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A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN AMUESHA1 (ARAWAK) TEXT
MARTHA DUFF
SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS
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172 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XXIII
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NO. 3 A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN AMUESHA (ARAWAK) TEXT 173
{(AxV, V; P, V/02) S, NI a-wo? ya?na?6 63. (Ng, Ng.; P, V/02) ama en6epa? Not he-
po6o-yo-r He-went he-cry-for-her her-children. see-her. 64. (P, V; 0, N) to-rampsnoma-n o-k
37. {(AxV, V; P, V) [Ij, Ij (Ng, Ng; P, He-open-all-up-and-left-whiteman. 65. (P, V;
V/02)] (D;... 0, N) I a-wo? ot alalala ama'
JO, N) P, V/02 otnoma-n po&e-me-reh'a?
pehya?na?ta-c6e aiima... pya,oor He-went peyo-ttampe'r6a? He-said-and-left his-chil-
he-said alalala not-will you-cry-for-her this
dren you-close-it-all-up-will. 66. S, Pr [(AxV,
... your-mother. 38. (P, V; T, T) we-za' Pt; P, V/02) 0, N] napa? o?6 ne?n-ra?
ca-pahcY She-come-back-will tomorrow. 39. Pya-6o-r I will I-go-look-for-her your-mother.
IT, D (P, V; 0, Nm)I alempofiapa? a-wo? 67. P, V a-wo?6o? He-went. 68. {(AxV, V;
amna-rmat Then-yes he-went five-days. 40. P, V) 0, NJ a,wo? e?ne-za-na? po6Yahpo-r
(P, V; 0, N) a-wo? amna-rmat He-went He-went he-went-to-look-for-again his-wife.
five-days. 41. (Ng, Ng; P, V/02) ama6 69. P, V/02 e?ne-ra? He-go-to-look-for-her.
sehya?na?na?ta-cC'e Not-will you-cry-for-her. 70. (P, V; L, L) a-wo? topo He-went down-
42. S, N poma?pamtafi Its-three-days-re-river. 71. (Ng, Ng; P, V/02) ama ente-re
mote. 43. S, N ma?pamtafi Three-days-remote. Not he-see-her. 72. (P, V; 0, N) perka-n ofi
44. (T, T; P, V/02) ma-6ayohe6Yo? yerpa?He-pile-up water. 73. {[P, V (At, D; 0, N)]
mye-fia Suddenly he-remembering-in-the-morn-L, NJ perko sa n afl mahpYe? ofio He-pile-up
ing-her. 45. (AxV, V; P, V/02) a-wo? yerpa? this rock in-the-water. 74. {L, D (P, V; L, L)J
mye fiapa2 He-went he-remembering-inthe-alohZ'y a?tap eno There-from he-climb-up
morning-her. 46. (AxV, V; P, V) a-wo? othigh. 75. {(AxV, V; P, V) 8, NJ a-wo?
He-went he-said. 47. {P, V [2i), Ij [1T, T wa- a?ta ah'aan He-went it-arrived sour-gnat.
(AxV, Pt; P, V/02)1]2]} ot alalala 6Yye?pa? 76. {(AxV, V; P, V) S, NJ a-wo? waWa2ta
o?Ci nehpenkla?te.nas He-said alalala now ahica-n It-went it-arrived sour-gnat. 77. { (AxV,
will I-be-playing-the-flute-for-you. 48. { S, N V;P,V)[ Jr,D ... [1jr, Ir... (Ir,Jr;P,V)1]2] j
(AxV, Pt; P, V)} sa-6o-r o?6 we,na Your- a-wo? oto-s eso?t... ezawac'... ezawa6
mother will she-come. 49. (AxV, V; P, V)sehta He-went he-said-there what ... where-
a-wo?C'o? penkla?ta?mYe.n He-went he-play-will where-will you-go?? 78. { (AxV, V; P, V)
ing-the-flute-in-the-morning. 50. { (Ng, Ng;(AxV, Pt; P, V)} a-wo? ot o?i' a-wey He-
P, V) 0, NI afio? a?pohiSa-no po?penkoll went he-said will go-we. 79. { (AxV, Pt;
Not he-play-well his-fluate. 51. (AxV, V.P, V) L, LI o?c' yermo?teuna? tonane6'
P, V) a-wo? ya-wa He-went he-cried. 52. Will we-go-visiting upriver. 80. { Jj, Jj (Jr, D;
{Jj, Ij [T, T (P, V; 0, N)]J alalala EYe?fiapa?P, V) I alalala ezawa sehpo-sa2te-n Alalala
cenkye-za sa%6o?r Alalala now-yes she-lost-where you-getting-drunk? 81. (L, L; P, V)
again your-mother. 53. (Ng, Ng; P, VY02)a?yo yehpo-sa?te.n Far we-getting-drunk.
