Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing 5th Edition Williams Test Bank

Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing 5th edition Williams Test Bank
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Chapter 3. Issues in Nursing Practice
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. After working a 12-hour shift, the nurse is asked to work part of the next shift due to short staffing. Which
obligation to work should the nurse use to guide the response to this request?
a. Justice
b. Welfare
c. Moral
d. Legal
____ 2. The family of a patient who has been diagnosed with cancer does not want the patient to be told about the
diagnosis. The patient asks the nurse, “Do I have cancer?” Which ethical principles should the nurse consider
when resolving this situation?
a. Autonomy and veracity
b. Beneficence and justice
c. Welfare rights and moral obligations
d. Nonmaleficence and legal obligations
____ 3. A patient tells the nurse that the Patient’s Bill of Rights gives patients the legal right to read their medical
information. Which of these responses would be appropriate for the nurse to make?
a. “I’ll ask your physician if you can read the record.”
b. ”Are you concerned about the care you are receiving?”
c. ”I’ll stay here with you while you read it in case you have any questions.”
d. ”Let me check with the charge nurse first.”
____ 4. The nurse assigned to care for a patient who has HIV accepts the patient assignment despite believing that the
patient’s condition is a punishment from God. With which ethical principle is this nurse’s behavior
associated?
a. Justice
b. Veracity
c. Beneficence
d. Nonmaleficence
____ 5. While planning patient care, the nurse considers what needs to be done to limit any liability. Which action
should the nurse take to minimize liability when providing patient care?
a. Ensure patients’ rights.
b. Follow verbal orders.
c. Follow directions exactly as given.
d. Verify employer’s liability insurance.
____ 6. A patient is identified to participate in a new drug study, but does not understand the drug or the study. Which
ethical principle should the nurse use to prevent the patient from participating in the study?
a. Veracity
b. Autonomy
c. Nonmaleficence
d. Standard of Best Interest
____ 7. The nurse educator is preparing a seminar that focuses on the impact of technology on patient care. Which
effect of technology on ethical decision making should the educator include in this seminar?
a. Ethical situations remain similar to what they have always been in health care.
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b. Nurses have fewer ethical decisions, because computers now make many decisions.
c. Ethical dilemmas have become more complex owing to technologies that prolong life.
d. Nurses can postpone ethical decisions, because technology allows patients to live longer.
____ 8. The nurse is concerned about a patient’s ability to make decisions about a proposed treatment plan. Which
patient characteristic is causing the nurse to have this concern?
a. Lower socioeconomic status
b. Authoritarian family relationship
c. Past experience with hospitalization
d. Lack of information about treatment
____ 9. A patient has a living will and gives it to the nurse to follow. The patient says, “Do not tell my family about
the living will.” Which action should the nurse take?
a. Send a copy of the living will to medical records.
b. Assure the patient that the nurse will not tell anyone.
c. Encourage the patient to discuss the living will with the family.
d. Return the living will to the patient until the family is informed.
____ 10. The nurse is caring for an 80-year-old patient. Which statement made by the nurse conveys dignity and
respect to the patient?
a. “Honey, I have your medications.”
b. “I have your medications for you, dear.”
c. “I have your medications for you.”
d. “It’s time for us to take our medications.”
____ 11. The charge nurse is concerned that an HCP is breaching a patient’s confidentiality. What did the charge nurse
observe to come to this conclusion?
a. A physician asking a nurse if a friend has cancer
b. Use of patient initials on nurse’s assignment worksheet
c. A nurse asking an unknown physician for identification
d. A nurse reviewing charts of assigned patients for orders
____ 12. The nurse is reviewing information on the state board of nursing website prior to renewing a state license.
Which type of law is guiding this nurse’s actions?
a. Tort
b. Civil
c. Moral
d. Administrative
____ 13. While providing wound care, the nurse skips a step and does not cleanse the wound before applying a new
sterile dressing. What action did this nurse make?
a. Crime
b. Summons
c. Malpractice
d. Respondeat superior
____ 14. The nurse is served with a summons relating to the care of a patient. Which action should the nurse take first?
a. Notify employer immediately.
b. Answer summons after 30 days.
c. Acknowledge liability promptly.
d. Seek legal counsel after 30 days.
____ 15. The nurse is concerned that a nursing assistant is violating a patient’s rights. What action did the nursing
assistant make to cause the nurse to come to this conclusion?
a. Telling the patient to bathe right now
b. Identifying name and title to the patient
c. Knocking before entering the patient’s room
d. Asking the patient which beverage is preferred
____ 16. The nurse is deciding whether or not to obtain personal liability insurance, even though the organization has
insurance for each employee. What must the nurse do to ensure the organization’s liability insurance provides
adequate coverage against liability?
a. Follow institutional policies.
b. Have premiums payroll-deducted.
c. Understand the state’s tort laws.
d. Provide professional nursing care.
____ 17. The nurse is concerned about a patient filing a civil liability suit. What should the nurse expect to occur if a
civil liability suit is planned?
a. Receive a summons
b. Receive a copy of the complaint
c. Respondeat superior determination
d. Receive a notice that a complaint was filed with a court
____ 18. A patient decides to not to have a hysterectomy, even though it is recommended by the physician. The nurse
disagrees and says that it should be done, because the patient has already had children; the nurse leaves to get
the consent form for the surgery. Which ethical principle is the nurse demonstrating with this patient?
