Geological Society, London, Special Publications

Provenance studies of very low- to low-grade metasedimentary

rocks of the Puncoviscana complex, northwest Argentina
Udo Zimmermann

Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2005; v. 246; p. 381-416

doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.246.01.16

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 Provenance studies of very low- to low-grade metasedimentary
rocks of the Puncoviscana complex, northwest Argentina
UDO ZIMMERMANN
D e p a r t m e n t o f Geology, University o f J o h a n n e s b u r g , P O B o x 524, A u c k l a n d P a r k 2006,
Johannesburg, S o u t h A f r i c a ( e - m a i k uz@rau, na. ac. za)

Abstract: A provenance study of Neoproterozoic to Lower Cambrian rocks for the entire
Puncoviscana Basin was conducted, using 119 samples from 15 different outcrops. Petro-
graphic data (Qt60-80, F15-35, L5-20, P/F 0.2-0.4, Lv/L = 0) show a composition
comparable to foreland-basin successions. Lithoclasts are of metamorphic and metasedi-
mentary origin. Volcanic debris is detected only in the form of sanidine, and volcanic litho-
clasts were probably decomposed to form pseudo-matrix. Framework clasts are
sub-angular to sub-rounded, and the rocks are poorly sorted. Major element geochemistry
shows a moderate to high Chemical index of Alteration (56-77) and failed to provide
coherent provenance and rock classification. Trace element geochemistry suggests a rhyo-
dacitic composition overall. Rare earth element patterns are comparable to those of model
upper continental crust (UCC), as are concentrations of Nb, Ta, Ti, Th-Sc and Eu/Eu*
(0.45-0.87; 95% between 0.4 and 0.7); reworking signatures are not detected. The uniform
mineralogical and geochemical composition reflects supra-crustal source(s) for the entire
basin, including significant metamorphic rock debris. The Puncoviscana complex is inter-
preted as a peripheral Pampean foreland basin, fed mainly from an eastern fold-thrust belt,
but includes relicts of pre- and syn-collisional magmatic activity as well. A source area of
UCC composition to the west is represented by the Arequipa block.

For the last 20 years, the palaeotectonic evol-
ution of the western b o r d e r of G o n d w a n a
during the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic has
been the object of controversy regarding the
basic question, 'is crustal growth r e l a t e d to
terrane accretion or to recycling of existing
crustal material?' (e.g. Ramos 1986; Bahlburg
1990; R a p e l a et al. 1992; Astini et al. 1995;
Bahlburg & Herv6 1997; Pankhurst & Rapela
1998; Bock et al. 2000; Lucassen et al. 2000;
Z i m m e r m a n n & Bahlburg 2003). One key
element to understanding crustal evolution in
this area is the U p p e r Vendian to Lower
C a m b r i a n Puncoviscana Formation. Turner
(1960) described pre-Ordovician rock
successions from n o r t h w e s t e r n A r g e n t i n a
(Fig. 1) comprising metagreywackes and psam-
mites, with few intercalations of metacarbon-
ates, but dominated by pelites, which he named
the Puncoviscana Formation. Since then, other
very low- to low-grade metasedimentary rocks
of Late Vendian to Early Cambrian age in the
m e n t i o n e d area have been included in the
classification as Puncoviscana Formation, or
Puncoviscana Formation s.l. (Salfity et al. 1975;
Toselli & Acefiolaza 1978; Acefiolaza & Toselli
1981; Omarini 1983; Baldis & Omarini 1984;
Acefiolaza et al. 1988; 1990). Medium- to high-
grade metamorphic rocks (Fig. 1), mainly inter-
preted as metasedimentary, are associated with
the low-grade metamorphosed siliciclastic rocks
(e.g. Caminos 1979).
This wider Puncoviscana Formation will be
referred to here as the 'Puncoviscana complex'
(following F. G. Acefiolaza, pets. comm. 2004),
constituting different, mappable, lithologies
that comprise the basin infill, such as conglom-
erates, sandstones, siltstones, shales and carbon-
ates, all of which were overprinted by very low-
to low-grade metamorphism. Classification is
based on the n o m e n c l a t u r e of the British
Geological Survey for metamorphic and sedi-
m e n t a r y rocks (Hallsworth & Knox 1999;
R o b e r t s o n 1999). Low-grade m e t a m o r p h i s m
does not necessarily mask the general prove-
nance i n f o r m a t i o n obtained from combined
petrographical and geochemical information
(Floyd & Leveridge 1987; McLennan et al. 1990;
1993; Floyd et al. 1991). Detailed provenance
studies have been carried out within rock
successions at comparable metamorphic grades
and in the same regional setting (e.g. Toselli &
Weber 1982; Bahlburg 1990; 1998; Zimmer-
mann 1999; Bock et al. 2000; Z i m m e r m a n n et al.
2002; Z i m m e r m a n n & Bahlburg 2003) or else-
where (e.g. Bock et al. 1996; Floyd et al. 1989;
Thoulkeridis et al. 1999). This contribution
presents the first dataset and integrated prove-
nance study for the entire Puncoviscana
complex in northwestern Argentina in order to

From: VAUGHAN,g. P. M., LEAT,P. T. & PANKHURST,R. J. (eds) 2005. Terrane Processes at the Margins of
Gondwana. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 246, 381-416. 0305-8719/$15.00
9 The Geological Society of London 2005.
382 U. Z I M M E R M A N N
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX 383

develop a regional model for the depositional

setting and the composition of the source rocks.
New petrographical data are combined with
earlier published results and supported by new
geochemical data covering the whole basin, and
are interpreted according to modern aspects of
provenance analysis (McLennan et al. 1990;
1993; Fedo et al. 1995; Nesbitt et al. 1996; Nesbitt
& Markovics 1997; Bahlburg & Floyd 1999).
Finally, the resulting data are interpreted on the
base of existing models for the evolution of the
Puncoviscana Basin. As in all former publi-
cations, the rocks are interpreted as deposited
in the same basin under a similar palaeotectonic
regime during Late Vendian to Early Cambrian
time. Future aims will be the radiometric dating
of detrital zircons, the development of a
complete lithostratigraphy and, finally, compari-
son with rocks interpreted as Puncoviscana
equivalents from other areas in Argentina.
Geological setting
The proposed Puncoviscana Basin extends from
Bolivia to central Argentina, as its western and
eastern boundaries are not well defined, but
have been assumed to include the present
outcrop areas (Figs 1, 2a). The basin can be
divided into two main regions based on the
occurrence of different metamorphic rocks
(Acefiolaza et al. 2000). In the northern region
very low- to low-grade metasedimentary rocks
predominate, while the southern area is charac-
terized by medium- to high-grade metamorphic
rocks including gneisses and migmatites (Fig. 1).
Contacts between the Puncoviscana complex
and the associated gneisses, migmatites and
medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks are
not exposed (Caminos 1979). Some authors
(Willner & Miller 1986; Acefiolaza et al. 1988)
argue that the higher deformed and metamor-
phic rocks represent deeper crustal equivalents
of the supra-crustal succession (Puncoviscana
complex), whereas Mon & Hongn (1991) inter-
pret the variety of metamorphic rocks as related
to different tectono-metamorphic events, and
imply an older age for the higher-grade rocks.
However, both successions are affected by
Cambrian to Early Ordovician felsic to inter-
mediate plutonic activity, a strong Early
Fig. 2. (a) The probable terrane distribution in
central South America during the Early Cambrian.
The Puncoviscana Basin is located on the
hypothetical composite Pampia-Arequipa block. The
terrane extension to the south is unknown (after
Keppie & Bahlburg 1999). (b) Sketch of different
tectonic units in northwestern Argentina. 1,
Precordillera; 1', inferred southern extension; 2,
western Sierras Pampeanas; 2', inferred southern
extension; 3, Puna; 4, Famatina; 5, Central batholitic
belt; 6, Cordillera Oriental; 7, eastern Sierras
Pampeanas; 7', inferred southern extension (after
Pankhurst & Rapela 1998).
Cambrian polyphase deformation (Bachmann
et al. 1987; Mort & Hongn 1991; Rapela et al.
1992; Hongn et al. 1996; Llambias et al. 1998;
Rapela et al. 1998; Fig. 1) and a Cambrian
regional metamorphism (Rapela et al. 1992;
Lucassen et al. 2000; 2002). The Early Cambrian
deformation distinguishes the Puncoviscana
complex from younger magmato-sedimentary
successions (e.g. M o n & Hongn 1991).
The Puncoviscana complex consists of sand-
to gravel-sized channel infills, which cut into
dominantly silty and clayey semi-pelites and
pelites deposited in a mid- to outer-fan environ-
ment (Je~ek 1990). According to Je~ek &
Miller (1986) the main sediment transportation
direction was towards the west and northwest.
Je~ek (1990) presented a sedimentation model
for the Puncoviscana complex focusing on
outcrops in the eastern part of the basin
(Cordillera Oriental and Ambato, the region
between Jujuy and Tucumfin in Fig. 1). Sedi-
mentation started with sand-rich turbidites of
middle-fan channel and lobe facies, a second
phase was characterized by marginal middle- to

Fig. 1. Geological map of the Puncoviscana Basin showing the sampled outcrops. Circles indicate sampling for
geochemical analyses and squares for quantitative petrography (map redrawn after Acefiolaza et aL 2000). The
sampling areas are identified as follows: Puna: 1, Rfo Taique (RT); 2, Quebrada del Volcfin (VOL); 3,
Quebrada Randolfo (RAN). CordilleraOriental: 4, Purmamarca (TOR); 4', Quebrada E! Toro and Mufiano
(TOR); 5, Corralito (COR); 6, La Pedrera (PED); 7, Seclantes (SEC); 8, Molinos (MOL); 9, Choromoro
(CHO). Amhalo: 10, Quebrada de Suncho (SUN); 11, Quebrada La C~bila (CEB); 12, Sijfin - clayey pelites
(SIJ-P) and medium- to coarse sand psammites (SIJ-G); 13, Concepcidn (CON). Famatina: 14, Los Corrales
(NP); 15, Quebrada de Paimfin (LA)).
384 U. ZIMMERMANN
outer-fan regions associated with hemipelagic
to pelagic red pelites, and a third stage exhibits
slide masses, debris-flow deposits and common
water-escape structures indicating a rise in sedi-
mentation rates and tectonic segmentation of
the basin.
Finds of trace fossils point to a possible age of
deposition as latest Vendian to Early Cambrian
(e.g. Durand & Acefiolaza 1990) and also give
rise to speculation about the palaeogeography of
the basin (Acefiolaza & Acefiolaza 2002;
Buatois & Mfingano 2003). The interpreted age
range coincides with results from U-Pb dating of
detrital zircon; lower intercepts of 530-560 Ma
were obtained for zircons with a rhyolitic source,
and upper intercepts of 1.7-1.8 Ga from rounded
zircons (Lork et aL 1990). However, Do Campo
et al. (1999) presented K - A r data on authigenic
mica reflecting a diagenetic age of 670 +_27 Ma.
A minimum age for the Puncoviscana complex
is given by Early to Middle Cambrian calc-
alkaline and peraluminous granites intruding the
basin deposits syn- and post-tectonically during
the Pampean Orogeny (Rapela et aL 1992;
Bachmann et al. 1987). To the southeast of the
basin, in the southern eastern Sierras Pampeanas
(Fig. 2b), igneous activity at 560-520 Ma points
to arc-collisional characteristics (Pampean arc;
Rapela et al. 1998; Stuart-Smith et al. 1999; von
Gosen et al. 2002). The plutonic rocks in this area
intrude low-grade metasedimentary and high-
grade metamorphic rocks. Some outcrops of
metasedimentary rocks have been the subject of
geochemical analysis (Ldpez de Luchi et al.
2003) and they have been interpreted as a south-
eastern extension of the Puncoviscana complex
(Prozzi 1990; S611ner et al. 2000). They have been
studied partly in terms of zircon age dating by
ion-microprobe (Schwartz & Gromet 2004).
Detailed studies of mineralogical, sedimen-
tological, geochemical and facies aspects are at
a preliminary stage and a comprehensive prove-
nance study of these deposits is in preparation.
Geochemical analyses of the Puncoviscana
complex are sparse, concentrated on outcrops in
the eastern basin area and mainly only for major
elements (Willner et al. 1985). Trace element
data are presented only from a few small
outcrops areas (Rossi et al. 1997; Boek et al.
2000; Do Campo & Guevara 2002) and are
insufficient for regional interpretations.
However, Willner et al. (1985), Rossi et al.
(1997) and Do Campo & Guevara (2002) inter-
pret the Puncoviscana complex as deposited at
the passive margin of Gondwana based on their
data. Interestingly, the sparse Nd-isotope data
of the Puncoviscana complex (e.g. Bock et al.
2000, n = 6) are homogeneous, with Nd-model
(TDM) ages of about 1.3-1.7 Ga. The medium-
to high-grade metasedimentary rocks associated
with the Puncoviscana complex in the north-
western region of Argentina (Puna and
Cordillera Oriental, Fig. 2b) yield slightly older
Nd-model ages of 1.5-2.1 Ga, 80% scattering
around 1.6 Ga (Lucassen et al. 2000; n = 22).
Unconformably overlying the Puncoviscana
complex after the complex deformation, the
mainly quartz arenites of the Middle to Upper
Cambrian Mesdn Group, are interpreted as
deposited in a shallow-marine system on a
passive margin (Acefiolaza et al. 1982; Kumpa
& Sfinchez 1988). During the Early Ordovician
an active continental margin along the western
border of Gondwana was developed (Bahlburg
1990; Pankhurst et al. 1998; Zimmermann &
Bahlburg 2003) without the addition of alloch-
thonous crustal material (Bahlburg 1998; Bock
et al. 2000; Zimmermann & Bahlburg 2003).
Controversies concerning the evolution of the
Puncoviscana complex are due mainly to: (i)
lack of a complete lithostratigraphy; (ii) unre-
solved geological relationships of the low-grade
metasedimentary and the medium- to high-
grade metamorphic rocks, as no contact
between the two successions has been found so
far; and (iii) incomplete provenance data for the
entire basin, leading to contradictory palaeotec-
tonic models based on restricted datasets. Some
authors (Acefiolaza et al. 1983; Willner et al.
1985; Je~ek & Miller 1986; Rossi et al. 1997; Do
Campo & Guevara 2002) interpret the Punco-
viscana complex as a typical passive continental
margin deposit following an older rifting
process, probably with Laurentia as a counter-
part (e.g. Rapela et al. 1992). Omarini et aL
(1999), using geochemical data for volcanic
rocks of uncertain stratigraphic position,
suggested that the Puncoviscana complex
records progression from a rift environment to
a back-arc setting. Kraemer et aL (1995) and
Keppie & Bahlburg (1999) re-interpret the
same succession as foreland-basin infill, syn-
tectonic with the collision of the Pampia block
(a microcontinent or microplate, Rapela et al.
1998) with the western border of the Rio de la
Plata craton (including the Chaco block) accom-
panied by subduction towards the east (Rapela
et al. 1998). During the Early to Middle
Cambrian, a volcanic arc (the Pampean arc,
exposed in the Sierras de Cdrdoba, Rapela et aL
1998; 2001) represented the western border of
the Rfo de la Plata craton (Ramos et al. 1993,
Astini et al. 1996; Rapela & Pankhurst 1996;
Rapela et al. 1998). A successful approach
deciphering the crustal evolution of the Punco-
viscana Basin should comprise a modern prove-
nance study based on geochemical and
petrographical data of the basin infill.
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX 385

Table 1. Comparative petrographical data from the Puncoviscana complex

Age Qt F L P-F Lv/L

Puncoviscana complex* Neoproterozoic- 64.8 11.3 23.9 0.65 0

(38 samples) Lower Cambrian (55-89) (4-38) (8-50)
Puncoviscana complex t Neoproterozoic- 60-80 15-35 5-20 0.2-0.4 0
(24 samples) Lower Cambrian
Rifted margin
Biscay1 modern 86.8 9.4 3.8
Guinea1 modern 73.1 26.1 0.7 0.44
South Korea 1 modern 47.7 49.8 2.5 0.34
Puna2 Tremadoc 89 7 4 0.36 0.06
Forearc basin
Marianes 1 modern 0 5.9 94.1 1 1
Japan 1 modern 3.8 18.3 77.9 0.9 0.99
Continental arc
Middle America1 modern 10.1 74.6 15.3 0.78 0.99
Java 1 modern 54.8 35.4 9.8 0.47
Puna2,3 Arenig 49 17 34 0.81 0.98
Peru-Chile1 modern 33.3 49 17.7 0.79 1
Foreland basin
Madre de Dios4 modern 74 5 21 0.2-0.4 0-0.2
Puna 3,5 Llanvirn 78 12 9 0.22 0
Puna 3 Llandeilo 67 8 25 0.72 0.62
E1 Imperial6 Mid Carboniferous-
Lower Permian 85.8 3 12.2 0-0.2
Marnoso7 Miocene 54 28 18 <0.5 0-0.2
Continent collision
Ganges1 Neogene 54.4 35.6 10 0.37
Ganges1 Neogene 45 32.3 22.6 0.45 0.01

Qt, total quartz; F, feldspar; L = lithoclasts; P, plagioclase; Lv, volcanic lithoclasts.

