Microfinance 

is the provision of financial

services to low-income clients, including consumers and
the self-employed, who traditionally lack access
to banking and related services.
More broadly, it is a movement whose object is "a world
in which as many poor and near-poor households as
possible have permanent access to an appropriate
range of high quality financial services, including not just
credit but also savings, insurance, and fund
transfers."[1] Those who promote microfinance generally
believe that such access will help poor people out
of poverty.

The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing real

estate crisis and financial crisis triggered by a dramatic
rise in mortgage delinquencies,
foreclosures, overheating of real estate and debt
markets, and failures in CDSs and more generally in
reverse trading in The United States, with major adverse
consequences for banks and financial markets around
the globe.
Approximately 80% of U.S. mortgages issued in recent
years to subprime borrowers were adjustable-rate
mortgages. (as opposed toamortized loans) After U.S.
house prices peaked in mid-2006 and began their steep
decline thereafter, refinancing became more difficult. As
adjustable-rate mortgages began to reset at higher
rates, mortgage delinquencies soared. Securities
backed with subprime mortgages, widely held by
financial firms, lost most of their value. The result has
been a large decline in the capital of many banks and
U.S. government sponsored enterprises, tightening
credit around the world.

In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of

prices of goods and services in an economy over a
period of time.[1] When the price level rises, each unit of
currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently,
inflation is also an erosion in the purchasing power of
money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of
exchange and unit of account in the economy.[2][3] A chief
measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the
annualized percentage change in a general price
index(normally the Consumer Price Index) over time.[4]
Inflation's effects on an economy are manifold and can
be simultaneously positive and negative. Negative
effects of inflation include a decrease in the real value of
money and other monetary items over time, uncertainty
over future inflation may discourage investment and
savings, and high inflation may lead to shortages
ofgoods if consumers begin hoarding out of concern that
prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include
a mitigation of economic recessions,[5] and debt relief by
reducing the real level of debt.
Economists generally agree that high rates of inflation
and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of
the money supply.[6] Views on which factors determine
low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low
or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations
in real demand for goods and services, or changes in
available supplies such as during scarcities, as well as
to growth in the money supply. However, the consensus
view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused
by money supply growing faster than the rate
of economic growth.
Today, most mainstream economists favor a low steady
rate of inflation. Low (as opposed to zero or negative)
inflation may reduce the severity of economic
recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more
quickly in a downturn, and reduce the risk that a liquidity
trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the
economy.[10] The task of keeping the rate of inflation low
and stable is usually given to monetary authorities.
Generally, these monetary authorities are the central
banks that control the size of the money supply through
the setting of interest rates, through open market
operations, and through the setting of banking reserve
requirements.[11]
 coincident indicator is an economic indicator that measures the
current state of the economy of a nation. The coincident indicator
is based on employment, demand, or income levels that move up
or down directly with the changes in the economy. Economists
depend on coincident indicator measurements to assess the
current economic performance of the country. The coincident
indicator alerts governments whether they should make ad hoc
changes in fiscal activities to achieve their long-term economic
goals. Non-farm payrolls is a popular coincident indicator. Other
examples for a coincident indicator include industrial production
and personal income. Sales figures from manufacturing and
trade are another source for coincident indicator assessment.
Investors monitor coincident indicator announcements as they
may directly impact market prices.

Coincident indicators
Coincident indicators change at approximately the same time as
the whole economy, thereby providing information about the
current state of the economy. There are many coincident
economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product, industrial
production, personal income and retail sales. A coincident index
may be used to identify, after the fact, the dates of peaks and
troughs in the business cycle.[2]
There are four economic statistics comprising the Index of
Coincident Economic Indicators:[citation needed]

 Number of employees on non-agricultural payrolls

 Personal income less transfer payments
 Industrial production
 Manufacturing and trade sale
The Philadelphia Federal Reserve produces state-level coincident
indexes based on 4 state-level variables: [3]

 Nonfarm payroll employment

 Average hours worked in manufacturing
 Unemployment rate
 Wage and salary disbursements deflated by the consumer
price index (U.S. city average)