-frog algorithm. Lastly, the new position and ve-
locity of each SP are obtained, and the procedure re-
peats until the simulation completes.
In the whole process of simulation, the regions of
simulation are moved along with the solitary waves
to make sure that the waves are in the considered re-
gion. Moreover, the following dimensionless variables
are adopted: 𝑥 → 𝑥/𝜆d , 𝑢d → 𝑢d /𝐶d , 𝑡 → 𝑡/𝜔 −1 ,
𝜑 → 𝜑𝑒/𝑘B 𝑇eff , 𝑛d → 𝑛d /𝑛d0 , where 𝑥 is the posi-
rium state, 𝑡 is the time, 𝜆Dd = (𝑇eff /4𝜋𝑍d 𝑛d0 𝑒2 )1/2 ,
𝐶d = (𝑍d 𝑇eff /𝑚d )1/2 , 𝜔 −1 = (𝑚d /4𝜋𝑛d0 𝑍d2 𝑒2 )1/2 and
𝑇eff = 𝜇𝑇𝑇ei+𝜈𝑇
𝑇e
are the Debye length, dust-acoustic
i
speed, the inverse of dust plasma frequency and effec-
tive temperature of dusty plasma,[18,33] respectively.
In the following calculations we choose the initial
conditions as the analytical results obtained from the
PLK method. For the present one-dimensional sys-
tem, the reductive perturbation method introduces
new coordinates of 𝜉 = 𝜀(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) and 𝜏 = 𝜀3 𝑡, where
𝜀 ∼ 𝑘 (𝑘 is the wave number) is a small param-
eter, i.e., the long-wavelength approximation. The
physical quantities in the system are expanded as
2 4
𝑓i = 𝑓i0 + 𝜀′ 𝑓i1 + 𝜀′ 𝑓i2 + · · ·, where 𝑓i0 is the value
at its equilibrium state, 𝜀′ is a small parameter with
the same order of 𝜀 (𝜀′ = 𝜀), i.e., the small but finite
amplitude approximation. Then a KdV equation is
obtained to describe this kind of nonlinear wave. The
initial conditions in the simulation are given by[18,33]
(︁ 3𝜖𝑢 )︁
0 [𝑥 − (1 + 𝜖𝑢0 )(𝑡 + 𝑡0 )] ⃒⃒
𝜑|𝑡=0 = − sech2 √︀ ⃒ . (6)
𝑎 2 𝑏/(𝜖𝑢0 ) 𝑡=0
In the PIC simulation, the dust acoustic solitary
wave moves along the positive 𝑥 direction from the
region 𝑥 ≪ 600. The solid boundary is at the point
𝑥 = 600. On account of the limitations attached to
the PIC method, the normalized simulation param-
eters we have chosen are as follows: the grid size
𝑑𝑥 = 0.02, the time step 𝑑𝑡 = 0.00053, the number of
SPs in each grid cell is 50, the number of grid cells is
𝑁𝑥 = 30000, the total length of 𝑥-axis is 𝐿𝑋 = 𝑑𝑥·𝑁𝑥 ,
and 𝑥0 = 𝐿𝑋 /4 is the start point. All of them are di-
mensionless parameters.
The simulation results are shown in Fig. 1, where
𝑎 = 1.054, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑢0 = 1, (𝛽, 𝜇, 𝜀) = (0.1, 1.1, 0.1), and
𝑡0 is chosen so that the initial position of the solitary
 CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 33, No. 6 (2016) 065202

wave (𝑥0 < 600) is in the left side of the solid bound-
ary. Moreover, it is far from the solid boundary and
propagates in the positive 𝑥 direction. We now define
a mirror image solitary wave which propagates in the
negative 𝑥 direction but with the same amplitude of
the real one. The position of the mirror image solitary
wave equals to 1200 − 𝑥0 , which is also far from the
solid boundary but on the right side of the boundary.
Figure 1 shows the evolution of the reflection of the
solitary waves at a solid boundary at different times.
Initial amplitude of colliding solitary waves is about
𝐴 = −0.28. It seems that the waveform and the prop-
agation velocity of the reflected solitary wave remain
unchanged after the reflection is finished.
0.00
=197.0
-0.15
-0.30
0.00
=374.3
-0.15
-0.30
0.0
-0.2 =381.8
-0.4
wave. Let 𝑥1 stand for the position of the reflected
solitary wave after the reflection is finished, while 𝑥2
represents the position of the mirror image solitary
wave at the same time without any interaction. We
define a phase shift of the reflected solitary wave as
∆𝑋 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 . The dependence of the phase shift on
the parameter 𝜀 is given in Fig. 2. We compare the
numerical results of the phase shifts of the reflected
solitary wave with both the numerical results and the
analytical ones of the head-on collision between the in-
cident wave and the mirror image solitary wave. The
analytical results are obtained by the PLK perturba-
tion method.[18] The numerical results are also from
the head-on collision between two identical amplitude
solitary waves.[18] Three of the different results all are
shown in Fig. 2. It is observed that the reflected soli-
tary wave can be approximated by a mirror image soli-
tary wave after the reflection is finished, i.e., when the
mirror image solitary wave is propagating on the left
side of the solid boundary, the mirror image solitary
wave is equivalent to the reflected solitary wave.
0.0