*Published data (38 samples from the eastern part of the basin) from Je~ek (1990).
t New data this publication (24 samples from SIJ-G, CON, SUN, CHO, SEC, MOL, TOR and RT; see Fig. 1).
Data for comparison from; 1 McLennan et al. (1990); 2 Zimmermann & Bahlburg (2003); 3 Bahlburg (1990);
4 DeCelles & Hertel (1989); 5 Zimmermann et al. (2002); 6 Espejo & L6pez-Gamundf (1994); v Zuffa et al.
(1980).

Analytical methods luminescence (CL) studies were carried out on

Framework mineral composition was quantified
using the point-counting m e t h o d of Gazzi &
Dickinson, as described by Ingersoll et al. (1984),
with a Swift Model F counter, taking 400 to 550
counts in traverses. The f r a m e w o r k mineral
proportions o b t a i n e d by point-counting are
presented in Table 1, in which comparative data
from different tectonic settings are also listed.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out at
S P E K T R A U (University of Johannesburg) on
150 samples to d e t e r m i n e the mineralogical
composition. A Phillips PW 1710 X-ray diffrac-
tometer (controlled by Phillips A D P 3.6) was
operated at 40 m A and 40 kV using a Cu anode.
Scan m o d e was continuous on a spinning sample
and patterns were measured from 3 ~ to 80 ~ 20
(step size 0.017 ~ scan step-time 3.81 s).
Scanning electron microscope (SEM), back-
scattered electron microscope (BSE), energy
dispersive system (EDS) and c a t h o d o -
a J E O L JSM-5600 at S P E C T R A U , on polished
thin sections covered with carbon using a BIO-
R A D from P o l e r o n Division to analyse
textures. The main purpose of these analyses
was to control probable recrystallization and
new growth of mineral phases, and to deter-
mine feldspar compositions. Microprobe (MP)
data were processed on the same polished and
c o v e r e d thin-sections on a C A M E B A X , to
d e t e r m i n e feldspar and mica.
The samples for geochemical analyses were
cleaned, and w e a t h e r e d and veined surfaces
were cut off. The rocks were crushed and milled
to a very fine powder and fused with LiBO2.
Major and trace e l e m e n t analyses were m a d e by
ICP-MS at A C M E Laboratories (Vancouver,
Canada). S u m m a r y data, averaged for the
different sampling areas, are p r e s e n t e d in
Table 2 while discrimination parameters for arc
provenance are presented in Table 3. Full data
are given in Table 4.
386 U. Z I M M E R M A N N

Table 2. Average values and standard deviation of selected elements and element ratios for different sampling
areas of the Puncoviscana complex
PUNA CORDILLERA ORIENTAL

VOL RAN RT TOR COR PED SEC MOL CHO

UCC M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d.

SiO2 % 66.0 78.51 1.79 65.71 4.12 68.77 7.40 75.58 1.53 63.43 7.84 65.00 2.48 62.13 2.91 67.46 2.66 66.27 7.95
TiO2 % 0.5 0.55 0.04 0.79 0.08 0.66 0.17 0,58 0.06 0.74 0.23 0.76 0.07 0.80 0.08 0.73 0.07 0.73 0.12
AI203 % 15.2 10.22 0.51 15.58 1.86 13.76 3.65 11.07 0.80 15.76 4.26 15.64 1.18 16.93 1.38 14.91 1.23 14.89 3.46
Fe203 T % 4.5 3.29 0.40 5.65 0.99 5.61 1.15 3.63 0.51 6.07 1.69 6.05 0.39 6.62 0.38 5.33 0.48 6.31 1.93
MnO % 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.02
MgO % 2.2 0.45 0.12 2.31 0.33 2.34 0.39 1.08 0.18 2.30 0.85 2.04 0.59 2.69 0.14 2.20 0.21 2.37 0.70
CaO % 4.2 0.61 0,46 0.66 0.13 0.37 0.08 0.55 0.24 1.00 1.23 0.35 0.04 0.47 1 1 . 0 4 0.79 0.15 0.42 0.15
Na20 % 3.9 0.05 0.04 1.76 0.41 1.88 0,14 2.25 0.37 1.86 0.35 1.88 0,15 1.59 0.27 1.07 0.29 1.92 0.57
K2O % 3.4 2.82 0.33 3.80 0.88 3.25 1,45 2.27 0.61 4.01 1.54 3.78 0.50 4.25 0.54 4.79 0.51 3.70 1.59
P205 % 0.17 0.15 0.01 0.18 0.02 0.17 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.16 0.02 0.19 0.02 0.19 0.02 0.19 0.01 0.14 0.04
LOI % 2.52 0.43 3.04 0.63 2.71 0.71 2.21 0.38 3.90 0.93 3.45 0.27 4.04 0.95 2.12 0.19 2.96 0.88
CIA 71 5 65 3 65 2 61 1 62 9 67 1 68 2 64 l 65 4
Ba ppm 550 349 52 417 116 298 125 279 126 512 128 352 37 413 41 655 105 395 124
Rb ppm 112 123 12 162 41 146 67 104 19 177 65 170 21 190 26 186 19 156 65
Sr ppm 350 32 8 86 31 55 2 55 13 46 15 58 19 52 6 59 13 50 7
V ppm 107 53 3 99 11 84 30 65 6 97 34 93 9 102 11 85 6 83 26
Cr ppm 83 41 10 169 63 109 49 230 52 138 44 112 16 114 57 140 25 75 28
Ni ppm 44 13 5 31 5 28 6 18 4 30 11 32 5 33 2 27 3 29 8
Co ppm 17 6 2 14 2 15 2 10 4 16 5 15 1 15 1 12 1 15 4
Cu ppm 25 16 7 17 13 15 4 7 6 25 12 19 4 83 74 6 3 13 10
Y ppm 22 24 4 35 6 27 8 28 2 35 7 35 2 38 5 32 2 29 3
Zr ppm 190 202 93 212 65 183 12 317 102 178 18 201 26 177 16 237 28 224 131
Cs ppm 4.6 8.9 0,6 15.3 6.3 10.6 3.8 5.1 1.1 9.3 3.5 8.8 1.1 14.9 2.5 11.5 1.3 9.7 4.1
Hf ppm 5.8 5.7 2.5 6.6 1.7 5.7 0.4 9.2 3.0 5.3 0.6 6.2 0.6 5.7 0.5 7.1 0.9 6.7 3.4
Nb ppm 12 12.5 0.9 16.6 1.8 13.9 4.4 12.0 1.2 15.9 4.5 15.8 1.4 17.4 1,3 15.7 1.8 15.4 3.1
Ta ppm 1 1,2 0.2 1.2 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.1 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.1 1.3 0.1 1.2 0.1 1.2 0.2
Pb ppm 17 6.3 0.9 10.6 11.1 18.5 12.1 5.0 1.7 13.8 10.9 4.4 1.4 3.7 1.5 3.5 0.6 30.1 35.9
Sc ppm 13.6 7.1 0.9 14.2 2.2 12.111 4.7 8.1 0.9 14.6 5.5 14.3 1.4 16.0 1.8 13.2 1.1 14.3 4.9
Th ppm 10.7 10.8 1.2 14.9 1.9 12.7 3.9 11.3 1.5 15.5 4.0 15.4 1.1 16.5 2.4 14.6 1.4 13.8 2.8
U ppm 2.8 1.5 0.1 3.3 1.3 2.7 11/.5 2.7 0.3 3.3 111.6 2.9 0.4 3.9 0.9 2.7 0.3 2.7 0.2
La ppm 30 33.4 2.0 39.9 8.11 18.7 8.1 35.7 4.4 38.1 7.1 38.6 3.6 41.9 3.11 28.1 1.5 37.6 5.6
Cc ppm 64 70.1 3.4 91.3 12.5 41.1 19.3 75.6 8.9 79.4 16.6 82.7 6.8 95.11 7.3 57.4 5.5 83.8 16.5
Pr ppm 7.1 7.8 11.4 9.2 1.4 4.6 2.11 8.3 0.9 8.3 1.5 8.9 111.8 10.4 0.8 7.4 0.2 9.1 1.2
Nd ppm 26 31.4 1.8 36.6 5.4 211.4 8.5 34.2 3.8 36.9 6.3 37.8 3.111 42.7 3.2 30.2 1.9 37.8 4.7
Sm ppm 4.5 5.8 0.4 7.3 1.0 4.3 1.5 6.8 0.5 7.6 1,4 7.6 0.6 7.8 11.5 5.7 0.3 6.5 0.8
Eu ppm 11.88 1.1 0.1 1,4 0.3 111.8 111.3 1.2 0.1 1.3 11.2 1.3 111.1 1.3 0.1 1.111 0.0 1.1 0.2
Gd ppm 3.8 5.111 0.4 6.3 1.2 4.1 1.2 5.6 0.6 6.3 1.0 6.5 11.3 6.8 11.6 5.2 0.3 5.4 0.7
Tb ppm 0.64 0.7 0.1 1.0 0.1 111.7 0.2 0,9 0.1 1.0 11.2 1.1 0.1 1.2 111.1 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.1
Dy ppm 3.5 4.4 0.5 6,1 1).9 4.3 1.3 4.8 0.5 5.7 I,/0 5.8 0.4 6.5 111.7 5.1 0.4 5.0 0.6
Ho ppm 0.8 0.8 0.1 1.1 11.2 11/.9 11.3 0.9 0.1 1.1 0.2 1.1 0.1 1.3 11.2 1.1 0.1 1.0 0.1
Er ppm 2.3 2.5 0.3 3.3 1/.5 2.6 111.7 2.7 0.2 3.2 0.6 3.3 11.2 3.9 111.5 3.3 0.2 3.0 0,4
'Fm ppm 0.33 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 111.4 111.I 11.4 0.0 0.5 11.1 11.5 0,0 11.6 0.1 11t.5 0.0 0.5 0.1
Yb ppm 2.2 2.4 1).3 3.4 11.4 2.7 111.7 2.9 11).3 3.3 11.8 3.4 11.2 3.7 11.5 3.2 0.2 2.9 0.4
Lu ppm 0.32 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 111.4 0,1 0.4 0.0 0.5 111.1 111.5 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1
Rb/Sr 0.50 4.00 1.02 2.1:14 111.72 2.63 1.16 2.14 1.21 4.39 2.24 3.13 I).77 3.711 11.67 3.33 1.10 3.26 1.55
K/Rb 250 190 8 197 22 186 7 178 17 188 5 185 6 186 8 214 5 196 13
Zr/Sc 14.0 27.9 10.3 16.6 12.4 18,2 9.1 39.8 15.7 t4.6 7.7 14.tl 1.1 11.2 1.9 18.2 3.3 22.6 24.5
Th/Sc 0.80 1.52 0.07 1.07 111.21 1.11 1/.21 1.40 0.19 1.14 111.24 1.117 11.1115 1.11/4 11.16 1.1111 0.06 1.04 0.26
'Fi/Zr 12.94 18.9 7.3 23.7 5.3 22.0 6.6 11.9 3.8 24.9 7.3 22.9 1.2 27.3 3.8 18.7 3.8 25.0 10.8
Nb/Y 0.55 0.53 0.08 0.48 1/.1118 0.52 0,06 11.42 0.01 0.46 11,119 0.45 0.04 0.46 1 1 , 0 5 0.49 0.04 0.52 0.07
La/Sc 2.2 4.73 0.27 2.96 1.21 1.74 1/.87 4.43 1/.74 2.91 111.95 2.69 111.07 2.64 1 1 . 2 6 2,13 0.17 3.10 1,67
La/Th 2.8 3.12 0.19 2.73 111.69 1.54 111/.6tl 3.21 11/.59 2.52 0.29 2.51 11).11 2.57 0.22 1.94 0.16 2.82 0.76
Th/U 3.8 6.95 0.63 4.94 1.26 4.65 111.67 4.30 0.67 4.70 111.51 5.31 11.48 4.36 111,811 5.36 0.63 5.18 1.23
LaN/Sm y 4.2 3.61 11.14 3.42 0.25 2.67 11.31 3.29 0.23 3.15 //.18 3.17 111.119 3.35 0.09 3.11 0.18 3.64 0.29
GdN/Yb N 1.4 1.70 0.08 1.50 0.21/ 1.24 tl,26 1.57 0.14 1.57 0,23 1.54 11.113 1.52 (I.14 1.31111 0.04 1.74 0.18
Sm/Nd 0.17 0.19 0.01 0.20 11.01 111.22 111.11/2 1/.20 0.01 0.21 0.01 0.20 11.01 111/.18 I1.1111 0.19 0.01 0.17 0.01
LaN/YbN 9.3 10.32 0.91 8.74 1.53 5.14 1.82 9.08 0.92 8.65 1.30 8.39 11.48 8.49 0.60 6.45 0.43 9.82 2.10
Eu/Eu* 0.63 0.58 0.05 0.62 1/.115 0.57 0,11)5 0.58 1 1 . 0 3 0.57 1/.02 111.54 11.111 1/.53 11.112 0.52 0.02 0.57 0.04
Cc/Ce* 1.07 1.03 0.04 1.14 0.17 1.05 111.32 1.03 11.03 1.00 I).1115 1.03 111.03 1.1118 11.tl2 0.96 0.14 1.06 0.10
EREE 146 166 211 208 25 106 12 181 22 193 23 199 23 224 27 149 17 195 24

M, mean; s.d., s t a n d a r d dcviation; for outcrop abbreviations see Fig. I.

Table 3. Comparison of trace element concentrations and ratios considered to be indicators for continental
volcanic arc pro venance for different sampling areas of Puncoviscana complex normalized to continental arc
or UCC
PUNA CORDILLERA ORIENTAL

VOL RAN RT TOR COR PED 8EC MOL CHO

ARC UCC M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d.

