AdvP Pe ee ees FarkasPARTS OF SPEECH This chapter focuses on: * the distinction between major and minor parts of speech * the distinction between lexical and functional parts of speech * distributional criteria for determining parts of speech Jor parts of speech are generally considered to be truly meaningful they form open classes of items: the number of lexical categories is very large and can be made even larger by borrowings and different word formation processes jnor parts of speech are generally considered to lack descriptive meaning they form closed classes of items; the set of component elements is very testricted and cannot be made larger by different mechanisms of enriching the vocabulary thematic) parts of speech/eategories periptive meaning/content de the ‘content’ of the sentence — are content words (location), to,Functional parts of speech/categories Jack descriptive meaning/s provide the abstract syntaetio carry information about gr sare function words are morpho-syntactie in nature , (some) prepositions (P) — of, by light causative (little) » tense (T) — +s (in John smiles), modals, auxiliaries, infinitival to (in to sing) aspect (AspP) — be (in should be smedying) determiners (D) — rhe, a, this, our degree adverbs (Deg) — very, as, foo, 80 complementizers (C) — shat (in J know that Jolin is here) conjunctions — and, or, bw, either ... or quantifiers (Q) — all, both, every negation (Neg) — not Distributional criteria for determining parts of speech DCL Morphological distribution (affixes and other morphemes) Derivational morphemes: change the grammatical class - nominal suffix: drive (verb) — driver (noun) - verbal suffix: black (adjective) ~ blacken (verb) - adjectival suffix: comfort (noun) - comfortable (adjective) - adverbial suffix: sad (adjective) — sadly (adverb) Inflectional morphemes: do not change the grammatical class - plural; driver (noun) — drivers (noun) - tense: loak (verb) — looked/looks/looking (verb) - comparative/superlative: big (adjective) — Bigger, biggest (adjective) DC2, Syntactic distribution (the position of the word relative to other words) The noun: — can be preceded by a preposition and/or determiner — can be modified by adjectives or other nouns e.g, near the tall trees, love story The adjective: can appear between determiners and nouns can modify a nominal (used attributively) can follow auxiliaries; be, seem, look, feel, taste, etc. (used predicatively) can be modified by degree adverbs: very, rather, too, really, extremely, etc. can be modified by adverbs e.g. the clever driver, is very clever, ambelievably clever (he verb: can follow auxiliaries and modals can be negated by vor can be modified by adverbs e.g. may happen, should not wonder, speak quietly adverb: = can modify the action of the verb/an entire clause — can be modified by degree words: very; rather, too, really, extremely, ete. ~ can be modified by adverbs e.g. fo drive very carefully, almost daily the following text, separate all the lexical parts of speech from the Hetional ones, and state their category: people like camping but others prefer hotels or choose self-catering holidays in an apartment or chalet. Staying in a guest house or an inn can also be a iption. Whereas some types of accommodation offer half board, others offer nq you'd like fo come to our pat Weather will be fine this weekend. a DVD player with it's better in th