ama6 yente-re Not-will we-see-her. 54. IT, D82. {P, V/02I02 [(Ps, N; Ap, N) 0, N]}
(AxV, V; P, V)I alempofiapa? a-wo?Co? yehco?ta?te-fia-fi ya-o&r pala pogoTna-t
penkla?t Then-yes he-went he-played-the- We-licking-it-for-her our-mother Pala her-
flute. 55. (Ax, V; P, V) a-wo? ot He-wentstrainer. 83. {Ij, Jj (L, V; P, V/02)J alalala
he-said. 56. (Ax, V; P, V) awwo?Wo? ya-wapa?a zo?ce-niva segahte zen Alalala here-she-
He-went he-cried. 57. P, V penkla?tpa? being-finally you-show-me. 84. (AxV, V;
He-played-the-flute. 58. (AxV, V; S, D) P, V/02) a'wo?'?o? ane,reht He-went took-
a.wo?'o? afima He-went this-one. 59. (AxV, him-they. 85. {P, V/02 (L, V; 8, N)I ane reht
V; P, V) a-wo? e?ne-za-na? He-went he- alo?ce-no? po6yahpo-r Took-him-they there-
went-to-look. 60. {S, D (P, V; 0, N)I afimabeing-already his-wife. 86. {T, D (P, V;
tohre?tampsa-n o-k This-one he-open-all-upP, V) J alempofiapa? a-wo? a wo?pa? Then-
whiteman. 61. (P, V; S, N) alo?ce.ne'Ye? yes he-went he-went. 87. IS, N (Ng, D; 82, N)I
po?'Yahpo-r There-being-might his-wife. 62.enkpa? afio? ma-cze?mfio Inca not very-
Ng, Ng; P, V/02) ama en'e Not he-see-her. angry-person. 88. (T, D; P, V) alempofiapa?
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174 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XXIII
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NO. 3 A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN AMUESHA (ARAWAK) TEXT 175
P, VI At, At} e?fie6 ko-we-n pefio-s ko-we'n IT, D (P, V; S, N) } alempo tanta pa?go?
Completely good you-talk-there good. 131. Then he-get-up his-father-in-law. 152. P, V/02
IT, At (AxV, Pt; P, V/O?) ma-mega?pa? We?Ca.me?6 He-talk-a-little-loudly-to-him.
o?6 pertnapapy In-a-little-while will he-for- 153. IT, T (P, V L, D)} I ye?pa? pewahpa
give-when-come-you. 132. {S, N [2[1(At, Pt; a-z Now you-come here. 154. { (L, D; P, V)
At, At) P, V 1] At, At 211 apapa? e?nie cofie?- (At, D- P, V- 0, N) I a-z6a? pehea?to.sa
Wy6a? acze?mye.na cofie?&Y Father completely alpo-n pekeskone?6y na?zo.mfifah6'Ye.r Here-
a-little-will he-being-mad-a-little. 133. {T, D will you-pay-here as-many-as you-used-to-
(AxY, Pt; P, V) } alempofiapa? o?i' ma-'a?- shed-blood-on-me my-dead-ones. 155. IT, T
nom Then-yes will he-get-over-it. 134. {S, Pr (L, D; P, V/02)1 }Ye?pa? a-z6a? pen6 Now
(AxV, V; P, V/02)} fiafiapa? a-wo?'o? here-will you-see-it. 156. { P, V [(R, R; At, D)
wa.po.re?Z He-yes he-went he-threw-out-it.P, V] } pyo-zampso-s ieMiyE alpo-n pehpeh6a?-
135. (P, V; P, V) wahpa6Ye? wahpa6ye? He-tahte?6Y You-grab-all-out which as-many-as
come-now he-come-now. 136. P, V ko6yo-s He you-used-to-cause-to-cut-off. 157. IT, T (Da,
follow-there. 137. {[11j, Ij (R, R; P, V)1] N; P, V) I 6ye? enka pewahpa Now Inca you-
[31j, Ij [2(Ng, Ng; P, V) S, N 21311 alalala
come. 158. (Ng, Ng- 0, N- P, V) ama
at&vyawa pyo-te-n alalala aflo? mayo-roh6e-nopya?&e.fie.r pehpeh6a?tahte?6Ye Not your-
pepawpa'r Alalala thus you-saying alalala not
people you-cause-to-cut-off. 159. (Ng, Ng;
he-very-powerful-being your-father. 138. { (P,8, N) ama po?6flohWe Not from-their-sin.