(Eu/EU*)N A 1.00 0.6~1.7 0.58 0.05 0.62 0.05 0.57 0.05 0.58 0.03 11.57 0.02 0.54 0.01 0.53 11./12 0.52 0.02 0.57 0.04
(Th/Sc)Nc < 0,8 1.00 1.52 0.07 1.07 0.21 1.11 0.21 1.40 0.19 1.14 0.24 1.07 0.05 1.04 0.16 1.10 0.06 1.04 0.26
(Ti ppm)Nc <4100 4100 0.80 0.06 1.15 0.12 0.97 0.26 0.84 0.09 1.08 0.33 1.12 0.11 1.17 0.12 1.06 0.10 1.83 0.17
(Nb ppm)NC <<12 12.00 1.04 0.06 1.38 0.15 1.16 0.36 1.00 0.10 1.33 0.37 1.32 0.12 1.45 0.11 1.31 0.15 1.28 0.26
(Ta ppm)Nc <<1 1.00 1.25 0.20 1.22 0.13 1.04 0.31 0.91 0.07 1.23 0.34 1.18 0.10 1.34 0.14 1.18 0.15 1.16 0.24

M, mean; s.d., s t a n d a r d deviation; for outcrop abbreviations see Fig. 1. Normalization factors: A R C , typical values for a w)lcanic continental arc provenance;
U C C , u p p e r continental crust. NA, arc-normalized; N o crust-normalized (from Taylor & M c L e n n a n (1985), M c L e n n a n (2001) and McLennan et al. (1990;
1993)).
 THE P U N C O V I S C A N A COMPLEX 387

Table 2. (continued)

AMBATO FAMATINA

SUN CEB SIJ-P SIJ-G CON NP LA

M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d.

66.27 1.49 71.19 6.75 71.69 7.17 86.57 1.51 66.71 6.72 65.95 11.03 67.17 8.82
0.80 0.04 0.56 0.18 0.55 0.17 0.46 0,12 0.81 0.12 0.97 0.41 0.64 0.18
15.14 0,78 13.95 3.86 12.91 3.25 6.16 0.94 14.49 2.76 16.02 5.55 14.61 4.73
5.91 0.32 4.22 1.20 4.48 1.81 3.19 0.28 5.79 1.57 5.79 1.81 6.85 1.24
0.07 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.02 2.01 0.64 0.09 0.02
2.39 0.10 1.44 0.49 1.69 0.82 0.32 0.09 2.69 0.85 0.10 0.02 2.66 0.64
0,70 0.32 1.49 1.26 0.34 0,22 0.03 0.01 1.72 0.55 0.58 0.36 0.42 0.24
1.90 0.22 2.44 1.34 1.67 0.64 0.03 0.01 2.06 0.61 2.1] 0.66 1.71 0.71
3.84 0.39 2.37 1.33 3.26 1.37 1.61 0.24 3.35 J.55 3.22 2.00 2.48 1.49
0.20 0.01 0.22 0.22 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.23 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.10 0.02
2.63 0.56 1.53 0.99 2.39 0.90 1.25 0.14 1.80 0.81 2.92 0.84 3.12 0,79
64 2 60 7 64 5 77 0 59 5 67 3 70 3
462 71 349 254 379 142 196 36 600 407 619 342 432 237
185 23 132 60 141 70 75 10 153 57 154 88 111 65
56 18 166 71 56 9 40 9 145 37 81 43 68 29
90 7 64 29 76 25 61 6 116 37 95 47 101 39
124 22 195 55 68 44 268 36 103 45 71 19 135 58
27 3 16 5 21 9 11 3 31 11 33 10 30 11
14 1 8 3 10 4 14 4 16 5 16 4 11 5
19 17 12 6 25 20 3 1 20 10 7 7 35 37
36 4 47 40 27 10 33 6 37 6 41 9 28 5
230 37 238 50 108 19 165 58 236 110 248 49 146 35
14.3 3.6 9.4 3.1 13.9 10.0 2.8 0.5 60.2 17.4 5.0 2.1 2.7 1.6
7.6 0.9 7.6 1.3 3.3 0.7 5.0 1.7 6.9 3.1 6.5 1.4 4.4 1.0
16.8 1.2 14.9 4.0 11.7 3.7 8.2 2.0 15.2 2.1 18,1 6.1 13.5 3.6
1.3 0.1 1.2 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.7 0.1 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.4 1.1 0,2
6.7 7.2 4.4 3.1 14.0 8.2 3.4 0.4 3.6 1.5 1.9 1.1 15.9 30.0
14.1 0.9 11.1 3.5 10.1 4.7 6.3 1.0 12.9 3.4 15.8 7.3 12.4 4.7
17.2 1.7 14.8 4.7 10.7 2.9 8.0 1.5 12.9 3.4 15.3 5.5 13.0 2,9
3.7 0.3 4,2 2,2 3.0 1.6 2.1 0.4 2.3 0.5 3.5 1.0 4.2 1.6
37.4 11.2 42.3 15.3 29.6 7.0 38.0 4.8 32.1 9.4 51.5 20.7 31.1 11.7
84.6 14.7 89.1 33.9 60.6 15.2 92.9 9.1 73.0 18.2 105.4 39.7 61.8 21.4
9.1 2.4 9.7 3.7 6.9 1.5 10.0 1.0 7.6 2.2 ll,3 4.1 8.0 2.3
36.9 10.0 40.4 15.8 28.2 6.2 39.5 4.7 32.6 9.4 43.0 15.0 33.7 9.5
7.3 1.7 8.8 4.2 5,6 1.4 8.1 1.0 6.5 1.6 8.8 2,9 6.4 1.4
1.2 0.3 1.6 0.6 1.0 0.2 1,3 0.1 1.3 0.3 1.5 0.5 1.2 0.5
6.1 1.2 8.0 5.0 5.0 1.4 6,1 0.7 5.8 1.3 8.0 2.4 5.2 1.0
1.1 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.2 1.2 0.3 0.9 0,2
6.2 0.7 7.2 5.0 4.8 1.5 5.8 1.0 5.9 1.0 6.9 1.6 4.7 0.8
1,2 0.1 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.9 0.1
3.5 0.3 4.1 2.9 2.6 0.7 2,8 0.6 3.6 0.6 4.2 1.0 2.8 0.5
0.5 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.1
3.5 0.2 4.3 2.9 2.5 0.7 2.6 0.5 3.5 0.7 4.2 1.2 2.7 0.3
0.5 0.0 0,6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.1
3.68 1.51 1.14 1.24 2.74 1.63 2.07 1.01 1.20 0.73 2.00 0.81 1.92 1.67
173 16 142 22 204 31 177 5 176 19 171 19 182 6
16.4 3.2 23.5 9.4 12.6 4.7 25.8 6.6 19.3 8.7 18.4 7.8 17.4 18.6
1.22 0.12 1,36 0.27 1.17 0.29 1.27 0.23 1.02 0.17 1.01 0.13 1.19 0.46
21.2 2.8 14.2 4.2 29.9 5.1 17.2 1.8 23.6 9.2 23.6 8.7 28.7 11.7
0.47 0.05 0.40 0.13 0.45 0.09 0.25 0,04 0.42 0.05 0.43 0.06 0.49 0.19
2.68 0.88 4.11 1.71 3.33 1.01 6.08 0.93 2.57 0.67 3.35 0.29 2.76 1.01
2,19 0.65 2.98 1.03 2.82 0.30 4.91 1.16 2.50 0.37 3.34 0.25 2.35 0.49
4.63 0.27 3.72 0.90 3.91 0.95 3.90 0,54 5.57 0.34 4.40 0.68 3.29 0.81
3.15 0.35 3.11 0,56 3.31 0.20 2.94 0.11 3.10 0.33 3.62 0.34 3.02 0.75
1.46 0.24 1.55 0.25 1.65 0.28 1.93 0.18 1.35 0.14 1.55 0.10 1.27 0.34
0.20 0.01 0.21 0.02 0.20 0.01 0.21 0.00 0.20 0.01 0.21 0.01 0.19 0.02
7.82 2.20 8.28 3.12 8.88 0.94 11.08 1.90 6.74 0.96 8.88 1.11 8.34 2.26
0.54 0.03 0.58 0.09 0.55 0.06 0.55 0.03 0.63 0.03 0.52 0.06 0.62 0.17
1.14 0.22 1.02 0.04 0.99 0.05 1.16 0.08 1.12 0.31 1.04 0.03 0.93 0.12
199 24 220 25 149 17 210 26 175 20 248 30 160 18

Table 3. (continued)

AMBATO FAMATINA

SUN CEB SIJ-P SIJ-G CON NP LA

M s.d. M s.d, M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d. M s.d.

0.54 0.03 0.58 0.09 0.55 0.06 0.55 0.03 0.63 0.03 0.52 0.06 0.62 0.17
1.22 0,12 1.36 0.27 1.17 0.29 1.27 0.23 1.02 0.17 1.01 0.13 1.19 0.46
1 0.05 0.82 0.26 0.81 0.26 0.67 0.17 1.14 0.80 1.42 0.60 0.94 0.27
1.40 0.10 1,24 0.33 0.97 0.31 0.68 0.17 1.27 0.17 1.51 0.51 1.13 0.30
1.29 0.11 1.19 0.31 0.95 0.24 0.65 0.14 1.13 0.16 1.39 0.44 1.10 0.23
388 U. Z I M M E R M A N N

T a b l e 4. M a j o r a n d t r a c e e l e m e n t d a t a f o r t h e P u n c o v i s c a n a c o m p l e x

Outcrop VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL VOL RAN RAN RAN RAN RAN
Sample VR28 VR29 VR33 VR34 VR35 VR36 VR37 RLA-2 RLA-8 RLA-9 RLA-10 RLJ-2
Grain-size (phi) 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

SiO 2 % 77.49 76.95 79.45 79.06 78.84 76.23 81.54 65.26 79.02 64.84 63.93 65.56
TiO 2 % 0.60 0.52 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.57 0.48 0.78 0.57 0.79 0.82 0.82
A1203 % 10.82 10.05 9.92 10.32 10.42 10.69 9.32 15.89 9.92 16.15 16.21 15.64
Fe203T % 3.87 3.04 3.40 2.77 3.61 3.42 2.90 5.60 2.91 5.73 6.44 5.94
MnO % 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10
MgO % 0.49 0.70 0.39 0.35 0.38 0.48 0.38 2.46 1.20 2.54 2.44 2.42
CaO % 0.57 1.37 0.42 0.25 0.25 1.14 0.26 0.48 0.67 0.53 0.50 0.53
Na20 % 0.07 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.06 1.66 2.72 1.64 1.77 1.85
K20 % 3.08 2.73 2.66 3.12 2.65 3.19 2.27 4.18 1.31 4.26 3.96 3.27
P205 % 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.20
LOI % 2.60 3.27 2.11 2.12 2.26 2.86 2.40 3./10 1.60 2.90 3.10 3.50
TOTAL % 99.78 98.98 99.10 98.80 99.17 98.90 99.81 99.55 100.16 99.63 99.43 99.83
CIA 71 64 73 73 76 65 75 66 58 66 67 67
Ba ppm 450 296 346 324 318 381 326 433 177 423 441 480
Rb ppm 139 117 116 131 116 134 107 179 58 186 154 118
Sr ppm 32 41 28 29 41 37 18 66 83 66 61 62
V ppm 57 50 52 53 54 56 48 107 68 102 99 103
Cr ppm 62 32 36 36 35 37 48 116 260 103 96 198
Ni ppm 7 17 12 14 18 16 7 32 17 31 30 33
Co ppm 8 8 3 7 6 7 5 16 8 16 15 16
Cu ppm 8 22 18 18 21 21 5 16 20 20 8 9
Y ppm 30 19 19 23 26 25 26 41 36 46 28 30
Zr ppm 352 127 115 162 178 168 315 196 414 204 189 204
Cs ppm 10 9 8 8 10 9 8 13 3 13 10 10
Hf ppm 10 4 4 5 5 5 9 6 12 7 6 6
Nb ppm 14 12 12 13 13 13 11 17 12 18 17 17
Ta ppm 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.2
Pb ppm 5.1 6.3 7.4 6.1 7.0 7.3 5.2 4.6 22.0 3.1 2.4 35.6
Sc ppm 9.0 6.6 6.5 6.7 6.7 7.2 7.0 15.0 7.0 15.0 16.0 14.0
Th ppm 13 10 10 10 11 11 10 14 12 16 17 14
U ppm 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3
La ppm 38 32 32 33 33 33 33 36 47 41 32 27
Ce ppm 75 68 69 72 71 71 64 74 93 91 81 77
Pr ppm 8.4 7.6 7.8 8.1 7.9 8.0 7.1 8.1 10.0 9.3 7.7 6.9
Nd ppm 35 30 31 31 31 31 31 32 40 37 31 27
Sm ppm 6.5 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.3 7.0 8.0 8.2 5.9 5.6
Eu ppm 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.1
Gd ppm 5.5 4.5 4.6 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.8 6.8 7.1 7.9 5.1 5.1
Tb ppm 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 1).8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.8
Dy ppm 4.9 3.7 3.8 4.5 4.9 4.7 4.0 6.8 6.6 7.8 5.1 5.0
Ho ppm 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0
Er ppm 2.8 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.5 3.6 3.1 4.1 2.7 2.9
Tm ppm 0.4 11.3 11.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5
Yb ppm 2.7 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.3 3.7 2.9 4.2 3.1 3.1
Lu ppm 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5
Cr/V 1.08 0.65 0.69 0.68 0.64 0.66 1.00 1.09 3.82 1.01 0.97 1.93
Y/Ni 4.40 1.07 1.58 1.66 1.47 1.51 3.53 1.29 2.14 1.47 0.94 0.92
Zr/Sc 39.1 19.1 17.7 24.1 26.6 23.4 45.0 13.1 59.2 13.6 11.8 14.5
Th/Sc 1.49 1.56 1.55 1.55 1.58 1.52 1.37 0.95 1.69 1.08 1.04 1.03
Ti/Zr 111.2 24.8 29.6 20.4 18.2 20.3 9.1 23.8 8.2 23.2 26.0 24.2
Nb/Y 0.46 0.63 0.63 0.55 0.50 0.54 11.42 11.42 0.34 I).38 0.61 0.55
La/Sc 4.20 4.79 4.99 4.93 4.89 4.61 4.73 2.37 6.64 2.75 2.02 1.95
La/Th 2.82 3.117 3.22 3.17 3.09 3.03 3.45 2.51 3.94 2.54 1.93 1.90
Th/U 7.88 7.08 6.27 7.47 6.32 7.23 6.40 6.17 4.72 6.48 6.96 6.26
LaN/SrnN 3.64 3.51 3.51 3.55 3.56 3.56 3.91 3.19 3.64 3.15 3.43 3.06
Sm/Nd 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.19 0.21
LaN/YbN 10.5 11.6 11.3 10.0 9.0 9.5 10.4 7.1 11.7 7.3 7.7 6.5
GdN/YbN 1.66 1.82 1.79 1.75 1.60 1.65 1.67 1.49 1.95 1.54 1.34 1.35
Eu/Eu* 0.60 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.57 0.57 0.68 0.57 0.64 0.53 0.60 0.58
Ce/Ce* 0.97 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.05 0.95 1.03 1.00 1.10 1.22 1.35
ZREE 183 158 162 168 167 168 157 182 221 216 178 163

Measured by ICP-MS at ACME, Laboratories Vancouver (Canada). See Fig. 1 for locality abbreviations.
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX 389

T a b l e 4. (continued)
RAN RAN RAN RAN RAN RAN RAN RAN RAN RT RT RT RT RT RT
RLJ-3 RLJ-4 RLJ-5 RO-1 RO-3 RO-4 RO-10 RO-11 RO-12 02-90 02-91 02-92 02-93 02-94 02-95
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 8 8 5

