52 2.

INTEGRAL

2.3 Integrali racionalnih funkcija

Zadatak 2.30 Izračunajte integrale:
Ax + B
� � �
dx dx
(a) 2 2
(b) (c) dx, p2 − 4q < 0.
x +a x − a2
2 x2 + px + q

Rješenje.

t = xa
� �
1 1 1
� � �
dx dx dt
(a) = 2 = = = arctg t + C =
dt = dx
2 2 � x �2
x +a a +1 a a t2 +1 a
a
1 x
arctg + C
a a
1
(b) Rastavimo izraz na parcijalne razlomke:
x2 − a2
1 1 A B 1 1
2 2
= = + =⇒ A = , B = −
x −a (x − a)(x + a) x−a x+a 2a 2a
Dakle,
1 1 1 1
� � �
dx dx dx
2 2
= − = ln |x − a| − ln |x + a| + C =
x �− a � 2a x−a 2a x+a 2a 2a
1 �x − a�
ln �� �+C
2a x + a�

t = x + 2p x = t − p2
� �
Ax + B Ax + B
� �
(c) dx = �2 dx = =
x2 + px + q x + p2 + q − p4
2
dt = dx
�
A(t − 2p ) + B
� � �
tdt Ap dt
= 2 dt = A 2 + (b − ) 2 =
t2 + q − p4 t2 + q − p4 2 t2 + q − p4
2
arctg q t p2
A p Ap q− 4
= ln (t2 + q − ) + (B − ) � +C =
2 4 2 q − p4
2

x+ p
arctg q 2p2
A Ap q− 4
= ln (x2 + px + q) + (B − ) � +C
2 2 q − p4
2

Zadatak 2.31 Izračunajte integrale:

x3 dx 2x3 + 3x2 + x − 1
� � �
dx
(a) (b) (c) dx
x3 − 2x2 + x x2 + x + 1 (x2 + 2x + 2)2

e3x (10 − 2e3x ) cos x

� �
(d) dx (e) dx.
6x 3x
2e − 10e + 12 1 + sin4 x
2. INTEGRAL 53

(a) Rastav na parcijalne razlomke:

1 1 A B C
3 2
= = + + =⇒ A = 1, B = −1, C = 1
�x − 2x + x x(x� − 1)2 � x x −�1 (x − 1)2
dx dx dx dx 1
3 2
= − + = ln |x| − ln |x − 1| − +C =
�x − 2x � +x x x−1 (x − 1)2 x−1
�− 1 +C
� x �
ln ��
x − 1� x − 1

x3 dx x2 x2
� � �
1
� �
dx
(b) = x − 1 + dx = − x + = −x+
x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1 2 x2 + x + 1 2
x2 1 x + 12 x2 2 2x + 1
�
dx
= − x + arctg + C = − x + √ arctg √ +C
1 2 3
�
3 2 2 3 3
� �
x+ 2 + 4 3 4
4

(c) Rastav na parcijalne razlomke:

2x3 + 3x2 + x − 1 Ax + b Cx + D
2 2
= 2 + 2 =⇒ A = 2, B = −1, C =
(x + 2x + 2) x + 2x + 2 (x + 2x + 2)2
−1, D = 1, pa je
2x3 + 3x2 + x − 1 2x − 1 −x + 1
� � �
2 2
dx = 2
dx + 2 2
dx =
� (x + 2x + 2) x + 2x + 2 � (x + 2x + 2) �
2x − 1 −x + 1
�
t= x+1 x= t−1
= dx + dx = =
(x + 1) 2+1 ((x + 1) 2 + 1)2 dt = dx
2t − 3 −t + 2 2tdt
� � � � � �
dt tdt dt
= 2
dt+ 2 2
dt = −3 2
− 2 2
+2 =
t +1 (t + 1) �t t +1 (t + 1) (t + 1)2
2
1 dt
ln (t2 + 1) − 3 arctg t + 2
+2 = (∗)
2(t + 1) (t + 1)2
2
Još treba izračunati:
1 + t2 − 1 t2 dt t2 dt
� � � � �
dt dt
2 2
= dt = − = arctg t − =
� (t + 1) (t2 + 1)2 � t2 + 1 (t2 + 1)2 (t2 + 1)2
u=t du = dt 1
�
t dt t
tdt 1 = arctg t+ 2 − = arctg t+ 2 −
dv = (t2 +1)2 v = − 2(t2 +1) 2(t + 1) 2 2
t +1 2(t + 1)
1 1 t
arctg t + C = arctg t + + C, pa je
2 2 2(t2 + 1)
1 t 2t + 1
(∗) = ln (t2 + 1)−3 arctg t+ 2 +arctg t+ 2 +C = ln (t2 + 1)+ 2 −
2(t + 1) t +1 2(t + 1)
2x + 3
2 arctg t + C = ln (x2 + 2x + 2) + − 2 arctg (x + 1) + C
2(x2 + 2x + 2)