Pt; R, R) (C, Pt; S, P)I are-pa?t a-t&'e 160. {T, T (L, D; P, V)} C'Ye?pa? a-zca?
fiehza?m na Shouldn't-he-be thus like I? 139. pehca?to-sa Now here-will you-pay-here. 161.
(Ng, Ng- Da, N; AxV, Pt- P, V) ama6 (Ng, Ng; P, V) amaO petante'zo Not-will
enka Ca pYo-t-Cto Not-will Inca be you-talk-you-get-up-again. 162. (Ng, Ng; T, D) ama?t
bad. 140. { (At, At; P, V) 0, NI ko-we.n6a?ezpo-nafia Is-it-not forever? 163. (Ng, Ng;
pema?yoh6o-sya apa Good-will you-just- T, T) ama?t awah6ya Is-it-not from-past?
pray-there father. 141. IT, D [(AxV, V; P, V) 164. (Ng, Ng; P, V) ama6 pehca?to.sa Not-
L, D I }alempofiapa? a-wo?6o? lahp ala-me?-will you-pay-here. 165. (Ng, Ng; P, V) ama6
tecpa? Then-yes, he-went he-arrived near. petante-zo Not-will you-get-up-again. 166.
142. (AxV, V; P, V/02) awwo?Fo? otapy He-IT, T (P, V/02; L, D)} IYe?pa? nehnap3 a- z
went he-said-to-him-when-he-came. 143. Now I-leave-you here. 167. { (AxV, V; P, V)-
{(AxV, V; P, V/02) 0, N} a-wo? wom6a?-
8, N- (Ij, Ij; P, V) I a-wo? otfia enk alalala
nehca?twa6pa? He-went he-said Inca alalala
tapy pa?go? He-went he-greeted-him-when-he-
came his-father-in-law. 144. {P, V/02I-pay-all-will.
[0, N 168. (P, V- S, N- T, D)
(N; ... Ap, N)] I ahpapY xeredo-nafi xere ...
tantezOa enk ezpo-nafiapa? He-get-up-again-
xerespe-z He - give - to - him - when - he -will
come Inca forever. 169. (P, V; 8, N) tante-za6
chief's-seat . . . chief's-seat. 145. (L, D;enk
P, V)He-get-up-again-will Inca. 170. (Ng, Ng;
a.16a? pyano-zo-s There-will you-sit-there. T, 146.
D) ama?t ezpo'nafiapa? Is-it-not forever?
(AxV,V; P,V) a'wo? wapo re?tofiHe-went 171.
he- {(Ng, Ng; P, V) 8, NI ama6 tante zo
threw-out-for-him. 147. { (AxV, V; P, V) enk Not-will he-get-up-again Inca. 172.
(AxV,
V; P, V)}Ia-wo? ohma? a a.wo? ohmar6a (P,He-
V/02; 0, N) pYo.zapre?to.sen nehpa-cefi
went he-jumped he-went he-jumped. 148.You-grab-there-me
(At, my-earth. 173. IL, D [3(L,
Pt;P, V) Co?l a?torpe?6we.pa? Truly-will D; let-
P, V) [2R, R [,P, V (At, D; 0, N)1]2]3]I
it-be-broken-down. 149. (P, Pt- AxV, Pt- P,
alohi'Yfiapa? a-16a? pyowzapre- fiefiEY peh-
V) are.pa?t o?6 a?torpe?6e Shouldn't-it-bepeh6a?tahte?6Y
will alpo-n a6e-fi There-from-yes
it-be-broken-down? 150. IL, D [2[1(AxV, Pt; P,
there-will you-grab-roots which you-used-to-
cause-to-be-cut-off as-many people. 174.
V) 0, N1] L, N211 o? cetacto-sa pokye?na-.r&e?
xerespe-zo There already he-bumped-bad-
(R, R; P, V/02) 8, N} a-te6y o6fia yahtyo-s
there his-buttocks on-the-chief's-seat. 151.he-say-to-him-yes our-god. 175. (T, D;
Thus
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176 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XXIII
3. He
P, V) alempofiapa? a?mce.6eht6ye? was very angry. 4. Inca beat our
Then-yes
he-was-stopped-from-talking. 176. mother. 5. He was jealous of our mother,
P, V a'wo?-
eye? He-went-now. 177. (P, V; S,Pala.