65.73 67.25 66.64 62.41 63.11 63.25 62.17 65.59 65.14 74.11 76.67 61.90 64.14 63.68 78.72
0.85 0.73 0.83 0.86 0.79 0.86 0.90 0.72 0.72 0.52 0.46 0.82 0.79 0.80 0.45
15.70 14.81 15.30 17.65 16.77 16.75 17.45 15.01 14.88 11.04 9.42 17.12 16.04 16.58 9.31
5.87 4.49 5.43 5.58 6.12 5.83 5.55 6.88 6.76 4.73 4.72 6.85 6.09 5.96 3.98
0.09 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.14 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.07
2.36 2.34 2.32 2.27 2.50 2.34 2.29 2.44 2.47 2.03 1.98 2.69 2.60 2.49 1.79
0.77 0.74 0.55 0.77 0.64 0.80 0.91 0.70 0.71 0.34 0.30 0.43 0.47 0.38 0.25
2.00 2.42 1.91 1.26 1.33 1.62 1.40 1.53 1.55 1.96 2.00 1.65 1.84 1.86 2.06
3.28 4.44 3.11 4.74 4.49 3.96 4.61 3.76 3.86 2.20 1.45 4.75 4.25 4.32 1.54
0.20 0.18 0.21 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.t5 0.16
2.90 2.20 3.20 3.90 3.10 3.80 3.80 2.90 2.70 2.10 2.00 3.40 3.30 3.20 1.80
99.75 99.64 99.60 99.66 99.06 99.52 99.35 99.76 99.03 99.29 99.25 99.88 99.78 99.51 100.13
66 59 67 67 67 67 66 66 65 64 64 66 65 66 63
580 504 491 575 459 357 379 273 272 231 141 437 357 395 139
159 226 117 184 185 154 180 188 181 96 62 215 181 203 72
79 73 66 164 80 142 66 99 95 55 52 56 53 59 55
97 88 95 105 96 111 98 109 104 58 47 108 97 115 54
109 103 123 164 164 239 185 253 253 151 198 103 82 68 103
31 25 32 31 32 34 30 35 37 25 24 35 30 32 19
15 13 13 14 15 16 14 15 14 14 14 18 17 17 12
3 1 11 21 2 27 25 38 42 16 19 12 12 11 14
39 44 34 39 33 34 30 32 31 18 21 35 33 30 17
244 176 247 189 152 229 207 161 160 183 198 181 192 178 185
18 17 10 16 16 30 16 22 20 8 7 15 11 15 6
8 6 8 6 5 7 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5
18 16 17 19 16 19 18 16 15 10 9 19 16 18 10
1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.7
4.2 1.6 29.8 17.8 3.8 7.6 4.4 5.5 6.3 15.4 38.0 9.4 15.1 6.9 33.2
15.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 8.0 6.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 7.0
16 14 15 17 14 18 16 12 13 8 9 17 16 15 10
3.1 3.2 2.6 3.8 3.5 7.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.3 2.1 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.0
48 58 39 49 39 34 34 38 37 13 21 17 29 11 11
94 111 90 111 88 95 112 83 80 25 28 29 71 40 29
10.6 12.0 9.2 11.3 9.3 8.1 8.4 9.0 8.6 3.1 4.9 3.7 7.0 3.1 2.9
41 47 38 46 37 33 34 35 35 15 22 17 32 13 12
7.8 9.3 7.4 8.5 7.3 6.5 6.5 6.7 7.0 3.0 4.6 3.7 6.4 3.3 2.8
1.4 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.5
7.1 8.8 6.3 7.0 5.9 5.2 4.8 5.4 5.2 2.8 4.1 4.4 5.7 3.4 2.9
1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.4
6.5 7.6 6.0 6.7 5.7 5.7 5.2 5.5 5.4 2.8 3.4 5.3 5.4 4.5 2.9
1.3 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.6
3.6 4.2 3.3 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.9 1.8 2.0 3.4 3.0 2.9 1.7
0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3
3.8 3.8 3.3 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.8 1.9 2.0 3.5 3.3 3.2 1.9
0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3
1.13 1.17 1.30 1.56 1.71 2.16 1.89 2.32 2.43 2.60 4.22 0.95 0.85 0.59 1.90
1.27 1.75 1.09 1.25 1.02 0.99 0.97 0.93 0.84 0.71 0.86 1.00 1.10 0.94 0.91
16.2 12.6 17.7 13.5 10.1 14.3 14.8 10.7 10.7 22.9 33.1 11.3 12.8 11.1 26.4
1.05 1.00 1.04 1.19 0.96 1.14 1.16 0.80 0.86 0.98 1.45 1.06 1.07 0.96 1.36
20.9 24.8 20.1 27.3 31.2 22.5 26.1 26.9 27.0 17.1 13.9 27.1 24.6 27.0 14.6
0.47 0.37 0.49 0.49 0.47 0.55 0.60 0.48 0.47 0.56 0.41 0.54 0.48 0.60 0.55
3.19 4.11 2.76 3.51 2.60 2.12 2.46 2.50 2.48 1.58 3.43 1.04 1.91 0.68 1.61
3.03 4.11 2.64 2.95 2.71 1.86 2.11 3.13 2.88 1.62 2.37 0.98 1.79 0.71 1.19
5.10 4.38 5.62 4.39 4.11 2.43 4.94 3.64 3.91 3.39 4.14 5.12 5.00 5.31 4.75
3.85 3.88 3.27 3.63 3.35 3.27 3.32 3.51 3.33 2.63 2.81 2.81 2.80 2.07 2.53
0.19 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.25 0.24
9.4 11.2 8.5 9.7 9.0 7.2 8.3 9.1 9.6 4.9 7.5 3.5 6.4 2.5 4.4
1.54 1.87 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.23 1.28 1.43 1.48 1.17 1.64 1.03 1.40 0.85 1.24
0.57 0.66 0.59 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.76 0.61 0.65 0.56 0.57 0.54 0.61 0.59 0.48
0.98 0.99 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.34 1.55 1.08 1.05 0.91 0.63 0.82 1.14 1.64 1.21
227 267 206 252 203 198 215 193 188 70 95 90 167 88 69
390 U. Z I M M E R M A N N

T a b l e 4. (continued)

Outcrop RT TOR TOR TOR TOR TOR TOR TOR COR COR COR COR
Sample 02-96 72 73 75 67-1 69 70 71 02-24 02-25 02-26 02-27
Grain-size (phi) 3 3 5 5 2 8 2 5 5 8 8 8

SiO2 % 62.15 73.74 75.80 75.07 77.84 77.39 74.61 74.60 63.71 60.89 53.83 58.88
TiO2 % 0.79 0.64 0.59 0.59 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.67 0.74 0.83 1.00 0,87
A1203 % 16.84 11.82 11.97 11,41 9.84 10.36 10.65 11.44 16.21 17,28 20.94 17,81
Fe203T % 6.94 3.92 2.74 3.87 3,46 3,21 4.10 4.11 6.13 6.69 8.22 6,98
MnO % 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.24 0.03 0.12 0.15 0.06 0,15
MgO % 2.78 1.06 0.80 1.14 1.03 1.01 1.38 1.15 2.48 2.63 3.26 2,79
CaO % 0.43 0.73 0.40 1.01 0.41 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.38 0.30 0.36 0,97
Na20 % 1.77 1.99 1.64 2.05 2.38 2.62 2.62 2.43 2.15 1.80 1.57 1.37
K20 % 4.27 2.70 3.23 2.49 1.65 1.72 1.68 2.42 3.78 4.56 6.01 4.93
P205 % 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.18
LOI % 3,20 2.50 2.20 2.20 2,00 2.20 2.80 1.60 3.20 3,70 4.40 4.50
TOTAL % 99.43 99.31 99.58 100.05 99.34 99.57 99.19 99.12 99.05 98,99 99.84 99.43
CIA 67 61 63 59 60 60 61 60 66 67 68 66
Ba ppm 383 278 236 300 175 183 545 235 396 495 504 693
Rb ppm 194 116 137 107 86 91 85 109 175 201 261 209
Sr ppm 55 51 29 52 62 64 69 58 44 39 36 38
V ppm 110 70 73 63 60 55 63 70 97 113 138 113
Cr ppm 62 260 308 239 253 151 205 192 96 116 103 178
Ni ppm 33 21 14 14 17 16 25 18 32 35 42 36
Co ppm 17 11 6 9 8 7 17 9 15 18 22 18
Cu ppm 22 9 4 3 5 5 20 4 34 34 28 33
Y ppm 34 29 29 29 27 25 27 33 35 37 40 35
Zr ppm 160 329 212 314 482 314 178 388 165 169 198 171
Cs ppm 14 5 5 4 5 6 7 5 10 10 14 11
Hf ppm 5 9 6 9 14 9 5 12 5 5 6 5
Nb ppm 16 13 12 12 11 11 12 14 17 17 22 18
Ta ppm 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0,9 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.4
Pb ppm 11.6 7.6 2.7 4.4 4.3 4.8 7.1 4.0 2.4 14.2 3.7 29.4
Sc ppm 16.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 9.(1 15.0 17.0 21.0 18.0
Th ppm 15 11 11 12 9 12 10 14 17 16 21 i7
U ppm 3.0 3.0 2.1 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.9 3.4
La ppm 30 41 32 35 40 30 33 40 37 42 49 39
Ce ppm 66 85 70 77 82 61 70 84 80 87 104 84
Pr ppm 7.7 9.3 7.7 8.2 9.2 6.9 7.6 9.2 8.1 9.0 10.7 8.4
Nd ppm 31 38 32 33 37 29 33 39 34 39 47 39
Sm ppm 6.3 6.9 6.5 6.5 7.3 6.0 6.8 7.6 7.1 8.0 9.8 8.0
Eu ppm 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5
Gd ppm 5.8 6.4 5.6 5.6 5.2 4.8 5.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 7.2 6.5
Tb ppm 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1
Dy ppm 5.9 5.{) 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.0 4,8 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.6 6.1
Ho ppm 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1,1
Er ppm 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 3.4
Tm ppm 0.5 0.4 (}.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5
Yb ppm 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.5 3.2 3.5 4.3 3.8
Lu ppm 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0,5
Cr/V 0.56 3.71 4.22 3.80 4.22 2.74 3.26 2.74 0.99 1.03 0,74 1,57
Y/Ni 1.02 1.41 2.(15 2.08 1.62 1.57 1.08 1.82 1.10 1.04 0.94 0.98
Zr/Sc 10.0 68.8 44.8 22.3 43.1 41.2 23.6 34.9 11.0 9.9 9,4 9.5
Th/Sc 0.91 1.34 1.73 1.24 1.56 1.41 1.21 1.28 1.13 0,95 1.00 0.93
Ti/Zr 29.5 6.6 9.7 17.2 10.4 11.6 16.7 11.3 26.9 29,4 30.2 30.6
NblY 0.48 0.40 (/.42 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.41 0.43 0.48 0,48 0.55 0.50
La/Sc 1.90 5.70 4.23 4.15 4.43 5.09 3.56 3.87 2.45 2.46 2.33 2.18
La/Th 2.10 4.24 2.45 3.35 2.85 3.60 2.94 3.03 2.18 2.58 2.32 2.33
Th/U 4.83 3.36 4.84 4.13 4.83 3.77 5.19 3.97 5.12 4.63 5.41 4.94
LaN/SmN 3.02 3.43 3.09 3.06 3.29 3.70 3.09 3.36 3.25 3.27 3.13 3.07
Sm/Nd 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
LaN/YbN 6.8 10.2 8.0 9.3 8.4 10.4 8.5 8.8 8.4 8.8 8.4 7.7
GdN/YbN 1.41 1.81 1.63 1.56 1.46 1.42 1.69 1.45 1,57 1.47 1.35 1.41
Eu/Eu* 0.64 0.57 0.56 0.64 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.54 0.58 0.56 0,59
Ce/Ce* 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.02 1.03 1.02
ZREE 164 201 167 179 195 150 170 202 189 209 247 203

Measured by ICP-MS at ACME, Laboratories Vancouver (Canada). See Fig. 1 for locality abbreviations.
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX 391

T a b l e 4. (continued)

COR COR COR PED PED PED PED PED PED SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC
02-28 02-29 02-30 02-19 02-20 02-21 02-22 02-22-1 02-23 02-161 02-163 02-164 02-165 02-166 02-167
5 8 2 2 8 8 8 5 5 5 2 5 8 3 5

59.86 69.10 77.73 68.04 67.32 61.17 64.11 64.18 65.16 66.50 64.73 60.79 57.67 61.57 60.66
0.87 0.47 0.39 0.63 0.78 0.85 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.81 0.84 0.92 0.84 0.82
18.24 10.55 9.29 13.66 15.38 17.30 15.99 15.97 15.55 14.58 16.20 17.47 19.04 17.30 17.41
6.73 4.63 3.09 5.78 5.55 6.69 6.12 6.16 5.97 6.03 6.51 6.82 7.16 6.54 6.92
0.06 0.30 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.06
2.70 1.28 0.96 2.35 0.92 2.63 2.16 2.17 2.00 2.49 2.58 2.78 2.91 2.66 2.74
0.33 3.71 0.97 0.29 0.36 0.40 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.51 0.42 0.49 0.52 0.48 0.48
1.68 2.15 2.32 1.95 2.00 1.60 1.90 1.88 1.97 2.17 1.53 1.55 1.31 1.61 1.50
4.84 2.25 1.72 3.00 3.55 4.50 3.87 4.01 3.77 3.35 4.34 4.21 5.20 4.30 4.33
0.17 0.i4 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.18
4.10 5.10 2.30 3.10 3.30 3.90 3.50 3.50 3.40 3.10 2.40 4.60 5.10 4.20 4.50
99.58 99.68 98.97 99.04 99.41 99.32 99.00 99.21 99.13 99.73 99.78 99.80 100.07 99.75 99.60
68 45 56 66 66 68 67 66 66 64 67 69 69 68 68
428 680 385 320 318 420 351 349 354 358 458 396 474 411 410
213 101 77 136 154 194 179 181 177 151 178 193 238 196 194
36 78 50 40 95 50 57 54 52 63 46 56 51 51 50
117 57 44 79 86 105 98 96 94 9l 103 104 123 102 100
103 164 205 116 137 109 89 116 103 233 144 82 75 89 82
35 16 14 32 23 35 35 35 30 32 34 35 35 34 34
18 10 8 16 14 18 15 14 15 14 15 16 16 14 14
29 11 6 20 12 24 20 20 17 19 l 62 163 169 21
34 41 21 35 31 38 36 34 35 34 37 36 41 37 34
183 204 156 154 219 230 197 201 204 207 185 171 183 174 155
11 6 4 8 9 1l 9 8 9 11 13 16 19 15 16
6 6 4 5 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5
18 11 9 14 15 18 16 16 16 16 17 18 20 18 17
1.4 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.2
3.5 20.3 23.0 4.8 3.2 6.1 3.3 3.2 5.9 1.9 1.8 4.1 5.1 2.7 5.4
17.0 8.0 6.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 17.0 16.0
17 11 10 14 15 17 16 15 16 13 15 16 19 17 16
3.7 2.7 2.3 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.5 4.0 4.5 4.1 3.8
41 31 28 32 38 44 39 40 39 38 42 41 47 42 41
86 60 56 71 85 92 84 85 79 87 94 93 109 94 90
8.9 6.8 6.3 7.7 9.1 10.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 9.5 10.2 10.2 11.7 10.2 9.9
40 32 28 33 37 42 40 38 38 38 45 42 47 42 39
8.2 7.0 5.2 6.6 7.5 8.3 7.5 7.9 7.9 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.7 7.7 7.4
1.4 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3
6.4 7.2 4.1 6.3 6.1 7.l 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.8 6.9 6.6 7.4 7.1 5.7
1.0 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.I 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1
5.6 6.2 3.4 5.3 5.5 6.5 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.2 6.3 6.9 6.3 5.8
1.1 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.1
3.3 3.3 1.9 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.3 3.6 3.6
0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5
3.6 3.1 1.8 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.5 3.6 4.1 3.6 3.3
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
0.88 2.88 4.67 1.47 1.59 1.04 0.91 1.21 1.09 2.56 1.39 0.79 0.61 0.87 0.82
0.97 2.54 1.49 1.09 1.34 1.09 1.01 0.98 1.19 1.07 1.07 1.01 1.15 1.09 1.01
10.7 25.5 26.1 12.8 15.6 14.4 13.1 13.4 14.6 14.8 12.3 10.1 9.6 10.2 9.7
1.01 1.35 1.58 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.07 0.99 1.14 0.91 1.02 0.94 1.02 0.98 0.99
28.6 13.8 14.9 24.6 21.4 22.1 23.7 23.3 22.3 21.1 26.2 29.4 30.2 29.0 31.7
0.53 0.26 0.44 0.39 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.47 0.45 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49
2.42 3.90 4.63 2.69 2.74 2.73 2.58 2.63 2.78 2.69 2.77 2.39 2.48 2.47 2.54
2.40 2.89 2.93 2.39 2.54 2.61 2.40 2.65 2.45 2.97 2.71 2.54 2.45 2.53 2.55
4.65 4.00 4.13 5.87 5.03 5.39 4.88 4.81 5.89 4.10 6.12 4.00 4.29 4.05 4.18
3.15 2.79 3.35 3.07 3.21 3.29 3.23 3.13 3.09 3.24 3.42 3.22 3.40 3.42 3.44
0.20 0.22 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19
8.4 7.5 11.4 7.5 8.8 8.7 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.9 8.8 8.3 8.5 8.6 9.1
1.43 1.91 1.87 1.60 1.53 1.55 1.50 1.57 1.55 1.75 1.62 1.48 1.47 1.60 1.39
0.58 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.57
1.00 0.92 0.96 1.05 1.07 1.02 1.03 1.05 0.98 1.09 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.06 1.06
208 16l 136 173 198 221 203 203 195 203 223 219 252 221 210
392 U. Z I M M E R M A N N