a. Autonomy
b. Paternalism
c. Beneficence
d. Nonmaleficence
____ 19. During a patient care conference, the HCPs are reviewing potential outcomes based on individual
interventions. Which bioethical theory is being demonstrated during this care conference?
a. Religion
b. Deontology
c. Theological
d. Utilitarianism
____ 20. The ethical decision-making process is being used for a patient regarding the use of life support measures.
What action should the nurse take as the final step in this decision-making process?
a. Evaluate the outcomes.
b. Implement the decision.
c. Clarify the values of all the participants.
d. Determine which action has the strongest ethical support.
____ 21. The nurse educator is preparing an in-service program to review laws applicable for patient care. Which law
should the educator include that was established to protect a patient’s medical and personal information?
a. Medicare
b. Patients’ Bill of Rights
c. Department of Health and Human Services regulations
d. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
____ 22. While standing in the lunchroom, the nurse recognizes friends of a patient who was recently transferred to
critical care. The nurse approaches them and offers to take them to the patient’s care area. What action is this
nurse demonstrating?
a. Defamation
b. Compassion
c. False Imprisonment
d. Disclosure of Confidential Information
____ 23. Before leaving a patient’s room, the nurse says that pain medication will be provided within 15 minutes. The
nurse returns in 10 minutes with the pain medication. Which ethical principle did the nurse demonstrate?
a. Justice
b. Fidelity
c. Veracity
d. Beneficence
____ 24. The nurse manager actively listens to the nursing staff and encourages the staff to be accountable for all
patient care. Which leadership style is this manager demonstrating?
a. Coaching
b. Utilitarian
c. Autonomy
d. Democratic
____ 25. The nursing staff is meeting to discuss a patient’s desire for all life support measures, even though the patient
has end-stage renal disease. Once a list of all possible actions is generated, what should the staff do next?
a. List the stakeholders.
b. Determine the best action.
c. Gather important information.
d. Identify positive and negative consequences.
____ 26. A patient with malnutrition refuses to ingest animal protein products, because it is against religious teachings.
What should the nurse do to support this patient’s beliefs while ensuring the patient’s health status?
a. Explain the animal protein is the best source of nutrition for the patient’s needs at this
time.
b. Talk with a dietitian about sources of non-animal–based protein to include in the patient’s
diet.
c. Suggest to the physician that the patient is going against medical advice and should be
discharged.
d. Schedule the organization’s clergy to meet with the patient to discuss interpretation of
religious teachings.
____ 27. The nurse is informed of several victims of gang violence being brought by ambulance to the emergency
department. Which injury should the nurse prepare to report to the authorities?
a. Fractures
b. Abrasions
c. Lacerations
d. Gunshot wounds
____ 28. A health care administrator is reviewing material submitted to the legislature on tort reform. What should the
administrator explain to nurse leaders about this legislation?
a. Limits organizational liability for damages
b. Requires continuing education for all caregivers
c. Expects all staff to have read organizational policies before completing procedures
d. Expects all staff to have malpractice or liability insurance
Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
____ 29. The nurse is performing a procedure while caring for a patient and unintentionally eliminates a step in the
procedure. What may result from the nurse’s action? (Select all that apply.)
a. Negligence
b. Breach of duty
c. Unintentional tort
d. Assault and battery
e. Civil liability for employer
____ 30. The nurse is preparing to delegate a task to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Which actions should the
nurse take in compliance with The National Council of State Boards of Nursing’s (NCSBN) rights of
delegation? (Select all that apply.)
a. Right day
b. Right place
c. Right person
d. Right supervision
e. Right circumstances
f. Right communication
____ 31. A nurse is working on a medical unit in a hospital undergoing a Joint Commission review. The investigator
asks the nurse to explain “never events.” What examples should the nurse use to explain these kinds of
events? (Select all that apply.)
a. Surgery on the wrong body part
b. Paralyzed leg after falling from a bed
c. Death from falling out of bed
d. Having to restart an intravenous (IV) infusion
e. Canceling surgery because blood work is not safe
____ 32. The LPN is working in a senior center and is approached by a participant who asks the nurse, “Can you help
me understand my Medicare benefits?” What should the nurse include in a response to this patient? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Medicare is a payment system for the working poor.
b. Medicare Part B covers outpatient services and has a monthly cost.
c. Medicare is a federally funded program for individuals 65 and over.
d. Prescription drug coverage for those with Medicare is available.
e. Medicare Part A covers inpatient hospital care and is free to those who qualify for Social
Security.
____ 33. The nurse is planning to prepare medications for assigned patients. Which actions should the nurse take to
ensure a safe environment while preparing the medications? (Select all that apply.)
a. Find a laboratory value for a physician as requested.
b. Place a “no interruption sign” on the door of the medication room.
c. Answer a patient’s call-light after checking the medication administration record.
d. Listen to information provided by the charge nurse about a newly admitted patient.
e. Ask coworkers to provide you with time to concentrate while preparing medication.
Chapter 3. Issues in Nursing Practice
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: C
Morals are standards set by our own conscience, and they guide a person’s decision to work. A. Justice is the
ethical principle of fairness and equality. B. D. Welfare and legal rights are guaranteed by laws.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