N) 6.awye'-
Our mother, Pala, this one he took.
7. He is going
s6Ye? pye'rec They-went-out-all-ways-now to beat her very much. 8. They
his-
roots. 178. {(L, L; P, V) [(P, V; C,drink.
Pt) S,9. N]}
They make merry. 10. Then he
a?yo ere'ca?tye's otta iehaza?zaye7
followscahc
her. 11. Then he beats her. 12. He
Far he-root-in-all-directions it-do like tree. beats her. 13. She goes inside. 14. He doesn't
179. {T, D (Ng, Ng; P, V)} alempofiapa? like it. 15. He said, "I'm going to follow her."
ama tante'zo Then-yes not he-get-up-again.16. Chief Mopool said, "He's not going to
180. P, V ce?pta re?6 He-punish-him. 181. beat you. 17. Don't you listen to him. 18.
{S, N (P, V; P, V)} enkfiapa? ya-wa ya-wa Tomorrow morning I'm going to take you.
Inca-yes he-cry he-cry. 182. {T, T (Ir, V;19. I'm going to leave you at your mountain
P, V)} Iye? ezoh6ye'nowa6ye? yetante'za namesake. 20. From there you will go to
Now how-being-ever-might we-get-up-again? where your father is. 21. He is very mad at
183. {[AxV, Pt; P, V) L, N] S, N} o?7 op you. 22. Very much you cause the heads to
yekye?na'roh6Y ye're' Already it-grow from- be cut off of our dead ones." 23. Thus he
said to her. 24. Then all night they kept
our-buttocks our-root. 184. (T, D; L, D) alem-
pofiapa?co? a'laCo?fia Then-yes there-yes. going on singing. 25. Then they were saying.
185. {P, V [20, N [1Ap, N (At, D; Ap, N)1]2]}26. They sang. 27. They said. 28. They made
nofieht6Ye? paryakonc mYo'z afima we'rawes fun of him in song. 29. They said, (Song)
They-put-on-him-now whirlwind wind this "Inca, our mother, Inca, our..., he loves,
strong-wind. 186. {L, D [(Ng, Ng; P, V)our mother, Inca, our mother." 30. Her hus-
S, N]} aloh6fiapa? ama6 copYe zo cahEpa? band said to her, "Alalala, you are making
There-from not-will it-grow-again tree. 187. your harlots make fun of me in song." 31.
(Ng, Ng- L, D- P, V) ama6 alohcy He was mad at her. 32. The next morning
tante'zo Not-will there-irom he-get-up-again.they left. 33. They will go and be lost out of
188. { [T, V (P, V/02; O, N] (At, D- P,sight. V- 34. They kept on going. 35. Her chil-
O, N)} ezpo'nafiohwe'n6a? pyo'zapre?ten
dren cried for her. 36. Her children cried for
nehpa'cef alpo-n pekesconaye?67 ya?zo'-
her. 37. He said, "Alalala, don't cry for your
mother. 38. She will come back tomorrow."
mfiah6Ye'r Forever-it-being-will you-grab-me
39. Then they went five days. 40. They went
my-earth as-many-as you-used-to-shed-blood-
on-us our-dead-ones. 189. (T, Pt; P, V)
five days. 41. "Don't cry for her." 42. Three
days passed. 43. Three days passed. 44.
ehpaye? pya?cezpyone?cY Day-after-day you-
used-to-hurt-on-me. 190. {(O, Pr; Ap,SuddenlyN) in the morning he remembered
P, V} fiamya nehsef pehcohta?to-ne?7Y Her-her. 45. In the morning he remembered her.
too my-daughter you-used-to-beat-on-me. 46.191.He said. 47. He said, "Alalala, now I
P, V pehcna?tye'so'ne?7Y You-used-to-be will play the flute for you. 48. Your mother
jealous-on-me-in-various-ways. 192. {T, willT come." 49. He played the flute in the
(L, D; P, V)} 6Ye?pa? a-16a? pehca?twe-namorning. 50. He didn't play his flute well.
Now there-will you-pay-all. 193. (Ng, 51. Ng; He cried. 52. "Alalala, now your mother
T, D) ama?t ezpo'nafia Is-it-not-forever? is lost again. 53. We won't see her." 54. Then
194.