Table 4. (continued)
Outcrop SEC MOL MOL MOL MOL MOL CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO
Sample 02-168 02-200 02-201 02-202 02-203 02-204 02-2 02-4 02-5 02-7 02-8 02-9
Grain-size (phi) 8 8 3 8 2 5 2 3 5 5 5 5

SiO2 % 62.99 67.47 70.94 63.50 68.14 67.27 58.87 78.26 77.88 69.63 60.06 61.68
TiO2 % 0.66 0.73 0.63 0.82 0.72 0.74 0.84 0.54 0.57 0.70 0.81 0.78
A1203 % 16.48 14.65 13.28 16.72 14.78 15.10 17.80 9.77 9.62 13.65 17.73 17.30
Fe203T % 6.36 5.55 4.62 5.93 5.21 5.34 8.23 2.91 4.13 5.44 7.72 7.05
MnO % 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10
MgO % 2.65 2.30 1.95 2.49 2.09 2.19 3.00 1.10 1.51 2.26 2.95 2.88
CaO % 0.42 0.56 0.86 0.83 0.77 0.95 0.27 0.70 0.48 0.32 0.21 0.42
NazO % 1.45 0.60 1.12 1.09 1.12 1.40 1.51 2.81 2.47 2.47 1.38 1.73
K20 % 4.04 5.21 4.14 5.40 4.52 4.68 5.21 1.51 1.38 2.86 5.46 4.26
P205 % 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.11 0.15
LOI % 4.40 2.10 2.00 2.40 2.20 1.90 3.70 1.90 1.60 2.30 3.30 3.60
TOTAL % 99.66 99.43 99.79 99.47 99.81 99.85 99.68 99.73 99.87 99.87 99.81 99.95
CIA 69 66 63 65 64 62 67 56 60 64 67 68
Ba ppm 382 553 581 816 632 695 528 226 207 381 531 378
Rb ppm 179 198 161 211 182 178 213 64 60 118 205 193
Sr ppm 47 38 63 62 60 72 52 63 53 51 42 52
V ppm 91 82 80 96 84 82 111 44 44 74 100 102
Cr ppm 96 109 178 144 137 130 55 130 109 62 55 62
Ni ppm 30 26 25 31 25 29 36 15 20 33 37 38
Co ppm 14 12 11 14 11 13 18 7 10 15 19 19
Cu ppm 145 7 5 4 3 12 6 7 8 7 6 14
Y ppm 49 31 29 34 33 33 32 25 26 28 26 35
Zr ppm 167 214 266 206 264 237 162 381 484 153 145 159
Cs ppm 14 12 10 13 11 12 13 4 4 7 13 12
Hf ppm 6 6 9 7 7 7 5 10 14 5 4 6
Nb ppm 17 15 14 19 15 15 18 11 ll 14 16 17
Ta ppm 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.3
Pb ppm 4.9 2.6 3.2 4.1 3.9 3.9 14.0 3.3 12.8 14.9 13.6 6.3
Sc ppm 14.0 13.0 12.0 15.0 13.0 13.0 18.0 7.0 7.0 12.0 19.0 17.0
Th ppm 20 14 14 17 14 14 16 10 11 12 16 16
U ppm 5.2 2.4 2.4 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.5 3.1 2.4 2.7
La ppm 44 27 28 29 26 30 33 39 42 27 36 41
Ce ppm 99 60 55 51 66 56 61 78 90 59 89 95
Pr ppm 11.2 7.1 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.7 7.9 8.6 9.8 7.0 9.1 10.4
Nd ppm 45 28 32 31 28 32 34 36 40 29 38 42
Sm ppm 8.3 5.2 5.4 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.1 5.0 6.3 7.8
Eu ppm 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.3
Gd ppm 7.5 5.2 4.6 5.4 5.1 5.5 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.6 5.4 6.7
Tb ppm 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1
Dy ppm 7.8 5.0 4.6 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.2 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.6 6.0
Ho ppm 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.2
Er ppm 4.8 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.4 2.4 2.5 3.2 2.7 3.6
Tm ppm 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
Yb ppm 4.5 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.6 3.2 2.7 3.5
Lu ppm 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
Cr/V 1.05 1.34 2.22 1.50 1.63 1.59 0.49 2.95 2.49 0.83 0.55 0.60
Y/Ni 1.65 1.20 1.15 1.1)9 1.29 1.13 0.88 1.67 1.32 0.85 0.71 0.92
Zr/Sc 11.9 16.4 22.2 13.7 20.3 18.2 9.0 54.4 69.1 12.7 7.6 9.4
Th/Sc 1.39 1.06 1.20 1.13 1.07 1.05 0.89 1.36 1.54 0.96 0.83 0.92
Ti/Zr 23.7 20.5 14.2 23.9 16.4 18.7 31.2 8.5 7.1 27.5 33.6 29.4
Nb/Y 0.35 0.49 0.49 0.56 0.47 0.47 0.57 0.43 0.43 0.50 0.62 0.48
La/Sc 3.14 2.05 2.33 1.96 2.03 2.29 1.83 5.57 5.97 2.21 1.88 2.39
La/Th 2.26 1.93 1.94 1.73 1.90 2.18 2.05 4.11 3.87 2.30 2.27 2.59
Th/U 3.75 5.75 6.00 5.67 4.79 4.57 5.96 3.28 4.32 3.71 6.54 5.81
Lay/SmN 3.32 3.22 3.25 3.18 2.80 3.11 3.45 4.07 3.69 3.32 3.55 3.27
Sm/Nd 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.17 11.18 0.17 0.16 0.19
Lay/YbN 7.3 6.2 7.1 6.4 5.9 6.6 8.2 12.2 12.11 6.1 9.7 8.5
GdN/YbN 1.36 1.33 1.29 1.30 1.25 1.34 1.33 1.65 1.54 1.18 1.61 1.53
Eu/Eu* 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.59 0.57 0.52 0.54 0.54
Ce/Ce* 1.06 1.05 0.90 0.81 1.17 0.88 0.87 0.98 1.04 1.03 1.16 1.10
ZREE 238 147 146 147 154 153 162 185 207 145 197 220

Measured by ICP-MS at ACME, Laboratories Vancouver (Canada). See Fig. 1 for locality abbreviations.
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX 393

T a b l e 4. (continued)
CHO CHO SUN SUN SUN SUN SUN SUN SUN CEB CEB CEB CEB CEB CEB
02-12 02-13 02-217 02-218 02-219 02-220 02-222 02-223 02-224 02-262 02-263 02-264 02-265 02-267 02-268
5 8 5 5 5 2 5 2 5 3 1 3 5 5 5

61.86 61.95 69.25 66.21 66.21 65.41 66.82 64.82 65.15 67.35 63.05 62.50 77.73 73.63 77.38
0.81 0.81 0.76 0.80 0.76 0.87 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.73 0.85 0.30 0.50 0.48 0.49
16.64 16.61 13.59 15.63 14.76 15.51 15.00 15.76 15.70 16.00 18.26 19.47 10.49 11.54 10.59
7.45 7.52 5.47 5.86 5.97 6.42 5.59 6.12 5.96 5.24 6.17 2.86 3.14 4.73 3.56
0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
2.61 2.62 2.19 2.41 2.36 2.44 2.45 2.44 2.46 1.86 2.28 1,41 0.92 1.53 1.01
0.46 0.47 0.72 1.22 1.07 0.53 0.45 0.48 0.41 0.89 0.30 4.10 1.88 1.48 0.70
1.50 1.47 2.37 1.78 1.95 1.87 1.81 1.83 1.71 1.94 1.09 5.07 2.46 3.21 1.50
4.42 4.47 3.05 4.09 3.70 3.97 3.79 4.22 4.06 4.43 3.98 1.69 1.17 1.02 2.14
0.08 0.08 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.16 0.13 0.71 0.13 0.18 0.10
3.70 3.60 2.20 1.70 2.70 2.60 2.70 3.40 3.10 1.20 3.70 1.20 0.80 1.30 1.60
99.60 99.67 99.85 99.96 99.76 99.92 99.66 100.17 99.61 99.84 99.83 99.34 99.25 99.13 99.10
67 67 61 62 62 65 66 65 66 62 73 52 55 56 64
456 454 332 560 455 514 435 458 480 756 599 221 103 63 368
198 199 144 172 188 186 199 188 218 206 227 101 82 74 116
43 46 69 82 72 47 40 48 36 239 58 254 162 207 113
91 94 78 87 87 92 93 98 98 101 105 25 48 56 54
62 68 137 123 82 123 123 123 157 198 178 116 178 287 171
28 27 24 25 23 28 29 30 30 20 23 10 10 21 15
16 16 13 12 14 13 16 14 15 12 9 4 5 11 7
30 29 55 10 19 20 8 5 18 14 13 1 10 20 14
31 31 36 35 39 42 37 30 33 34 36 138 27 33 31
155 155 253 207 228 302 210 196 212 265 228 162 284 191 234
12 13 10 13 9 15 17 17 19 15 12 7 8 6 9
5 5 8 7 7 9 7 7 8 8 7 7 9 6 7
18 18 15 16 17 19 16 16 17 17 20 20 11 12 11
1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.8
91.7 83.8 8.3 6.8 22.0 4.5 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.7 10.8 4.4 2.2 2.9 4.9
17.0 17.0 13.0 15.0 13.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 17.0 13.0 8.0 9.0 8.0
17 15 16 17 16 20 18 16 19 13 20 23 13 11 11
2.7 2.6 3.3 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.5 3.7 4.2 3.6 3.8 9.1 3.1 2.9 3.7
42 42 40 41 43 51 44 24 20 30 32 72 32 40 53
100 100 82 83 93 106 93 77 59 71 71 161 65 80 102
10.2 10.2 9.5 9.4 10.5 12:0 10.7 6.1 5.5 8.0 7.9 17.8 7.0 8.6 10.7
42 42 38 38 43 50 42 25 22 34 33 75 29 36 42
6.7 6.9 7.4 7.4 8.2 9.6 8.4 5.2 5.0 7,4 7.3 18.1 5.9 7.7 8.2
1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.8 1,4 1.2 2.8 1.3 1.5 1.4
5.9 5.9 6.4 6.3 6.5 7.5 6.9 4.5 4.3 6,3 6.2 19.4 5.2 7.0 6.6
1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1,0 1.1 3.2 0.8 1.0 0.9
5.6 5.4 6.4 6.1 6.8 6.8 6.7 5.1 5.4 5,8 5.9 18.5 4.4 5.6 4.9
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1 1,1 1.3 3.8 0.9 1.0 1.0
3.1 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.4 3,3 3.4 10.7 2.4 2.9 2.8
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.7 0.4 0.5 0.5
2.8 2.8 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.1 10.7 2.8 3.0 2.8
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.68 0.73 1.75 1.42 0.94 1.34 1.32 1.26 1.61 1.96 1.69 4.65 3.71 5.13 3.17
1.09 1.16 1.46 1.36 1.71 1.47 1.26 1.00 1.10 1.75 1.52 14.09 2.68 1.55 2.05
9.1 9.1 19.5 13.8 17.6 21.5 15.0 13.1 14.1 18.9 13.4 12.4 35.5 21.2 29.2
0.97 0.87 1.21 1.10 1.19 1.42 1.26 1.07 1.27 0.96 1.19 1.75 1.61 1.24 1,39
31.3 31.3 18.0 23.2 20.0 17.3 22.6 24.7 22.9 16.5 22.3 11.1 10.6 15.1 12,6
0.58 0.58 0.43 0.47 0.45 0.46 0.43 0.55 0.52 0.48 0.57 0.14 0.43 0.37 0,36
2.45 2.49 3.08 2.72 3.32 3.61 3.13 1.60 1.32 2.14 1.88 5.55 4.04 4.44 6.64
2.52 2.86 2.55 2.47 2.79 2.54 2.47 1.49 1.04 2.23 1.58 3.17 2.50 3.57 4.78
6.11 5.69 4.76 4.58 4.31 4.85 5.06 4.35 4.52 3.72 5.32 2.51 4.16 3.86 3:00
3.89 3.85 3.39 3.46 3.30 3.30 3.27 2.89 2.48 2.53 2.74 2.50 3.43 3.26 4,06
0.16 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.20 0.22 0,19
10.8 11.1 8.7 8.9 8.4 9.8 9.5 5.4 4.1 5.8 5.8 5.0 8.6 9.7 14,0
1.68 1.70 1.55 1.51 1.39 1.59 1.66 1.11 0.97 1.35 1.23 1.46 1.51 1.87 1.90
0.64 0.59 0.54 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.51 0.55 0.50 0.60 0.52 0.45 0.71 0.61 0.55
1.15 1.13 1.00 0.99 1.03 1.01 1.02 1.52 1.38 1.09 1.05 1.05 1.00 0.99 0.99
222 223 201 202 223 255 223 157 132 174 175 416 158 195 238
394 U. Z I M M E R M A N N

T a b l e 4. (continued)
Outcrop CEB SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-P SIJ-G
Sample 02-269 1-2 1-5 1-6 1-12 1-13 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 67a
Grain-size (phi) 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9-Jan 1

