Infiltration Started

Pakistan’s supreme leader

Mohd. Ali Jinnah broke the

Standstill agreement he signed

with Kashmir and infiltrated

their land with Kabailies ( militants ) .

KASHMIR ASKED INDIA FOR HELP !
Kashmir’s King Maharaja Hari Singh , asked India for help to drive away the
invaders from their land .

India refused saying that it requires Kashmir needs to be a part of India , in order
to send Indian armed forces their as India cannot break the standstill agreement it
signed with Kashmir on Aug 12 , 1947.

Unable to find any other way maharaja decided to sign the Instrument of
Accession and merge Kashmir with Indian territory .
Pakistan’s supreme leader

Mohd. Ali Jinnah accepted that

Pakistan was providing supplies

and was involved in the invasion .

 INDIA WENT TO UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations resolution on Jammu and Kashmir was

passed on August 13, 1948, after India lodged a complaint in
UN against Pakistan’s invasion in Kashmir.
The Resolution recommended a three-step
process for the resolution of the dispute
Step I

In the first step, Pakistan was asked to withdraw

all its troops and its nationals from Kashmir
Step II

In the second step, India was asked to

progressively reduce its forces to the minimum
level required for law and order
Step III
In the third step, India was asked to appoint a plebiscite administrator
nominated by the United Nations who would conduct a free and impartial
plebiscite.

India should then appoint a Plebiscite Administrator nominated by the

United Nations.

Note : Kashmir was officialy a part of India . So every policy related action could
only be taken by India.
India, having taken the issue to the UN, was confident

of winning a plebiscite, since the most influential

Kashmiri mass leader, Sheikh Abdullah, was firmly on

its side.

An emergency government was formed on October 30,

1948 with Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister.

Actions Taken on Kashmir
Resolution
PART I: CEASE-FIRE ORDER
The Governments of India and Pakistan agree that their respective High
Commands will issue separately and simultaneously a cease-fire order to apply to
all forces under their control in the State of Jammu and Kashmir as of the earliest
practicable date or dates to be mutually agreed upon within four days after these
proposals have been accepted by both Governments.

Note: Genral Aukinlake was commander of Pakistan as well as India and reported
to Lord Mountbatten.
The High Commands of the Indian and Pakistani forces agree to refrain from
taking any measures that might augment the military potential of the forces under
their control in the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

(For the purpose of these proposals forces under their control shall be considered
to include all forces, organised and unorganised, fighting or participating in
hostilities on their respective sides.)

Note : Pakistan was using Kabailies for attack( unorganised tirbe ) .

UN appointed a Commission to look over the dispute and resolve it.

In its discretion and as the Commission may find practicable, the Commission will
appoint military observers who, under the authority of the Commission and with
the co-operation of both Commands, will supervise the observance of the
cease-fire order.
The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan
agree to appeal to their respective peoples to assist in
creating and maintaining an atmosphere favourable to the
promotion of further negotiations.
Results ;
Subsequently, a cease-fire was achieved by the Commission at the beginning of
1949.

However, a truce was not achieved due to disagreements over the process of
demilitarisation.

After considerable efforts, the Commission declared its failure in December 1949.
In 1957, Kashmir was formally incorporated into
the Indian Union. It was granted a special status
under Article 370