(Ng, Ng; P, V) amac petante'zo Not-will he played the flute. 55. He said. 56. Then he
you-get-up-again. 195. Ir, D es6ye?m What-cried. 57. He played the flute. 58. This one
now? 196. P, V na?pye?m I-finish. 197.
went. 59. He went to look for her. 60. He
wafio?m It-end. opened all up the place where the whitemen
were. 61. His wife might be there. 62. He
didn't
2. 1. Inca, this one, had taken god's see her. 63. He didn't see her. 64 He
opened all up the place of the whitemen and
daughter, our god. 2. He was very angry.
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NO. 3 A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS OF AN AMUESHA (ARAWAK) TEXT 177
then left. 65. He said to his children as he give you there. 125. You ask for forgiveness.
left, "You close it all up. 66. I will go to look 126. He will forgive you there. 127. Don't by
for your mother." 67. He went. 68. He went any means talk bad." 128. Inca said, "Ala-
to look for his wife. 69. He went to look for lala, your father comes to an end just as I
her. 70. He went down-river. 71. He didn't do." 129. She said, "Don't talk so, Inca.
see her. 72. He piled up water. 73. He piled130. Talk all the way good. 131. When you
up this rock in the water. 74. Then he come, in a little while he will forgive you.
climbed up high. 75. The sour gnats arrived.132. Father is just a little mad, just a little.
76. The sour gnats arrived. 77. He said, 133. Then he will get over it." 134. He
"Where are you going?" 78. They said, "We(father-in-law) threw it out (the chief's seat).
are going to leave. 79. We are going to go 135. He comes now, he comes. 136. He fol-
visiting upriver." 80. "Alalala, where you lows there. 137. "Alalala, so you're saying,
get drunk?" 81. "Far over there we getalalala, your father is very powerful. 138.
drunk. 82. We are licking our mother Pala'sShouldn't he be just as I am?" 139. "Don't,
strainer for her." 83. "Alalala, you show me Inca, be talking so. 140. You just pray right
where she finally is." 84. They took him. 85. there to father." 141. Then he came up near.
They took him to where his wife was. 86. 142. He (Inca) said to him (father-in-law)
Then he went and went. 87. Inca was a very, when he came. 143. He (Inca) greeted him
very angry person. 88. Then he went. 89. He when he came. 144. He (father-in-law) gave
arrived at this lake. 90. It was a large lake,him when he came the chief's seat. 145. "You
very large. 91. The lake stretched out far.will sit there." 146. He threw it out for him.
92. Then he said there, "How will I ever 147. He (Inca) jumped and jumped on it.
cross?" 93. Then the sour gnats left flying 148. Let it be all broken down. 149. Should-
and arrived and stood over on the other side. n't it be all broken? 150. He bumped hard
94. He saw a spider. 95. It was sticking there. his buttocks on the chief's seat. 151. Then
96. He said to it, "You take me across, his father-in-law got up. 152. He talked a
little loudly to him (Inca). 153. "Now you
alalala, you take me across." 97. It said. 98.
It sang, (Song) "I will carry you, Inca. 99.come here. 154. Here you will pay for the
Isn't it Cuzco over there? 100. Inca is cry-number of my dead ones whose blood you
ing." 101. Then it jumped him across. 102.used to shed. 155. Now here you will see it.
He arrived all the way near to the shore. 156. You will grab all out as many times as
103. He jumped off. 104. He broke all theyou used to cut off heads. 157. Now you
come, Inca. 158. They weren't your people
spiders little hands. 105. It went then out of
sight. 106. Let it be lost out of sight. 107.whose heads you caused to be cut off. 159.
Then he arrived there. 108. He arrived there. It wasn't from their own sins. 160. Now here
109. What now? 110. He went and went and you will pay. 161. You will not get up again.
went. 111. He saw his wife. 112. He arrived 162. Even forever. 163. Even from the past.
on the other side. 113. She came then. 114. 164. You will not pay back. 165. You will
His wife came. 115. She said there, "Inca, not get up again. 166. Now I leave you here."
you've come." 116. "I have come, alalala, 167. Inca said, "Alalala, I will pay all. 168.
here where you finally are." 117. "Here I am, Inca will get up again forever, 169. Inca will
Inca. 118. Now you just be humble. 119. get up again. 170. Even forever." 171. "Inca
Father in his house there is very powerful. will not get up again. 172. You will be grab-
120. You kneel there. 121. From there father bing out on my earth. 173. From there your
will forgive you for as many heads as you roots will grab out as many times as you
used to cause to be cut off of our dead ones. used to cause the heads to be cut off of peo-
122. Thus you will pay there. 123. But fatherple." 174. Thus our god said to him. 175.
is just a little mad at you. 124. He will for-Then he was stopped from talking. 176. He
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178 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS VOL. XXIII
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