SiO 2 % 76.68 64.05 68.48 62.06 68.03 69.91 79.82 76.78 80,08 66.32 81.35 85.98
TiO 2 % 0.57 0.66 0.66 0.75 0.65 0.61 0.35 0.41 0.35 0.74 0.32 0.59
A1203 % 11.28 16.64 14,09 16.95 14.21 13.36 8.99 10.61 9.29 16.17 8.75 6.63
Fe203T % 3.87 6.14 5.94 6.55 5.99 5,75 2.86 2.80 2,23 4.53 2.06 3.21
MnO % 0.03 0.13 0.12 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.01
MgO % 1.10 2.64 2.19 2.56 2.25 2.46 0.89 0.84 0.86 1.53 0.64 0.27
CaO % 1.08 0.21 0.20 0.34 0.21 0.18 0.39 0.92 0.28 0.38 0.32 0.04
Na20 % 1.83 1.36 1.17 1.62 1.13 0.64 2.27 2.28 2.47 1.39 2.42 0.03
K20 % 2.13 4.57 4.13 4.25 4.06 3.91 1.53 2.15 1.70 4.84 1.45 1.73
P2Os % 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.14 0.12 0,13 0,14 0.15 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.03
LOI % 0.90 2.90 2.60 4.10 3.00 2.70 1,44 1.65 1.33 2.73 1.40 1.30
TOTAL % 99.61 99.41 99.68 99.40 99.78 99.78 98.72 98.65 98.80 98.84 98.87 99.82
CIA 61 69 68 68 68 70 60 58 59 66 59 77
Ba ppm 334 488 453 455 440 424 225 294 214 617 184 228
Rb ppm 120 206 189 195 202 193 54 80 57 189 51 79
Sr ppm 127 50 52 54 52 39 68 65 67 56 64 45
V ppm 57 92 84 106 87 85 48 60 45 108 43 64
Cr ppm 239 96 109 103 89 137 20 28 20 56 18 260
Ni ppm 14 28 28 31 28 28 11 12 11 24 9 8
Co ppm 7 14 12 14 13 11 4 6 5 11 5 6
Cu ppm 8 68 33 15 30 46 12 7 7 22 6 3
Y ppm 30 32 39 33 38 38 15 18 15 24 15 31
Zr ppm 303 114 116 129 125 110 89 107 82 129 81 237
Cs ppm 10 15 19 35 21 19 4 6 5 11 4 3
Hf ppm 9 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 4 2 7
Nb ppm 13 16 13 15 15 13 7 9 7 15 7 10
Ta ppm 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.6 0.7
Pb ppm 3.7 26.9 25.1 4.5 21.8 13.8 6.4 6.7 8.5 16.6 9.5 4.0
Sc ppm 9.0 14.0 14,0 17.0 12.0 11.0 4,5 6.0 4.9 13.3 4.5 7.0
Th ppm 12 13 12 15 13 11 7 9 7 13 7 10
U ppm 3.5 2.5 3.9 6.3 4.7 3.4 1.7 1.8 t.6 2.8 1.5 2.5
La ppm 37 35 35 31 39 32 22 27 21 35 18 33
Ce ppm 74 79 76 66 77 63 43 52 44 68 38 92
Pr ppm 8.1 8.4 7.8 7.3 8.7 7.2 5.5 6.3 5.1 8.5 4.6 9.1
Nd ppm 34 34 33 30 35 31 22 26 21 33 18 35
Sm ppm 7.1 6.1 7.2 5.9 7.4 6.9 4.2 4.8 3.9 6.4 3.5 7.2
Eu ppm 1.4 1.0 1.1 1,l 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.6 1.2
Gd ppm 5.8 5.1 6.5 4.9 6.4 7.3 3.6 4.2 3.6 5.5 3.1 5.8
Tb ppm 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.9
Dy ppm 5.0 5.4 6.4 5.5 6.6 6.4 3.3 3.6 3.0 4.7 2.9 5.2
Ho ppm 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9
Er ppm 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.4 3.1 1.8 2.0 1.7 2.6 1.6 2.8
Tm ppm 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4
Yb ppm 3.0 3. l 3.2 3.4 3,0 2.6 1.7 2.1 1.6 2.7 1.6 2.6
Lu ppm 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0,5 0.4 0.3 1).3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4
Cr/V 4.20 1.04 1.30 (I.97 1.02 1.61 0.42 0.47 0,45 0.52 0.43 4.06
Y/Ni 2.11 1.12 1.42 1.(15 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.54 1.38 1.00 1.62 3.67
Zr/Sc 33,7 8.2 8.3 7.6 10.4 10.0 19.6 17.8 16.6 9.7 17.8 33.8
Th/Sc 1.36 0.89 0.87 0.89 1.07 0.99 1.58 1.44 1.51 0.98 1.47 1.47
Ti/Zr 11.3 34.6 34.0 34.9 31.2 33.2 23.8 22.9 26,0 34.5 23.9 14.9
Nb/Y 0.42 0.50 0.33 0.46 (I.39 0.34 0.48 (I.48 (I.46 0.63 0.44 0.31
La/Sc 4.10 2.51 2.51 1.83 3.24 2.94 4.83 4.41 4.32 2.62 4.08 4.74
La/Th 3.02 2.82 2.89 2.06 3.04 2,96 3.06 3.06 2.86 2.66 2.77 3.22
Tb/U 3.49 5.00 3.13 2.40 2.72 3.21 4.22 4.84 4.55 4.72 4.32 4.12
LaN/SmN 3.26 3.62 3.06 3.30 3.29 2.93 3.24 3.47 3.39 3.43 3.31 2.89
Sm/Nd 0.21 0.18 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.19 0.19 (I.19 0.19 0.19 0.21
LaN/YbN 9.0 8.2 8.1 6.8 9.6 9.0 9,5 9.6 9.7 9.6 8.7 9.4
GdN/YbN 1.57 1.31 1.63 1.18 1.73 2,25 1.73 1.67 1.79 1.66 1.63 1.80
Eu/Eu* 0.65 0.54 0.47 0.62 0.51 0.44 0.58 0.58 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.56
Ce/Ce* 0.98 1.09 1.06 1.03 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.94 1.00 0.95 0.99 1.30
YREE 180 183 182 161 191 164 110 130 107 170 94 197

Measured by ICP-MS at ACME, Laboratories Vancouver (Canada). See Fig. 1 for locality abbreviations.
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX 395

T a b l e 4. (continued)
SIJ-G SIJ-G SIJ-G SIJ-G SIJ-G CON CON CON CON CON CON CON NP NP NP
67b 67c 67d 67e 67g Q1 Q4 Q7 Q8 Q9 Qll Q14 NP270 NP271 NP272
0 1 1 1 2-Jan 8 8 5 1 2 8 5 8 8 8

87.13 87.58 86,94 83.81 87.98 70.63 61.02 55.02 74.16 70.88 65.18 70.06 65.88 73.96 79.74
0.36 0.38 0,38 0.63 0.42 0.66 0.82 0.94 0.73 0,69 0.83 0.98 0.88 0.74 0.59
5.56 5.78 5.82 7.85 5.30 13.10 16.52 19.31 11.33 13.01 15.45 12.70 15.05 12.35 10,20
3.63 3.04 3.10 3.35 2.82 4.74 7.12 8.55 4.02 4.90 6.03 5.19 6.81 4.23 2.61
0.01 0,01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.13 0.12 0.08 0,07 0.10 0.11 2.46 1.53 0.90
0.20 0,30 0.34 0.48 0.35 2.44 3,24 4.18 1.67 2.26 2.99 2.04 0.12 0.09 0.06
0.03 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 1.67 1.50 1.16 2.52 1.26 1.50 2.45 0.34 0.41 0.35
0.02 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.04 2.34 1.82 1.16 2,77 1.60 1.92 2.79 1.42 1.90 2.25
1.51 1,54 1.50 2.04 1.35 2.35 4.69 5.89 1.50 3.17 3.73 2.09 3.18 2.12 1.44
0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.19 0.19 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.29 0.13 0.12 0.08
1.30 1,00 1.30 1.40 1.20 1.60 2.70 3.00 0.80 1.70 1.80 1.00 3.40 2.40 1.70
99.78 99.68 99.47 99.67 99.52 99.79 99.75 99.64 99.79 99.75 99.75 99.70 99.67 99.85 99.92
76 77 77 77 77 58 60 65 51 61 61 53 70 67 63
168 183 177 252 166 307 679 1432 155 569 531 526 777 608 289
70 75 69 93 66 122 209 239 83 140 175 106 152 103 84
39 47 43 23 43 169 121 96 191 123 131 187 67 66 41
62 60 54 71 55 89 153 179 77 99 117 96 86 66 47
315 226 239 308 260 68 144 103 55 55 130 164 55 62 62
9 9 11 16 14 24 43 49 18 25 35 25 36 25 18
18 15 12 18 14 14 20 24 9 14 18 12 17 12 8
4 3 3 4 4 23 8 25 28 8 34 14 10 7 8
29 32 32 44 28 33 35 38 38 31 35 48 39 39 36
116 124 117 239 156 171 152 153 338 217 183 438 265 327 239
2 3 3 4 3 69 57 60 38 60 92 45 9 5 3
4 4 4 7 5 5 5 5 10 6 5 13 7 9 6
7 7 7 12 8 14 15 19 13 14 15 17 19 16 12
0.6 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.0
3.1 2.8 3,1 3.4 3.7 3.2 6.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.5 2.7 3.0 1,7 1.1
6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 5.0 9.0 14.0 19.0 11.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 13.0 11.0 9.0
6 7 7 9 8 11 12 17 12 10 11 19 15 13 11
2.1 1.8 1.7 2.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.2 1.8 2.0 3.2 2.9 4.0 2.5
36 43 42 43 32 28 21 37 30 28 30 51 44 40 33
93 95 98 104 76 53 79 80 65 61 65 108 91 85 72
10.1 10.6 10.5 11.1 8.5 6.8 5.1 8.5 7.3 6.7 7.0 12.1 10.2 9.1 7.6
40 42 42 46 33 30 22 35 31 28 31 52 40 35 30
8.0 8.7 8.6 9.3 6,8 6.0 4.9 6.4 6.7 5.4 6.1 9.7 8.2 7.4 6.2
1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1,1 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1,3 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.0
5.5 6.1 6.1 7.3 5.6 5.4 4.5 5,7 6.1 5.0 5,3 8,6 7.4 6.9 6.4
1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 0,9 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.0
5.4 5.4 5.9 7.7 4.9 5.3 5.4 6.2 5.9 5.3 5,3 8.1 6.9 6.3 5.8
0.9 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.1
2.4 2.5 2.9 3.9 2.5 3.1 3.3 4.1 3.6 2.9 3.4 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.4
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0,7 0,6 0.6 0.5
2.3 2.3 2.5 3.6 2.3 3.0 3.1 4.1 3.5 2.9 3.2 4,6 4.3 3.8 3.2
0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0,5
5.08 3.76 4.43 4.34 4.73 0.77 0.94 0.57 0.71 0.55 1.11 1.71 0.64 0.93 1.31
3.08 3.39 2.94 2.86 2,10 1.40 0.82 0,78 2.09 1,23 0.99 1.97 1.08 1.57 2.05
19.4 20.6 19,6 29.9 31.2 19.0 10.9 8.0 30.8 21.7 15.3 29.2 20.4 29.7 26.5
1.03 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.64 1.19 0.83 0.87 1.07 1,03 0,88 1.26 1.12 1.14 1.17
18.5 18.4 19.4 15.8 16.1 23.1 32.3 37.0 12,9 19.1 27.1 13.4 19.9 13.6 14.8
0.23 0.23 0.21 0.26 0.27 0.43 0.44 0.49 0.34 0.44 0.44 0.35 0.49 0.41 0.32
5.92 7,08 6.95 5.31 6.48 3.16 1,46 1.95 2.75 2.84 2.48 3.37 3.39 3.63 3.68
5.73 5,99 5.96 4.62 3.95 2.65 1,77 2.25 2.56 2.76 2.84 2.67 3.02 3,19 3.15
2.95 3.94 4.12 3.68 4.56 5.35 5,27 6.11 5.36 5.72 5.25 5.91 5.03 3,13 4.20
2.78 3.06 3.04 2.86 2.99 2.97 2.62 3.63 2.82 3.30 3.06 3.26 3.37 3.38 3.35
0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.21 0,20 0.22 0.19 0.2l 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.21
11.5 13.8 12.5 8.8 10.6 7.0 4.9 6.7 6.4 7.3 6.9 8.0 7.6 7.8 7.6
1.95 2.17 2.02 1,67 2.02 1.48 1.17 1.14 1.44 1.41 1.36 1.50 1.42 1.49 1.62
0.54 0.55 0.58 0.50 0.55 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.59 0.68 0.67 0.60 0,45 0.49 0.47
1.20 1.08 1.12 1.14 1.12 0,88 1.80 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.01 1.02 1.05 1.07
206 219 222 240 176 145 151 191 164 150 160 265 221 202 172
396 U. Z I M M E R M A N N

T a b l e 4. (continued)
Outcrop NP NP NP NP NP NP LA LA LA LA LA
Sample NP273 NP274 NP276 NP278 NP280 NP281 P1 P2 P7 P8 P12
Grain-size (phi) 8 8 5 8 5 5 3 8 5 8 8

SiO2 % 59.09 77.53 61.13 74.18 50.97 51.05 82.52 62.22 66.08 64.26 60.76
TiO2 % 1.05 0.58 0.96 0,64 1.64 1.63 0.33 0.78 0.64 0.74 0.73
A1203 % 18.80 10.25 17.08 11.83 24.34 24.32 6.31 17.05 15.07 17.07 17.53
Fe203T % 8.09 4.35 7.43 5.07 6.76 6.78 5.05 7.47 7.57 6.10 8.04
MnO % 2.62 1.42 2.69 1.67 2.38 2.38 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.10
MgO % 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.06 0.12 0.12 1.67 2.78 3.16 2.43 3.25
CaO % 0.53 0.35 1.47 0.43 0.67 0.67 0.24 0.52 0.33 0.22 0.80
Na20 % 2.25 1.35 3.63 2.04 2.08 2.07 1.71 1.85 1.44 0.81 2.76
K20 % 3.62 1.73 2.19 1.68 6.56 6.49 0.08 3.12 2.57 4.12 2.50
P205 % 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.12 0.24 0.23 0.07 I).09 0.10 0.11 0.11
LOI % 3.50 2.20 2.90 2.20 4.00 4.0[) 1.90 3.81) 2.90 3.80 3.20
TOTAL % 99.79 99.92 99.72 99.92 99.76 99.74 99.94 99.76 99.97 99.74 99.78
CIA 69 68 61 67 67 68 65 70 72 73 67
Ba ppm 737 308 307 306 1122 1114 26 591 461 612 470
Rb ppm 166 80 133 72 296 302 4 138 119 180 116
Sr ppm 101 44 178 49 92 94 54 79 54 40 114
V ppm 123 46 93 60 166 i66 35 126 94 123 126
Cr ppm 82 48 68 62 96 103 239 116 103 109 109
Ni ppm 42 24 42 28 42 42 20 26 40 21 44
Co ppm 21 13 18 17 19 20 9 11 14 4 16
Cu ppm 3 22 1 13 1 1 20 89 8 58 1
Y ppm 44 32 39 32 55 57 28 22 33 25 35
Zr ppm 195 224 186 210 292 294 203 126 154 122 123
Cs ppm 6 3 5 2 6 6 0 4 3 4 3
Hf ppm 5 6 5 6 8 8 6 4 5 4 4
Nb ppm 20 12 16 14 28 27 7 16 14 15 15
Ta ppm 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 2.2 2.0 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1
Pb ppm 1.7 1,1 4.4 1.2 1.6 1.5 3.3 1.8 2.1 69.6 2.9
Sc ppm 20.0 9.0 16.0 10.0 27.0 27.0 4.0 15.(1 15.0 14.0 14.0
Th ppm 17 10 16 11 23 25 8 14 14 14 15
U ppm 4.0 2.2 3.2 2.7 5.0 4.6 2.1 6.5 3.6 5.0 4.0
La ppm 61 33 47 36 83 86 17 25 34 32 48
Ce ppm 121 69 93 78 169 171 39 39 69 78 85
Pr ppm 13.1 7.3 10.2 8.3 17.7 18.0 5.0 6.1 8.5 10.1 10.1
Nd ppm 52 28 37 32 67 66 22 26 36 43 42
Sm ppm 9.4 6.3 7.5 6.7 13.8 13.3 5.1 4.7 6.8 7.7 7.5
Eu ppm 1.7 0.9 1.5 1.2 2,3 2.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.3 2.0
Gd ppm 8.5 5.6 7.0 6.1 11.6 12.2 5.0 3.7 6.0 5.0 6.3
Tb ppm 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.7 0.9 0.6 1,1 0.8 1.1
Dy ppm 7.3 5.0 6.4 5.7 9.3 9.5 4.6 3.6 5.4 4.2 5.6
Ho ppm 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.1
Er ppm 4.7 3.2 4.0 3.3 5.6 5.7 2.7 2.2 3.4 2.7 3.2
Tm ppm 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
Yb ppm 4.9 2.7 3.6 3.2 6.1 6.0 2.3 2.4 3.0 2.7 3.0
Lu ppm 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
Cr/V 0.67 1.04 0.74 1.03 0.58 0.62 6.84 0.92 1.09 0.89 0.87
Y/Ni 1.06 1.37 0.92 1.16 1.29 1.36 1.40 0.83 0.83 1.23 0.79
Zr/Sc 9.7 24.9 11.6 21.0 11).8 10.9 50.7 8.4 10.2 8.8 8.7
Th/Sc 0.83 1.06 0.98 1.05 (I.85 0.92 2.00 (I.91 0.93 1.10 1.01
Ti/Zr 32.4 15,5 30.9 18.2 33.7 33.2 9.8 37.0 25.0 35.6 36.4
Nb/Y 0.45 0.36 0.41 0.42 0.51 0.48 0.26 0.76 0.42 0.44 (I.58
La/Sc 3.(16 3.63 2.95 3.59 3.08 3.18 4.15 1.65 2.27 3.44 2.29
La/Th 3.71 3.44 3.(11 3.42 3.63 3.45 2.08 1.82 2.43 3.13 2.28
Th/U 4.13 4.32 4.91 3.89 4.58 5.41 3.81 2.09 3.89 3.85 2.82
Lay/SmN 4.(18 3.25 3.94 3.36 3.77 4.05 2.04 3.31 3.13 4.03 2.61
Sm/Nd 0.18 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.23 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18
LaN/Yb~ 9.3 9.0 9.6 8.3 10.1 10.6 5.4 7.5 8.4 11.7 8.7
GdN/YbN 1.42 1,71 1.57 1.57 1.56 1.66 1,81 1.24 1.62 1.51 1.67
Eu/Eu* 0.56 0.45 0.63 0,55 0.53 0.54 0.41 0.65 0.54 0.87 0.63
Ce/Ce* 1.00 1.06 1.02 1.09 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.75 0.95 0.88 1.05
ZREE 287 163 222 183 391 395 106 115 175 189 216