KEY: Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment—Management of Care | Cognitive Level:
Application
2. ANS: A
A. In health care, autonomy refers to individuals who are considered capable and competent making health
care decisions for themselves. Veracity is the virtue of truthfulness that requires health care providers (HCPs)
whenever possible to tell the truth and not intentionally deceive or mislead patients. B. Beneficence is
considering and offering treatments that are likely to provide relief. Justice is the ethical principle of fairness
and equality. C. Welfare rights are guaranteed by laws. Morals are standards set by our own conscience. D.
Nonmaleficence is doing no harm. Legal rights are guaranteed by laws.

Application
3. ANS: C
The content of the medical record is considered the property of the patient. According to HIPAA, the patient
has the right to read the medical information. The patient, however, might not understand everything that is
written in the record. The best response would be for the nurse to stay with the patient while the record is
being read in the event the patient does not understand the information in the record. A. The nurse does not
need to ask the physician if the record can be read by the patient. B. Asking if the patient is concerned about
care is a defensive response and does not address the patient’s request to read the medical record. D. The
nurse does not need to ask the charge nurse if the patient can read the medical record.

Application
4. ANS: A
Justice is the ethical principle of fairness and equality. B. Veracity is the virtue of truthfulness. C. Beneficence
is considering and offering treatments that are likely to provide relief. D. Nonmaleficence is doing no harm.

KEY: Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment—Management of Care | Cognitive Level: Analysis
5. ANS: A
A. To provide quality care and limit liability, the nurse should understand and provide care according to the
patients’ rights. B. C. Directions that are controversial, given verbally, concern situations of high liability, or
involve a discrepancy between the direction and standard policy should be questioned. D. Having insurance
does not limit liability. Insurance provides liability coverage and may be offered by some employers but not
all.

Application
6. ANS: C
C. The principle of nonmaleficence requires a nurse to protect from harm those who cannot protect
themselves such as the mentally incompetent or the unconscious. A. Veracity is the virtue of truthfulness. B.
Autonomy refers to individuals who are considered capable and competent making health care decisions for
themselves. D. The best interest standard involves the determination of what action is best for the patient.
This is usually for patients who are unconscious or medically incompetent and cannot make decisions for
themselves. Family members together with HCPs usually make the best-interest determination.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

Application
7. ANS: C
C. Today’s sophisticated technology and complex treatments have resulted in more complex ethical issues
that caregivers must consider in decision making. A. Ethical decisions have become more complex because of
technology. Technology can prolong decisions regarding life-or-death actions. B. Computers have not
affected the nurse’s decision making regarding ethical issues. D. Because of technology, life-or-death
decisions are more complicated.