-0.3
0.00
-0.15 =391.3
-0.6
-0.30

0.00 -0.9

-0.15 =511.3
-1.2
-0.30
350 400 450 500 550 600 Amplitude of the incident wave
-1.5
Maximum amplitude
during the reflection

Fig. 1. The evolution of the incident solitary wave at a -1.8 Twice the amplitude of
the incident wave
solid boundary at different times, where 𝜀 = 0.10, 𝛽 = 0.1,
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
𝜇 = 1.1 and 𝜈 = 0.1.

PLK analytical results

PIC results of head on collision
Fig. 3. The maximum amplitude of the solitary wave in
2.0 PIC results of the reflection the process of the reflection of the incident solitary wave.
The black curve is the analytical results of the incident
solitary wave. The blue triangles are twice the amplitude
1.5 of the incident solitary wave. The red dots are the PIC
numerical results in the process of the reflection at the
solid boundary of an incident solitary wave.
D

1.0

When the solitary wave interacts with the solid

0.5
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Fig. 2. Dependence of the phase shift of the reflected
solitary wave on the parameter 𝜀. The black curve is the
analytical results from the PLK perturbation method of
the head on collision between the incident wave and the
mirror image solitary wave. The red dots are the PIC
numerical results of the head on collision between the in-
cident wave and the mirror image solitary wave. The blue
triangles are the PIC numerical results for the reflected
wave at the solid boundary.
We now define a phase shift of the reflected solitary
boundary, the amplitude of the interacting wave be-
comes larger than the initial amplitude. For example,
the maximum amplitude of −0.57 is reached at the
time 383.7 where the initial amplitude of the incident
wave is 𝐴 = −0.28, as shown in Fig. 1. To further un-
derstand this problem, dependence of the maximum
amplitude during the interaction between the solitary
wave and the solid boundary on the parameter 𝜀 is
shown in Fig. 3. Three different curves are shown in
Fig. 3. The first one is the amplitude of the incident
solitary waves, the second is the twice the amplitude
of the incident solitary wave, and the third is the nu-
merical result in the process of the reflection of the
incident wave.

