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(I) For End Span With One End Fixed and The Other Continuous or
(I) For End Span With One End Fixed and The Other Continuous or
24.1 INTRODUCTION
The details given below are based on the recommendations
made in IS: 456-1978.
24.2. EFFECTIVE SPAN
(a) For simply supported beam and slab: The effective span of a
simply supported beam or slab is taken as the distance between
the centre to centre of support or the clear distance between the
supports plus the effective depth of the beam of slab whichever
is smaller.
(b) For continuous beam or slab: In case of a continuous beam
or slab, where the width of the support is less than 1/12 the clear
span, the effective span shall be worked out by following the
rule given in (a) above.
In case the supports are wider than 1/12 of the clear span or 600
mm whichever is less, the effective span shall be taken as under.
(i)For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or
for intermediate spans, the effective span shall be the clear span
between supports.
(ii) For end span with one end free and the other continuous, the
effective span shall be equal to the clear span plus half the
effective depth of the beam or slab or the clear span plus half the
width of the discontinuous support, whichever is less.
Note: In case of span with roller or rocker bearings the
effective span shall always be the distance between the centres
of bearings.
(c) Frames. In the analysis of a continuous frame, effective span
shall be taken as the centre to centre distance between the
supports.
24.3 CONTROL OF DEFLECTION/DEPTH OF BEAMS
AND SLABS
It is necessary to impose a check on the magnitude of deflection
in a structural member with a view to ensure that the extent of
deflection does not adversely affect the appearance or efficiency
of the structure or finishes or partition etc. Control on deflection
is also necessary to prevent structural behavior of the member
being different from the assumption made in the design. As per
Code for beams and slabs, the vertical deflection limits may be
assumed to be satisfied, provided that the span to depth ratio are
not greater than the values obtained as below.
(a) Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to
10m.
(i) Cantilever 7
(ii) Simply supported 20
(iii) Continuous 26
(b) For spans above 10m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10/span in metres, except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.
(c) Depending on the area and the type of steel for tension
reinforcement the values in (a) or (b) shall be modified as per
Fig.24.1.
(d) Depending on the area of compression reinforcement the
values of span to depth ratio shall be further modified as per
Fig.24.2.
(e) For flanged beams, the values of (a) or (b), be modified as
per Fig.24.3 and the reinforcement percentage for use in Fig.
24.1 and Fig. 24.2 should be based on area of section equal to .
Note 1. For slabs spanning in two directions, the shorter of the
two spans should be used for calculating the span to effective
depth ratios.
Note 2. For two-way slabs of small spans (up to 3.5m) with mild
steel reinforcement, the span to overall depth ratios given below
may generally be assumed to satisfy vertical deflection limits for
loading class upto 3000 N/m2.
Simply supported slabs 35
Continuous slabs 40
For high strength deformed bars, of grade Fe 415, the values
given above should be multiplied by 0.8.
24.4 SLENDERNESS LIMITS FOR BEAMS
To ensure lateral stability, a simply supported or continuous
beam shall be so proportioned that the clear distance between
or whichever is less.
24.5 REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS
24.5.1 Tension Reinforcement
(i) Minimum reinforcement: The minimum area of the tension
reinforcement in beams shall not be less than that given by the
following expression
The straight length of lap shall, however, not be less than 15Ø or
20 cm. If Ø be the diameter of plain m.s.round bar; be the actual
tensile stress in bar; M 15 be the grade of concrete used (for
which design bond stress=0.6 N/mm2), the lap length of bar for
case (ii) above will be
24.10.2 Lap Length for Bars in Direct Tension
The minimum lap length for bars in direct tension including
anchorage value of hooks shall be greater of the following:
(i) 30Ø
(ii) 2Ld
24.10.3 Lap Length for Bars in Compresion
The minimum lap length for bars in compression shall be greater
of the following
where
wd= Total dead load and imposed load (fixed)
ws = Total imposed load (not fixed)
l = effective span
24.13 SHEAR FORCE CO-EFFICIENTS FOR BEAMS
AND SLABS
24.13.1 For Beams and Slabs Simply Supported over Span
or Continuous for Two Spans
In case of beams and slab simply supported over one span or
continuous for two spans and loaded with uniformly distributed
load, the shear force is given by
24.13.2 For Beams and Slabs Continuous over three or more
Spans
In case of beams and slabs continuous over three or more spans
which do not differ by more than 15% and loaded with
uniformly distributed load, the shear force at different supports
can be worked out by use of following formulae as given in IS:
456-1978.