Application
8. ANS: D
D. Autonomy refers to individuals who are considered capable and competent making health care decisions
for themselves, but to do so, individuals must first have the information to make the decision. A. B. C. These
choices could influence the patient’s decisions but not as greatly as information about the treatment plan.

9. ANS: C
C. The second step in the ethical decision-making model is to clarify the values of all the participants
involved in a patient’s care. This would include the patient’s family, and it is best that the patient discusses
the will with the family. A. B. D. The other options do not support this clarification or ensure that the
patient’s wishes will be known or followed if the living will is not placed in the patient’s medical record.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

Application
10. ANS: C
C. This statement demonstrates respect by valuing the patient and his or her feelings as a unique individual.
A. B. Terms of endearment do not convey respect, especially to older adults, and should not be used. D.
Speaking in the third person plural is a form of talking down to the patient and does not demonstrate dignity
or respect.

KEY: Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity | Cognitive Level: Application
11. ANS: A
A. Nurses are obligated to discuss the patient only under circumstances in which it is necessary to deliver
high-quality health care according to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). B, C, and
D are not breaches of confidentiality.

12. ANS: D
D. State nursing practice laws and the attendant nursing regulations establish the parameters within which
nurses must practice and are referred to as administrative laws. A, B, and C are laws that are not associated
with nursing licensure.

13. ANS: C
C. Malpractice is a breach of duty that arises from the relationship between the patient and the health care
worker. A. A crime is an action taken by an individual against society. B. A summons is a notice to
defendants that they are being sued. D. Respondeat superior means that an employer may also become liable
for the acts or omissions of its employees.

14. ANS: A
A. Nurses served with a summons relating to work should notify their employers and ensure the summons is
answered. B. D. If the employer does not answer the summons, the nurse must seek legal counsel to answer
the summons within the specified time—20 to 30 days. C. If the nurse fails to answer the summons and
complaint, a default judgment may be made, which is acknowledgment of liability.

Application
15. ANS: A
A. Not allowing patients to have a choice in their care would violate patients’ rights. B. C. D. Knocking
before entering a patient’s room, introducing oneself, and allowing patient input are examples of ensuring
patients’ rights.

16. ANS: A
A. Employer’s liability insurance will provide liability coverage when the employee follows the employer’s
work policies. B, C, and D do not determine liability coverage.

Application
17. ANS: D
D. A civil liability suit begins with the filing of a complaint with a court. A, B, and C are actions that may be
taken after a suit is filed.

18. ANS: B
B. Making a care decision for a patient without regard for the patient’s preferences is paternalism. A.
Autonomy refers to individuals making health care decisions for themselves. C. Beneficence is considering
and offering treatments that are likely to provide relief. D. Nonmaleficence is doing no harm.

19. ANS: D
D. In utilitarian theory, actions are judged by their consequences, so outcomes are the most important
elements to consider in ethical decision making. A. Religious teachings are key concepts for ethical decision
making for some individuals. B. Deontology requires actions not to be judged only in terms of their
consequences. C. Theological perspectives include the many religious traditions represented in our culture.

20. ANS: A
A. Evaluation of outcomes is the final step in the ethical decision-making process. Evaluation helps us to
learn from success or failure and gain knowledge for the next ethical dilemma. B, C, and D are steps that
occur before the evaluation phase, within the ethical decision-making process.

Application
21. ANS: D
D. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) creates civil and criminal
liability for health care workers who wrongfully disclose an individual’s health information. A. Medicare is a
nationally sponsored health insurance coverage plan. B and C do not establish liability for disclosure of health
information.

Application
22. ANS: D
D. The wrongful release of confidential information is an intentional tort. A. Defamation is the wrongful
injury to another’s reputation. B. Compassion is a central virtue that allows the nurse to identify with
another’s pain or suffering. D. False imprisonment is the unlawful restriction of a person’s freedom.

23. ANS: B
B. Fidelity is the obligation to be faithful to commitments made to self and others. In health care, fidelity
includes faithfulness or loyalty to agreements and responsibilities accepted as part of the practice of nursing.
It also means not promising a patient something that one cannot deliver or cannot control. A. Justice is based
on fairness and equality. C. Veracity is to tell the truth and not intentionally deceive or mislead patients. D.
Beneficence means actions taken and treatments provided will benefit a person and promote welfare.

24. ANS: A
A. Active listening and accountability are characteristics of the coaching leadership style. B. Utilitarian is a
theory of ethical behavior. C. Autonomy is an ethical principle. D. In democratic leadership, participation is
encouraged in determining goals and in planning for their achievement.