Measured by ICP-MS at ACME, Laboratories Vancouver (Canada). See Fig. 1 for locality abbreviations.
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX 397

Sampling areas and outcrop description W66~ The outcrop occupies an

area of about 200 • 500 m.
Sample areas for provenance study were
distributed over the entire Puncoviscana Basin
in northwestern Argentina (Fig. 1). The north- Region 2: Cordillera Oriental
western and western part are represented by 1. Quebrada El Toro, Cuesta Mufiano and
samples from the Puna. The eastern part of the Purmamarca (TOR). Samples were taken
basin is covered by sampling areas between from the 'classic' Puncoviscana Formation
Jujuy and Tucum4n, referred to as 'Cordillera outcrops in the Quebrada Purmamarca
Oriental'. The southern part is divided into two ($23~ W65~ ") and along the
areas. The first, 'Ambato', is situated in the road to the west towards San Antonio de
Central batholith belt (Fig. 2b; after Pankhurst los Cobres.
& Rapela 1998), where mainly medium- to 2. Rfo Corralito (COR). Samples were taken
high-grade metamorphic rocks of unknown age along the river ($24~
and post-depositional plutonic igneous rocks W65~ below a conglomeratic
are associated with outcrops of the Puncovis- layer (Durand 1990) reinterpreted as a
cana complex and includes the Sierra de pebble-rich mud flow (van Staden &
Ovejert~a with the outcrop Sundro (SUN). The Zimmermann 2004).
second is located in the Sierra de Famatina, and 3. La Pedrera (PED). The outcrop lies 5 km
referred to here as 'Falnatina' (Fig. 1, Table 5). south of Salta towards the Cuesta de
A compilation of the characteristics of the Quesera ($24~ W65~ The
sampling areas is given in Table 5. The aim of rocks are overlain discordantly by the
sampling was to collect rocks from well- Mes6n Group.
described sequences of the Puncoviscana 4. Seclantes and Molinos (SEC, MOL). Both
complex, but several new outcrops were found outcrops (Molinos $25~
and sampled. All sampled rocks exhibit the W66~ Seclantes 1 km to the north
typical pre-Ordovician deformation described of the town) are located in the Valle
by Toselli (1990), Willner (1990) and Mon & Calchaquies south of Cachi, and situated
Hongn (1991). Regional metamorphism of close to intrusive bodies.
these rocks does not exceed lower greenschist 5. Choromoro (CHO). The outcrop is to the
facies (Toselli & Rossi de Toselli 1982; Do west of Choromoro ($26~
Campo 1999), with temperatures below 350 ~ W65~ The locality has been the
and 3 kbar estimated by Toselli (1990). Only subject of intensive sedimentological study
rocks whose original principal textures were (see Acefiolaza et al. 1990; Acefiolaza
not changed dramatically during metamor- 2004).
phism and/or deformation were analysed. No
gneisses, schists or migmatites were selected.
Region 3: Ambato
1. Quebrada de Suncho (SUN). The rock
Region 1: Puna
succession in the Quebrada de Suncho
1. Quebrada del Volc~in (VOL). The rocks (Sierra de Ovejeria, $27~
exposed in the Quebrada del Volc~in at the W66~ ") comprises more than 300 m
western border of the Salar Antofatla of metaconglomerates, embedded in a thick
($25~ W67~ '') represent the packet (>1 km) of metasedimentary rocks.
most westerly exposed Puncoviscana Basin 2. Quebrada La C6bila (CEB). The rocks in
deposits. The outcrop dimensions are 150 this c. 30 km long valley (sample at
x 500 m and there is a tectonic contact with $28~ W66~ ") are described in
highly deformed metagabbros. detail by H/3ckenreiner (1998).
2. Quebrada Randolfo (RAN). These rocks 3. Sij4n (SIJ-P). In the region between Saujfl
are exposed in several outcrops of and Pom~n on the western flank of the
50-200 m along the Quebrada Randolfo Sierra de Ambato to the east of Sij~in
($26~ W66~ '') and are cut by ($28~176 W66~176
several felsic to intermediate intrusive outcrops of the Puncoviscana complex are
rocks of unknown age. exposed as windows in a giant modern
3. Rfo Taique (RT). Low-grade meta- alluvial fan. Contacts with the country
sedimentary rocks are exposed with an plutonic rocks, migmatites and gneisses are
unconformable contact with Lower not exposed.
Tremadocian quartz arenites ($23~ 4. Sij~in(SIJ-G). A packet (20 m) of red, hard
 398 U. Z I M M E R M A N N

. b~
~g
o_,..1 ," ,...~ - ~ .~

,,..a ~.~ ~
o o ~ o ~~

'= "~ "~ "~ "~ "~ "~ 4 ~ "~ ~ :~o~ 4~. n
~ o,~,~ o ~ ~ ' 4 ~
o~ ~-~ ~"s'~.~ ~"s .o's ~o's ~ o~ ~ o's ,.s ~ o's 4

4 'a ,..,
,i=.~ ,i~ 4 . i ~ ~ I ,i~ ~
~a ~4-o- '~ 4 = 4 %~..,= 4 -b*..~.-~ =.-= 4

,-,'so {4 _P~4"~ ~ ~u ~ ' ~ OZ ~ P~ 4 _~,4"~ 4

~ r-.4

.-_ ~._= ,~ ~ ~

nno ~

"do
.-.= ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 .. ~ ~ ~ ~

.,-jr~ .54~ .4 .~ =~

o ~.. ~ ~
~= t= ,'~
~, - .1. ~7 60 ~ ~_~ ~_~ ~ ~
--
4 0,.-~ 1r~7~6
-- ,-
~ ~~ o0 ~

~o~

~ ~.~ ~ .~ ~ ~..~ -~ . . . .

~ ~ .

'=o4 Io o

&._:~ o~:.o~.~o,
~,,on.. === ,=~
"~ ' ==
.'d ..u,=~

& 9", ~::~,.,~

==-~-~=-~.-=~
,.o ~ , ~ , , ~ v
-~ o~=~ -~:~y-~=~, ~s .o~ =~ .o,:,_,~,s

o.~,_~ .,
="~"-:"~.~t".-~ . o v.6~ ~ o v o . ~ = o "" ~ : ~ E" = '~ ~--'~ o:=o~
~=.~o~.,~ .b~.~=o=....~,.~,..~RO, ' ~.s ~,~,,,4~ 4 =~ ,.%.~ ~ 4 ~

o =, o 4~,,

o ~

o
f,

= - ou ~'~ =," '- _ ~

"~'-~ ,,'-,4 ~ ~=
~ ;'-'~ ~ ""J ;>--~ 4 ~,~ "~.~
=.~ >..o.~-.~ ~ ~ ~o~ ~= ~ ~=~ ~, ~
~ ' ~~. o2 ~ E,.,
~ " ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ - ~ ~= ~