e3x (10 − 2e3x ) t = e3x

� �
1 10 − 2t 1 5−t
� � �
(d) dx = 3x = dt = dt =
6x
2e − 10e + 12 3x dt = 3e dt 3 2
2t − 10t + 12 3 2
t − 5t + 6
(∗)
Rastav na parcijalne razlomke:
5−t 5−t A B 3 2
2
= = + =⇒ A = − , B = −
t − 5t + 6� (t − 2)(t −� 3) t−2 t−3 5 5
1 dt 2 dt 1 2
(∗) = − − = − ln |t − 2| − ln |t − 3| + C =
5 t − 2 15 t−3 5 15
54 2. INTEGRAL

1 (t − 3)2 1 (e3x − 1)2

= ln + C = ln +C
15 |t − 2|3 15 |e3x − 2|3
� � �
cos x
�
t = sin x dt
(e) 4 dx = = = (∗)
1 + sin x dt = cos x dx 1 + t4
Vrijedi: √ √
t4 + 1 = (t2 + 1)2 − 2t2 = (t2 + 2t + 1)(t2 − 2t + 1), odakle slijedi rastav na
parcijalne razlomke:
1 At + B Ct + D 1 1 1 1
4
= √ + √ =⇒ A = √ , B = , C = − √ , D =
1+t 2 2
t + 2t� + 1 t √− 2t + 1 2 2√ 2 2 2 2
1 t+ 2 1 t− 2
� �
dt
4
= √ √ dt − √ √ dt =
1+t 2 2
� 2 2 √ t + 2t + 1 � 2 √2 t − 2t + 1
1 2t + 2 1 2dt
= √ √ dt + √ √ −
4 2 � t2 + 2t √ + 1 4 2 t2+
√ 2t + 1
1 2t − 2 1 2 dt
�
− √ √ dt + √ √ =
4 2 t2 − 2t + 1 4 2 t2 − √2t + 1
1 √ 1 t+ 2
= √ ln (t2 + 2t + 1) + √ arctg 1 2 −
4 2 2 2 √
2√
√ 2
1 2 1 t − 2
− √ ln (t − 2t + 1) + √ arctg 1 +C =
4 2 2 2 √
√ 2
1 t2 + 2t + 1 1 � √ √ �
= √ ln √ + √ arctg ( 2t + 1) − arctg ( 2t − 1) + C =
4 2 t2 − 2t√ +1 2 2
1 sin2 x + 2 sin x + 1 1 � √ √ �
= √ ln 2 √ + √ arctg ( 2 sin x + 1) − arctg ( 2 sin x − 1) +
4 2 sin x − 2 sin x + 1 2 2
C

�
2. INTEGRAL 55

Zadaci za vježbu
2.32 Izračunajte integrale:

x3 dx
� � �
x dx dx
(a) (b) (c)
x2 + x + 1 x2 + 2x + 4 x4 + 4x2 + 3
2.33 Izračunajte integrale:

(x + 1)3 dx x4 dx
� � �
dx
(a) (b) (c)
x2 − x 4
x −1 (x + 1)3

2.34 Izračunajte integrale:

x2 dx x8 − 1 x4 + 1
� � �
(a) (b) dx (c) dx
(x2 + 1)3 x(x8 + 1) x6 + 1

2.35 Izračunajte integrale:

x5 + x4 − 2 x4 − 1
� � �
dx
(a) (b) dx (c) dx
(x3 + x + 1)3 x4 − 4x2 + 4 x(x4 − 5)(x5 + 5x + 1)