Application
25. ANS: D
D. After developing a list of all possible actions, identify the positive and negative consequences for each. A.
Identifying the stakeholders occurs earlier in the process. B. Determining the best action occurs after each
action is analyzed for positive and negative consequences. C. Gathering important information occurs earlier
in the process.

Application
26. ANS: B
B. Religious teachings are key concepts of ethical decision making for some people, and many consider these
teachings a divine source of values and morals. One of the difficulties with religious traditions is that it is not
simply the official church teaching that is involved, but the individual member’s interpretation of that
teaching. Assessment of the importance of this dimension of the patient’s life is important in an ethical
analysis. Since the patient will not consume animal-based protein, the nurse should support the patient’s
needs by discussing alternative sources of protein with the dietitian. A. There are other sources of protein
besides animal-based products. C. The patient is not going against medical advice in this situation. D. This
would be challenging the patient to defend personal interpretation of religious teachings.

KEY: Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity | Cognitive Level: Application
27. ANS: D
D. Maintaining confidentiality of personal health information is an expectation when providing patient care
unless it compromises mandatory reporting such as the reporting of gunshot wounds. A. B. C. There are no
regulations about the mandatory reporting of fractures, abrasions, and lacerations.

Application
28. ANS: A
A. Tort reform legislation is directed at limiting liability for health care professionals and institutions. B. C.
D. Having liability insurance, reading policies, and continuing education can help reduce a nurse’s liability,
but are not part of legislative reform.

Application
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
29. ANS: A, B, C, E
Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing 5th edition Williams Test Bank
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A. B. C. E. An unintentional tort is known as negligence. Negligence occurs when injury results from the
failure of the wrongdoer to exercise care. This failure to follow due care in the protection of the person
injured is a breach of duty. The institution that employs the worker may become liable for the acts or
omissions of its employees. D. Assault and battery involve threatened or real touching or bodily harm. This
did not occur in this situation.

30. ANS: B, C, D, E, F
B. C. D. E. F. The NCSBN identifies the five rights of delegation as the right task, person, circumstances,
supervision, and communication. A. The right day is not an identified right to follow when delegating.

Application
31. ANS: A, B, C
A. B. C. The Joint Commission considers “never events” to be sentinel events. Examples of these events
include surgery on the wrong body part, loss of body function from a fall, or a death after a fall. D. E. Having
to restart an IV infusion and canceling surgery are not considered sentinel events.

KEY: Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment—Safety and Infection Control | Cognitive Level:
Application
32. ANS: B, C, D, E
B. C. D. E. Medicare is run by the U.S. government and currently covers all individuals age 65 and over.
Several Medicare plan options are offered: Original Medicare, Medicare Health Plans, Medigap policies, and
prescription drug coverage for everyone with Medicare. There are two parts of coverage in the original
Medicare plan. Part A covers inpatient hospital care, skilled nursing facilities, hospice services, and some
home care. There is no premium or deductible for Part A. Part B is medical insurance that covers physician
costs, outpatient services, some home care, supplies, and other things not covered by Part A. Some preventive
services may also be covered. A monthly premium and yearly deductible are paid in exchange for Part B
coverage. Medicare Part D is prescription drug coverage. A. Medicare is not a payment system for the
working poor. This best describes Medicaid.

Application
33. ANS: B, E
B. E. Efforts to reduce medication errors include identifying “no interruption” zones and asking coworkers for
time to concentrate while preparing medications. A. C. D. Finding laboratory values, answering a call-light,
and listening to the charge nurse provide information are all distractions that could lead to medication errors.