065202-3
 CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 33, No. 6 (2016) 065202
√︁
It is indicated that the maximum amplitude is ap-
√︁
2(𝑃 𝑘2 −𝜔)
cos 𝑘𝑥, 𝑢d0 = −𝜀· 𝜔𝑘 𝑄 ·sech 𝑃 𝑘2 −𝜔
𝑃 𝜀(𝑥−𝑥0 )·
proximately twice that of the initial colliding solitary 2
√︁ 2
√︁
cos 𝑘𝑥, 𝑛d0 = 1 − 𝜀 · 𝜔𝑘 2 2(𝑃 𝑘𝑄 −𝜔) · sech 𝑃 𝑘𝑃−𝜔 𝜀(𝑥 −
2
wave. This result is also equivalent to that of the head-
on collision between two identical amplitude solitary 𝑥0 ) · cos 𝑘𝑥, where 𝑥0 is chosen as that the solitary
waves.[18] wave is far from the solid boundary initially.
To study the reflection of an envelope solitary This initial disturbance will evolve as the time in-
wave at a solid boundary, we must give an ini- creases. The PIC simulation results are given in Fig. 4
tial condition of the envelope solitary wave. Using at different times. The normalized simulation param-
the following transformations 𝜉 = 𝜀(𝑥 − 𝑢s 𝑡), 𝜏 = eters are 𝑑𝑥 = 0.3, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.006, the number of grid
cells is 𝑁𝑥 = 12000, the number of super particles
∑︀∞ ∑︀+∞ (𝑚)
𝜀2 𝑡, 𝑛d = 1 + 𝑚=1 𝜀𝑚 𝑙=−∞ 𝑛d (𝜉, 𝜏 )𝑒𝑖𝑙(𝑘𝑥−𝜔𝑡) ,
𝑢d =
∑︀∞ 𝑚
∑︀+∞ (𝑚) 𝑖𝑙(𝑘𝑥−𝜔𝑡)
, 𝜑 = contained per cell is 100, the total length of 𝑥-axis is
𝑚=1 𝜀 𝑙=−∞ 𝑢d (𝜉, 𝜏 )𝑒
∑︀∞ +∞ (1) 𝐿𝑋 = 3600, 𝑥0 = 𝐿𝑋 /4, the envelope solitary wave
𝑚 (𝑚) 𝑖𝑙(𝑘𝑥−𝜔𝑡)
, we have 𝑢1 =
∑︀
𝑚=1 𝜀 𝑙=−∞ 𝜑 (𝜉, 𝜏 )𝑒 moves along the positive 𝑥 direction from the region
(1) (1) 2 (1)
− 𝜔𝑘 𝜑1 , 𝑛1 = − 𝜔𝑘 2 𝜑1 , the dispersion relation 𝜔 = 𝑥 ≪ 3000, the solid boundary is at the point 𝑥 = 3000,
𝜀 = 0.01, 𝑘 = 0.1, 𝜇 = 1.1, 𝜈 = 0.1, 𝛽 = 0.1, 𝜔 = 0.1
√︁
2 , the group velocity 𝑢s = ± (1+𝑘 2 )3/2 , and the
𝑘2 1
± 1+𝑘
nonlinear Schrödinger equation and 𝑢s = 0.985. It is observed that the waveform
and the propagation velocity of the reflected envelope
𝜕 2 𝜑1
(1) (1)
𝜕𝜑1 (1) (1)
solitary wave remain unchanged. It is surprising that
𝑖 +𝑃 + 𝑄|𝜑1 |2 𝜑1 = 0, (7) there is no phase shift of the reflected envelope solitary
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝜉 2
wave which is completely different from that of the
where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are the functions of the system pa- KdV solitary wave about which there is a phase shift.
rameters of the dusty plasmas. The envelope solitary It seems that the reflected envelope solitary wave is
wave solution to Eq. (7) is equivalent to that of the mirror image envelope soli-
√︃ tary wave after the reflection.
√︂
(1) 2(𝑃 𝑘 2 − 𝜔) 𝑃 𝑘2 − 𝜔
𝜑1 = · sech 𝜉 · 𝑒𝑖(𝑘𝑥−𝜔𝑡) . (8) Amplitude of the incident wave
𝑄 𝑃 0.008
Maximum amplitude during
the reflection
0.007 Twice the amplitude of
If the signs of both 𝜔 and 𝑢s are positive, the envelope the incident wave

wave propagates in the positive 𝑥 direction. 0.006

0.003 0.005
=584.2
0.000
0.004
-0.003
0.003 0.003
=1198.5
0.000
0.002
-0.003 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020
0.003
=1813.4
0.000
Fig. 5. The maximum amplitude of the wave in the pro-
-0.003 cess of the reflection of the incident envelope solitary wave.
0.003 =2251.1 The black curve is the analytical results of the incident
0.000 solitary wave. The blue triangles are twice the amplitude
-0.003 of the incident solitary wave. The red dots are the PIC
0.003 numerical results in the process of the reflection at the
0.000
=3044.8
solid boundary of an incident solitary wave.
-0.003 Similarly when the envelope solitary wave inter-
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
acts with the solid boundary, the amplitude of the
interacting wave becomes larger than its initial ampli-
Fig. 4. The evolution of the incident solitary wave at a tude. Dependence of the maximum amplitude during
solid boundary at different times, where 𝜀 = 0.01, 𝛽 = 0.1,
𝜇 = 1.1 and 𝜈 = 0.1. the interaction between the solitary wave and the solid
boundary on the parameter 𝜀 is shown in Fig. 5. It in-
In the simulations, an envelope solitary wave is ini- dicates that the maximum amplitude is approximately
tially given to propagate in the positive 𝑥 direction. twice that of the initial colliding solitary wave.
It is far from the solid boundary and on the left side In summary, reflection of both a KdV solitary wave
of the solid boundary. and an envelope solitary wave is studied by using the
The initial conditions in the simulation are chosen PIC simulation method. It is noted that the reflection
from the analytical √︁
solution expressed
√︁ by Eq. (8) at a of a KdV solitary wave at a solid boundary is equiv-
2(𝑃 𝑘2 −𝜔)
certain time, 𝜑0 = 𝜀 𝑄 ·sech 𝑃 𝑘2 −𝜔
𝑃 𝜀(𝑥−𝑥0 )· alent to the head-on collision between two identical

065202-4
 CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 33, No. 6 (2016) 065202
amplitude solitary waves. Therefore, there is a phase
shift after the reflection of a KdV solitary wave which
is similar to that of the head-on collision. However, no
phase shift is found for the reflection of an envelope
solitary wave at a solid boundary.
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