Application
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More news on internet:
Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of all mechanical
waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound,
ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an
acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be
called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all
aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control
industries.
Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, and
speech is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human development and
culture. Accordingly, the science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human
society—music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more.
Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound and hearing as a
key element of mating rituals or marking territories. Art, craft, science and
technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other
fields of knowledge. Robert Bruce Lindsay's 'Wheel of Acoustics' is a well
accepted overview of the various fields in acoustics.[1]
The word "acoustic" is derived from the Greek word ἀκουστικός (akoustikos),
meaning "of or for hearing, ready to hear"[2] and that from ἀκουστός (akoustos),
"heard, audible",[3] which in turn derives from the verb ἀκούω (akouo), "I
hear".[4]
The Latin synonym is "sonic", after which the term sonics used to be a synonym
for acoustics[5] and later a branch of acoustics.[6] Frequencies above and below
the audible range are called "ultrasonic" and "infrasonic", respectively.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early research in acoustics
1.2 Age of Enlightenment and onward
2 Fundamental concepts of acoustics
2.1 Definition
2.2 Wave propagation: pressure levels
2.3 Wave propagation: frequency
2.4 Transduction in acoustics
3 Acoustician
3.1 Education
4 Subdisciplines
4.1 Archaeoacoustics
4.2 Aeroacoustics
4.3 Acoustic signal processing
4.4 Architectural acoustics
4.5 Bioacoustics
4.6 Electroacoustics
4.7 Environmental noise and soundscapes
4.8 Musical acoustics
4.9 Psychoacoustics
4.10 Speech
4.11 Ultrasonics
4.12 Underwater acoustics
4.13 Vibration and dynamics
5 Professional societies
6 Academic journals
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 Further reading
10 External links
History
Early research in acoustics
The fundamental and the first 6 overtones of a vibrating string. The earliest records
of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher Pythagoras in the
6th century BC.
In the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to know
why some combinations of musical sounds seemed more beautiful than others, and
he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the harmonic overtone
series on a string. He is reputed to have observed that when the lengths of vibrating
strings are expressible as ratios of integers (e.g. 2 to 3, 3 to 4), the tones produced
will be harmonious, and the smaller the integers the more harmonious the sounds.
If, for example, a string of a certain length would sound particularly harmonious
with a string of twice the length (other factors being equal). In modern parlance, if
a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an
octave lower. In one system of musical tuning, the tones in between are then given
by 16:9 for D, 8:5 for E, 3:2 for F, 4:3 for G, 6:5 for A, and 16:15 for B, in
ascending order.[7]
Aristotle (384–322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and

rarefactions of air which "falls upon and strikes the air which is next to it...",[8] a
very good expression of the nature of wave motion.
In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius wrote a treatise on the
acoustic properties of theaters including discussion of interference, echoes, and
reverberation—the beginnings of architectural acoustics.[9] In Book V of his De
architectura (The Ten Books of Architecture) Vitruvius describes sound as a wave
comparable to a water wave extended to three dimensions, which, when interrupted
by obstructions, would flow back and break up following waves. He described the
ascending seats in ancient theaters as designed to prevent this deterioration of
sound and also recommended bronze vessels of appropriate sizes be placed in
theaters to resonate with the fourth, fifth and so on, up to the double octave, in
order to resonate with the more desirable, harmonious notes.[10][11][12]
During the Islamic golden age, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048) is believed to
postulated that the speed of sound was much slower than the speed of
light.[13][14]
Principles of acoustics have been applied since ancient times : A Roman theatre in
the city of Amman.
The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and
after the Scientific Revolution. Mainly Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) but also Marin
Mersenne (1588–1648), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating
strings (completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years
earlier). Galileo wrote "Waves are produced by the vibrations of a sonorous body,
which spread through the air, bringing to the tympanum of the ear a stimulus which
the mind interprets as sound", a remarkable statement that points to the beginnings
of physiological and psychological acoustics. Experimental measurements of the
speed of sound in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a
number of investigators, prominently Mersenne. Meanwhile, Newton (1642–1727)
derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of physical
acoustics (Principia, 1687).
Age of Enlightenment and onward

The eighteenth century saw major advances in acoustics as mathematicians applied
the new techniques of calculus to elaborate theories of sound wave propagation. In
the nineteenth century the major figures of mathematical acoustics were Helmholtz
in Germany, who consolidated the field of physiological acoustics, and Lord
Rayleigh in England, who combined the previous knowledge with his own copious
contributions to the field in his monumental work The Theory of Sound (1877).
Also in the 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy
between electricity and acoustics.
The twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large

body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application
was Sabine’s groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, and many others
followed. Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first
World War. Sound recording and the telephone played important roles in a global
transformation of society. Sound measurement and analysis reached new levels of
accuracy and sophistication through the use of electronics and computing. The
ultrasonic frequency range enabled wholly new kinds of application in medicine
and industry. New kinds of transducers (generators and receivers of acoustic
energy) were invented and put to use.
Fundamental concepts of acoustics

Jay Pritzker Pavilion
At Jay Pritzker Pavilion, a LARES system is combined with a zoned sound

reinforcement system, both suspended on an overhead steel trellis, to synthesize an
indoor acoustic environment outdoors.
Definition
Acoustics is defined by ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 as "(a) Science of sound, including
its production, transmission, and effects, including biological and psychological
effects. (b) Those qualities of a room that, together, determine its character with
respect to auditory effects."
The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception
of mechanical waves and vibrations.
The fundamental acoustical process
The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or
process. There are many kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are
many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into
sonic energy, producing a sound wave. There is one fundamental equation that
describes sound wave propagation, the acoustic wave equation, but the phenomena
that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The wave carries energy
throughout the propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again
into other forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived.
The final effect may be purely physical or it may reach far into the biological or
volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are
talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band
playing in a rock concert.
The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within
the domain of physical acoustics. In fluids, sound propagates primarily as a
pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including
longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.
Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave and
how the wave interacts with the environment. This interaction can be described as
either a diffraction, interference or a reflection or a mix of the three. If several
media are present, a refraction can also occur. Transduction processes are also of
special importance to acoustics.
Wave propagation: pressure levels

Main article: Sound pressure
Spectrogram of a young girl saying "oh, no"

In fluids such as air and water, sound waves propagate as disturbances in the
ambient pressure level. While this disturbance is usually small, it is still noticeable
to the human ear. The smallest sound that a person can hear, known as the
threshold of hearing, is nine orders of magnitude smaller than the ambient
pressure. The loudness of these disturbances is related to the sound pressure level
(SPL) which is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels.
Wave propagation: frequency

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of
frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound. What we
experience as "higher pitched" or "lower pitched" sounds are pressure vibrations
having a higher or lower number of cycles per second. In a common technique of
acoustic measurement, acoustic signals are sampled in time, and then presented in
more meaningful forms such as octave bands or time frequency plots. Both of
these popular methods are used to analyze sound and better understand the acoustic
phenomenon.
The entire spectrum can be divided into three sections: audio, ultrasonic, and
infrasonic. The audio range falls between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. This range is
important because its frequencies can be detected by the human ear. This range has
a number of applications, including speech communication and music. The
ultrasonic range refers to the very high frequencies: 20,000 Hz and higher. This
range has shorter wavelengths which allow better resolution in imaging
technologies. Medical applications such as ultrasonography and elastography rely
on the ultrasonic frequency range. On the other end of the spectrum, the lowest
frequencies are known as the infrasonic range. These frequencies can be used to
study geological phenomena such as earthquakes.
Analytic instruments such as the spectrum analyzer facilitate visualization and

measurement of acoustic signals and their properties. The spectrogram produced
by such an instrument is a graphical display of the time varying pressure level and
frequency profiles which give a specific acoustic signal its defining character.
Transduction in acoustics
An inexpensive low fidelity 3.5 inch driver, typically found in small radios
A transducer is a device for converting one form of energy into another. In an
electroacoustic context, this means converting sound energy into electrical energy
(or vice versa). Electroacoustic transducers include loudspeakers, microphones,
hydrophones and sonar projectors. These devices convert a sound pressure wave to
or from an electric signal. The most widely used transduction principles are
electromagnetism, electrostatics and piezoelectricity.
The transducers in most common loudspeakers (e.g. woofers and tweeters), are
electromagnetic devices that generate waves using a suspended diaphragm driven
by an electromagnetic voice coil, sending off pressure waves. Electret microphones
and condenser microphones employ electrostatics—as the sound wave strikes the
microphone's diaphragm, it moves and induces a voltage change. The ultrasonic
systems used in medical ultrasonography employ piezoelectric transducers. These
are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical
fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself.
Acoustician
An acoustician is an expert in the science of sound.[15]
Education
There are many types of acoustician, but they usually have a Bachelor's degree or
higher qualification. Some possess a degree in acoustics, while others enter the
discipline via studies in fields such as physics or engineering. Much work in
acoustics requires a good grounding in Mathematics and science. Many acoustic
scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to
advance our knowledge of the perception (e.g. hearing, psychoacoustics or
neurophysiology) of speech, music and noise. Other acoustic scientists advance
understanding of how sound is affected as it moves through environments, e.g.
Underwater acoustics, Architectural acoustics or Structural acoustics. Others areas
of work are listed under subdisciplines below. Acoustic scientists work in
government, university and private industry laboratories. Many go on to work in
Acoustical Engineering. Some positions, such as Faculty (academic staff) require a
Doctor of Philosophy.
Subdisciplines
These subdisciplines are a slightly modified list from the PACS (Physics and
Astronomy Classification Scheme) coding used by the Acoustical Society of
America.[16]
Archaeoacoustics
Main article: Archaeoacoustics
The Divje Babe flute

Archaeoacoustics is the study of sound within archaeology. This typically involves
studying the acoustics of archaeological sites and artefacts.[17]
Aeroacoustics
Main article: Aeroacoustics
Aeroacoustics is the study of noise generated by air movement, for instance via
turbulence, and the movement of sound through the fluid air. This knowledge is
applied in acoustical engineering to study how to quieten aircraft. Aeroacoustics is
important to understanding how wind musical instruments work.[18]
Acoustic signal processing

See also: Audio signal processing
Acoustic signal processing is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals.
Applications include: active noise control; design for hearing aids or cochlear
implants; echo cancellation; music information retrieval, and perceptual coding
(e.g. MP3 or Opus).[19]
Architectural acoustics
Main article: Architectural acoustics
Symphony Hall Boston where auditorium acoustics began

Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) involves the scientific
understanding of how to achieve a good sound within a building.[20] It typically
involves the study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, and
vibration reduction in the built environment.[21]
Bioacoustics
Main article: Bioacoustics
Bioacoustics is the scientific study of the hearing and calls of animal calls, as well
as how animals are affected by the acoustic and sounds of their habitat.[22]
Electroacoustics
See also: Audio Engineering and Sound reinforcement system
This subdiscipline is concerned with the recording, manipulation and reproduction
of audio using electronics.[23] This might include products such as mobile phones,
large scale public address systems or virtual reality systems in research
laboratories.
Environmental noise and soundscapes

Main article: Environmental noise
See also: Noise pollution and Noise control
Environmental acoustics is concerned with noise and vibration caused by
railways,[24] road traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment and recreational
activities.[25] The main aim of these studies is to reduce levels of environmental
noise and vibration. Research work now also has a focus on the positive use of
sound in urban environments: soundscapes and tranquility.[26]
Musical acoustics
Main article: Musical acoustics
The primary auditory cortex is one of the main areas associated with superior pitch
resolution.
Musical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments; the audio
signal processing used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and
composition, and the perception and cognitive neuroscience of music.[27]
Psychoacoustics
Main article: Psychoacoustics
Psychoacoustics explains how humans respond to sounds.[28]
Speech
Main article: Speech
Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. Speech
recognition and Speech synthesis are two important areas of speech processing
using computers. The subject also overlaps with the disciplines of physics,
physiology, psychology, and linguistics.[29]
Ultrasonics
Main article: Ultrasound
Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy

(bidimensional-scan)
Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans.
Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography),
sonochemistry, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (Sonar).[30]
Underwater acoustics
Main article: Underwater acoustics
Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of natural and man-made sounds
underwater. Applications include sonar to locate submarines, underwater
communication by whales, climate change monitoring by measuring sea
temperatures acoustically, sonic weapons,[31] and marine bioacoustics.[32]
Vibration and dynamics

Main article: Vibration
This is the study of how mechanical systems vibrate and interact with their
surroundings. Applications might include: ground vibrations from railways;
vibration isolation to reduce vibration in operating theatres; studying how vibration
can damage health (vibration white finger); vibration control to protect a building
from earthquakes, or measuring how structure-borne sound moves through
buildings.[33]
Professional societies
The Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
The European Acoustics Association (EAA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Institute of Acoustics (IoA UK)
The Audio Engineering Society (AES)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Noise Control and Acoustics Division
(ASME-NCAD)
International Commission for Acoustics (ICA)
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aeroacoustics (AIAA)
International Computer Music Association (ICMA)
Academic journals
Main category: Acoustics journals
Acta Acustica united with Acustica
Applied Acoustics
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA)
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Express Letters (JASA-EL)
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
Journal of Sound and Vibration (JSV)
Journal of Vibration and Acoustics American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Ultrasonics (journal)

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Chapter 3. Issues in Nursing Practice

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PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

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PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

This is sample only, Download all chapters at: testbankreal.com

Aristotle (384–322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and

Age of Enlightenment and onward

The twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large

Fundamental concepts of acoustics

At Jay Pritzker Pavilion, a LARES system is combined with a zoned sound

Wave propagation: pressure levels

Spectrogram of a young girl saying "oh, no"

Wave propagation: frequency

Analytic instruments such as the spectrum analyzer facilitate visualization and

The Divje Babe flute

Acoustic signal processing

Symphony Hall Boston where auditorium acoustics began

Environmental noise and soundscapes

Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy

Vibration and dynamics

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