4 0 ~ ~ 4

~~
r.~

,,4 =~ =.~ o o ~ ~ ~ ~ o~=~ .~, ~

~0.-0
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX
metawackes is exposed to the east of
Colana ($28~ W66~ The
rocks concordantly overlie a quartz-rich
conglomerate, which, in turn, overlies the
rocks described above (SIJ-P).
Concepci6n (CON). The outcrop lies
50 km south of San Fernando del Valle de
Catamarca, next to E1 Quemadito
($28~ W66~ '') and is
surrounded by migmatites and gneisses.
Region 4: Famatina
The Famatina region has been described by
several authors (see compilation in Acefiolaza
et al. 1996) as a distinct tectonic unit separated
from the Puna region to the north and the
Sierras Pampeanas to the east (Fig. 2b). Two
pre-Ordovician formations, La Aguadita (LA)
and Negro Peinado (NP), crop out on the
eastern flank of the Sierra de Famatina, and
were sampled in well-described localities at Los
Corrales (NP; $28~ W67~ ") and
Quebrada de Paim~n (LA).
Provenance
Provenance studies on sedimentary rocks aim at
deciphering both the composition and
geological evolution of their source areas, and
the tectonic setting of the depositional basin.
Meaningful results depend on the evaluation of
indicators that mirror the original composition
of source rocks and areas; data need to be tested
for the effects of secondary factors that have the
potential to obscure this information, such as
sorting, weathering, metamorphism and further
alteration processes (e.g. Morton & Hallsworth
1999). However, provenance studies that rely
only on petrographic studies can lead to misin-
terpretations, and combination with major and
trace element geochemistry is necessary to
obtain reliable information (e.g. Condie &
Martell 1983; von Eynatten et al. 2003).
Petrography
Quantitative petrography based on the Gazzi-
Dickinson method ideally requires clastic rocks
of a certain maturity, grain size and composition
(Ingersoll et al. 1984). For about 75% of the
rocks of the Puncoviscana complex these
preconditions are not met. First, most of the
rocks are too fine grained (< 50 jam). Secondly,
they are mainly poorly sorted, making point-
counting at one step-size impossible. Thirdly,
the matrix content lies between 8% and 35%
and is, in many samples, too high (> 20%) for
399
point-counting according to several authors
(e.g. Ingersoll et al. 1984; Cox & Lowe 1996).
Furthermore, framework minerals such as
feldspars and lithic components are weathered
strongly and sometimes impossible to classify.
The metasedimentary rocks of the Puncovis-
cana complex are dominated by quartz grains,
mainly monocrystalline, with a low abundance
of plagioclase. Lithoclasts are mainly of (meta)
sedimentary origin, but fragments of phyllites
and schists occur in some outcrops. Generally,
quartz and alkali-feldspar grains are larger than
the subhedral to euhedral grains of plagioclase.
Alteration affected the feldspars intensely,
commonly causing sericitization and sometimes
calcification. The grains are mostly angular and
seldom rounded. New growth on quartz grains,
which could mask the probable rounded nature
of clasts, was not observed using BSE and CL
analysis. The matrix is rich in phyUosilicates,
quartz and feldspar, and mainly consists of
weathered and dissolved lithoclasts, the origin
of which is difficult to determine. Most rocks are
affected by hydrothermal alteration introducing
chlorite and epidote (van Staden & Zimmer-
mann 2004). The strong deformation is often
marked by orientated new growth, mainly of
muscovite, as determined by microprobe and
EDS. Compared to the data of Je~ek (1990), a
lower abundance of lithoclasts and plagioclase,
and volcanic grains in the form of sanidine are
observed: Je~ek (1990) and Je~ek & Miller
(1986) did not mention volcanic input nor
record matrix percentages. The observed high
proportion of pseudomatrix (Table 5) is
ascribed to the dissolution of the less stable
lithoclasts such as very fine-grained sedimentary
components and volcanic lithoclasts, as
described elsewhere (Dickinson 1970; Condie &
Martell 1983; von Eynatten et al. 2003).
However, petrographic indicators of volcanic
input except sanidine, were not observed. The
rocks show neither recrystallized glass frag-
ments, clayey (silicified) volcanic ash clasts, nor
quartz or feldspar grains with resorption embay-
ments produced by rapid cooling, as described
by Schneider (1993), Dutta & Wheat (1990) and
Z i m m e r m a n n & Bahlburg (2003). The data
would indicate a recycled orogen source in
Dickinson diagrams (QtFL, QmFLt, QpLvLs,
LvLmLs, QmPK).
Implications o f the petrographic data
Derivation from a recycled orogenic source,
composed mainly of metamorphic and sedi-
mentary rocks contrasts with interpretation of
Je~ek (1990), who reported an extremely high
400 U. ZIMMERMANN
plagioclase content suggesting a dissected
volcanic arc source in the Qm-P-K diagram
(after Dickinson 1988). Je~ek & Miller (1986)
and Je~ek (1990) also considered the Puncovis-
cana complex to comprise polycyclic reworked
material on a passive continental margin.
However, compared to typical recent or older
(Ordovician) continental margin deposits
(Table 1), the rocks of the Puncoviscana
complex are enriched strongly in lithoclasts and
plagioclase (feldspar), and the poor sorting and
the mainly subhedral grain shape do not necess-
arily indicate such a deposit. The closest
comparison in terms of mineralogical composi-
tion is to foreland-basin infill (young as well as
older, Table 1). In such settings, quartz domi-
nates over mainly alkali-feldspar and largely
metamorphic and sedimentary lithoclasts,
whereas plagioclase is subordinate (Valloni &
Zuffa 1984; DeCelles & Hertel 1989; Bahlburg
1990; Espejo & L6pez-Gamundf 1994; Zimmer-
mann et al. 2002). However, the amount of
volcanic lithoclasts in foreland-basin deposits
can vary according to the weathering profile and
the proximity of the volcanic arc, and the
foreland basin can be situated peripherally on
the subducted plate, or behind the arc on the
overriding plate (Jordan 1995). The basin
morphology, determined by active tectonism,
can allow funnelling of volcanic debris into the
foreland basin (DeCelles & Hertel 1989; Zuffa
et aL 1980; Cibin et al. 2001). The deposited
labile volcanic lithoclasts can then be weathered
and dissolved to pseudomatrix (e.g. Condie &
Martell 1983; von Eynatten et aL 2003), as inter-
preted here. As the pseudomatrix proportion is
generally very high, the absence of volcanic
lithoclasts cannot be used to exclude a volcanic
source terrane.
The sedimentary rocks of the Puncoviscana
complex were deposited mainly by means of
turbidity currents; rapid burial probably took
place, as only minor reworking occurred. An
important characteristic of the petrography of
the Puncoviscana complex is the relatively
uniform lithotype distribution throughout the
depositional area. Apart from a few conglomer-
ates and carbonates, deposited mainly in the
eastern part of the basin, rocks from the
different basin areas are petrographically nearly
indistinguishable from each other.
Compressive tectonics during Palaeozoic and
Tertiary times shortened the crust by more than
40% (Kley et al. 1997; Kley 1998; Riller &
Oncken 2003). Outcrops in the Western Puna
and those in the east, such as the Cordillera
Oriental, originally would have been more than
500 km apart. From the example of recent
passive continental margins, such a distance
would reach water depths of several thousand
metres, as off the Brazilian coastline. Thus, in
the passive continental margin model of Je~ek
(1990), it could be expected that pelagic sedi-
ments would have been deposited in the
western basin area. They should differ signifi-
cantly in composition and grain size from those
deposited at the eastern margin of the basin,
which so far has not been shown to be the case.
Recent isotope studies by Lucassen et al. (2000;
2002) suggest that the Arequipa terrane is
Gondwana-related and, thus, may have func-
tioned as the western basin boundary, as
presumed by Keppie & Bahlburg (1999) and
Acefiolaza & Acefiolaza (2002).
Major element geochemistry
Geochemistry of sedimentary rocks is a
valuable tool for provenance studies of matrix-
rich sandstones as long as the bulk composition
is not affected strongly by diagenesis, metamor-
phism and/or other alteration processes
(McLennan et al. 1993). Abundances and ratios
of major elements thus need to be checked for
mobility, especially following diagenesis or low-
grade metamorphism (e.g. McLennan et al.
1990; McLennan 2001). Von Eynatten et al.
(2003) showed that major element geochemistry
is less effective for provenance purposes than
trace element geochemistry. However, major
element geochemistry can give important infor-
mation about the weathering profile of rocks
(e.g. Boles & Franks 1979; Nesbitt & Young
1984; Nesbitt et al. 1996; Bahlburg 1998;
Zimmermann & Bahlburg 2003). An insight
into the degree of weathering can be obtained
from the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA =
molar [A1203/A1203 + CaO* + Na20 +K20] •
100 where CaO* is CaO in silicates only; Nesbitt
& Young 1982). The resultant CIA value is a
measure of the proportion of A1203 versus the
mobile oxides in the analysed samples, typically
representing the alteration of feldspars and
volcanic glass to clay minerals. Overall, CIA
values for the Puncoviscana complex scatter
between 56 and 77 independently of grain size
(Table 4 and see below), but some are elevated
(VOL, SIJ-P, SIJ-G, SEC), whereas others are
moderate (TOR, MOL, CON). Calcite as a
secondary phase is rare, but when present it
lowers the CIA significantly (e.g. CEB, Table 2).
Excluding disturbed samples and those with
high silica concentrations (which mask the alter-
ation, e.g. Nesbitt & Young 1982), 90% of the
samples have a mean of 65 (s.d. = 4) for the CIA.
Nesbitt et al. (1996) show that in situ alteration
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX
Fig. 3. A-CN-K diagram combined with CIA (after
Fedo et aL 1995) showing the weathering trend of the
Puncoviscana complex. Note the relatively
homogeneous trend towards illite. The solid arrow is
an idealized weathering trend for upper continental
crust. Average shale after Taylor & McLennan
(1985). kao, kaolinite; ill, illite; ksp, alkali-feldspar;
plag, plagioclase; CIA after Nesbitt & Young (1982).
of feldspar could produce a quartz-rich compo-
sition, causing difficulties in the interpretation
of the CIA. This could explain the signature of
the SIJ-G and SIJ-P samples (CIA 76-77 and
59-70, respectively). Also, a few samples (LA
P1, CHO 2-4 and 2-5, SIJ-P 4-7, all samples
from SIJ-G, and NP NP272) exhibit low concen-
trations of K20 and CaO, which may reflect
albitization (e.g. Milliken 1988).
Weathering trends are examined in the trian-
gular diagram of Figure 3. The Puncoviscana
complex data are scattered slightly, but deviate
clearly from the ideal weathering trend for
upper continental crust towards illite composi-
tion. This could be a result of metasomatic
increase of potassium during diagenesis, caused
either by the conversion of aluminous clay
minerals to illite or by transformation of plagio-
clase to K-feldspar (Fedo et al. 1995). Different
angles of deviation from the ideal trend parallel
to the A - C N line may indicate mixing of
different sources variously affected by weather-
ing, or secondary gain or loss, especially of Na
and K (and potentially Ca) in the silicate
fraction, e.g. during albitization (McLennan et
al. 1993). Thus, the major element data
presented show that the Puncoviscana rocks
were affected by weathering to a significant
401
degree. On the other hand, CIA values in the
Ordovician foreland basin of the Puna are
generally higher, averaging 71 (Bahlburg 1998).
In diagrams using major element concen-
tration (Bhatia 1983; Roser & Korsch 1986;
1988), the Puncoviscana complex samples plot
in different tectonic settings, even including
samples from the same outcrop. This can be
explained by the mobility of K and Na during
the weathering of feldspar, as shown above.
Provenance discrimination using major
elements is, therefore, unsuccessful. Bahlburg
(1998) and Zimmermann & Bahlburg (2003)
reached the same conclusion for overlying
Ordovician rocks of the same region, and
excluded major element geochemistry for
provenance analysis because of their mobility
during weathering.
Trace e l e m e n t g e o c h e m i s t r y
The high field strength trace elements (HFSE) -
Th, Sc, Zr and rare earth elements (REE) - are
useful for provenance analysis as they are insol-
uble and normally immobile under surface
conditions. Moreover, due to their typical behav-
iour during fractional crystallization, weathering
and recycling, they preserve characteristics of
the source rocks in the sedimentary record
(Taylor & McLennan 1985; Bhatia & Crook
1986; McLennan 1989; McLennan et al. 1993;
Roser et al. 1996). The overall composition of the
Puncoviscana complex samples, using immobile
element ratios like Zr/Ti and Nb/Y, points to a
uniform rhyodacitic source (after Winchester &
Floyd 1977; Table 2). General characteristics of
the deposits of the Puncoviscana Basin are those
of upper continental crust (UCC, McLennan et
al. 1990). Compared to UCC they are enriched in
Cs and depleted in Sr and Ni. LILE (Large-ion
lithophile elements) are scattered, due to their
more sensitive reaction to alteration and
weathering, but are generally slightly enriched,
as expected in upper crustal rocks (Floyd &
Leveridge 1987; McLennan et aL 1990). The
HFSE mostly show typical UCC patterns: deple-
tion in Sc, a compatible element, and enrichment
in LREE (light rare earth elements) and Th. Ta
and Nb also occur in typical UCC concentra-
tions. Silica-enriched samples (e.g. SIJ-G, VOL)
show dilution effects, lowering their trace
element concentrations. The behaviour of Zr
and Hf in the Puncoviscana complex displays a
broad scatter, but only in few samples are both
elements enriched relative to UCC (Table 2).
Mafic source terranes would have high ferro-
magnesian mineral abundances, resulting in high
Cr/V ratios (> 8) and low Y/Ni (< 0.5). Cr/V
402 U. ZIMMERMANN
Fig. 4. Th/Sc vs Zr/Sc diagram after McLennan et al.
(1990). Data for the Puncoviscana complex show
some spread of Zr/Sc ratios even within each outcrop
area, but the individual values are mainly lower than
30. Th/Sc ratios are very constant and point to a UCC
composition. The symbols indicate the mean of each
sampled outcrop.
Fig. 5. Zr/Sc ratios versus grain size. The symbols
mark the mean of each grain-size class, the thin line
represents the standard deviation, and the crosses
mark samples with higher Zr/Sc ratios. The light grey
arrow shows the trend of elevated Zr/Sc resulting
from concentration of zircon by reworking, after
McLennan et al. (1990). The grain sizes are marked
in phi; n -- number of samples per grain-size category.
For comparison, two deposits of reworked
sedimentary rocks are plotted: 1, Rio Taique
(Tremadoc, data from Est61au & Zimmermann
2002); and 2, Mes6n Group (Middle Cambrian,
unpublished data and from Bock et aL 2000). Note
that Zr/Sc is not correlated positively with grain size
and reflects mainly UCC composition. All samples
are poorly sorted and comprise a range of grain sizes;
the values used (Table 4) are estimated to be the
most representative for each sample.
ratios indicate enrichment of Cr over other ferro-
magnesian trace elements, where Y/Ni tests the
abundance of ferromagnesian minerals
( M c L e n n a n et al. 1993). The Puncoviscana
complex shows low Cr/V ratios and elevated Y/Ni
abundances (Tables 2, 4). Sc is a good tracer of
mafic source components, particularly when
compared with Th, which is incompatible and,
thus, strongly enriched in felsic, upper crustal
rocks. Both elements are generally immobile
under surface conditions, therefore preserving
the characteristics of their source. Thus, the
Th/Sc ratio is considered a robust provenance
indicator (Taylor & McLennan 1985; McLennan
et al. 1990); its value in average upper continen-
tal crust is 0.79 (McLennan 2001). All samples of
the Puncoviscana Basin show an upper crustal
composition with Th/Sc ratios between 0.75 and
2. The Zr/Sc ratio is used commonly as a
measure of the degree of sediment recycling
leading to the enrichment of the ultra stable
mineral zircon in the deposits (e.g. McLennan et
al. 1990; 1993). Zr/Sc ratios in the Puncoviscana
samples range between 7 and 70 (Fig. 4), but
87% of the samples have values below 30. In
some outcrops, silica-rich samples show slightly
elevated Zr/Sc ratios (e.g. V O L VR37, C H O
02-4 and 02-5, LA P1; Table 4). However, the
medium- to coarse-sand SIJ-G psammites, with
silica concentrations over 80%, have values of
only 19.4-33.8. Zr/Sc ratios appear to be rela-
tively unaffected by grain-size distribution,
showing no systematic trend (Fig. 5).
R a r e e a r t h elements" ( R E E )
The R E E are well-established provenance indi-
cators (McLennan 1989; 2001; McLennan et al.
1990; 1993), although some mobility may occur
during weathering and diagenesis (Milodowski
& Zalasiewicz 1991; Zhao et al. 1992; Bock et al.
1994; McDaniel et aL 1994; Utzmann et al. 2002).
The R E E abundances and patterns of nearly
all samples from the Puncoviscana complex are
homogeneous, independent of grain size (Table
4 and Figs 6a-e), and comparable to those of
P A A S (post-Archaean Australian average
shale, Nance & Taylor 1976; Fig. 6a). In general,
the rocks exhibit slightly elevated R E E concen-
trations (both L R E E and H R E E ) . Expressed as
E R E E (mean = 186; Table 2), this is higher than
U C C (148; McLennan 1989). The only excep-
tions are the rocks from Rio Taique (ZREE =
106, s.d. = 12). Nearly all samples show a
pronounced negative Eu-anomaly, a relatively
steep pattern with LaN-YbN mostly > 4.4 and
flat H R E E (heavy rare earth element) patterns
typical for upper crustal rocks (Fig. 6; McLennan
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX
et al. 1990). Some samples are diluted in R E E
due to their high silica content (e.g. sample
COR 02-30, with SiO 2 = 77.73 and ZREE = 136;
for comparison sample 02-28, from the same
outcrop, has SiO2 = 59.86 and ZREE = 207
(Table 4, Fig. 6c). Divergence from the overall
R E E characteristics are observable in the
outcrops of L A (Fig. 6e) and RT (Fig. 6b;
discussed later), as well as in one sample from
CEB (Fig. 6d). Eu anomalies are calculated as
Eu/Eu* = Euy/((Smy).(GdN)) 1/2, where the
subscript N denotes the chondrite-normalized
value and Eu* represents the Eu value expected
for a smooth chondrite-normalized R E E
pattern. Eu/Eu* values are good indicators of
source-rock composition, as high values reflect
plagioclase enrichment in the source rocks
(McLennan 1989). The Eu/Eu* values are rela-
tively constant throughout the Puncoviscana
Basin, with average values of individual
outcrops between 0.5 and 0.78 (Tables 2 & 4),
and 80% of the samples display values below
0.6; only three samples exhibit values higher
than 0.7 (Table 4). Ce/Ce* anomalies (calcu-
lated as Cey/((LaN) 2/3- (NdN)I/3)) are relatively
constant, with values, mostly around 1 or
negative (Tables 2, 4). On the other hand, RT,
RAN, SUN and CON in the northern, western
and central area of the basin (Fig. 1) comprise
samples with strong positive Ce anomalies of
1.2-1.8 (Table 4; Figs 6b, d). High Ce/Ce* ratios
coincide normally with moderate depletion in
LREE, indicated by lower LaN/Sm N ratios and
low ZREE (McDaniel et aL 1994); this signature
is seen in the RT samples 02-94 and 02-95,
which have Ce/Ce* of 1.21-1.64, LaN/Smy ratios
of 2.07-2.53, and very low ZREE of 69-87.
I m p l i c a t i o n s o f the trace a n d rare earth
element geochemistry
Comparison of the studied units with the
average composition of UCC (McLennan 2001)
shows that the detrital material is enriched in
incompatible and partly depleted in compatible
elements. The Puncoviscana complex shows the
influence of different source rocks, but
predominantly of UCC composition, which is
recorded in the entire basin.
Compared to the nearly uniform PAAS-like
R E E patterns with high LaN/YbN values, low
values are recorded from samples of RT and
SUN, which will be discussed below. The LA
samples show a great deal of variability, due to
widely ranging L R E E concentrations, whereas
the H R E E are fairly constant (Fig. 6e). This
outcrop is deformed strongly and penetrated by
403
mafic dykes, which could have caused mobility
of L R E E as a result of intensive fluid flow. One
sample of CEB (02-264) exhibits a SiO2 content
of 62.5%, with YREE of 416 (Table 4), but
displays the same shaped pattern as other
samples from the same outcrop (Fig. 6d). This
could be related to an addition of metamorphic
heavy mineral phases, as the rocks in the
sampling area are partly metamorphosed by
contact with a Palaeozoic pluton (H6ckenreiner
1998).
The low EuN/Eu* ratios are typical for older
continental crust rocks (McLennan et al. 1993;
Tables 2, 4). Only some samples with a high
plagioclase content, have slightly elevated
Eu/Eu* values (e.g. 0.87 for LA P8). Volcanic
arc terranes show significantly higher Eu/Eu*
values (0.9-1.2 or higher), which reflect the
enrichment of plagioclase in those rocks.
The strongly pronounced positive anomalies
in the northern central part of the basin can be
explained by intense surface weathering caused
in a strong oxidizing environment, where most
L R E E are removed preferentially (McDaniel et
al. 1994). Ce, when oxidized to Ce 4+, is removed
less readily from the system as it is then incor-
porated more readily into insoluble hydroxides
and oxides (e.g. Banfield & Eggleton 1989). This
could imply a very shallow-water or a subaerial
environment. Several authors have suggested a
deepening of the basin towards the west away
from the proposed passive margin and the
detrital source, based on palaeocurrents and
sedimentology (Je~ek et al. 1985; Je~ek 1990),
geochemistry (Willner & Miller 1986; Willner et
al. 1990) and trace fossil ichnofacies distribution
(Acefiolaza 1982; Durand & Acefiolaza 1990;
Aceolaza & Acefiolaza 2002). This should imply
mainly deep-marine sediments and anoxic
conditions, which are not observed. The positive
Ce/Ce* in samples of outcrops in the north, west
and central part of the proposed Puncoviscana
Basin thus point to a heterogeneous basin
morphology.
Th-Sc and Zr-Sc ratios are slightly variable
and point to UCC composition; no sample
shows ratios consistent with a volcanic arc
source terrane (Tables 3 & 4). Furthermore,
the Zr/Sc ratios are relatively low in comparison
with typical passive margin deposits. In Figure
5 the data for the Puncoviscana complex are
compared with the UCC, typical values from
different modern rifted or passive margin
successions (McLennan et al. 1990), and over-
lying reworked quartz and silica-rich rocks of
the Cambrian Mes6n Group (mean Zr/Sc 130;
from Bock et al. (2000, and unpublished data),
and the Tolar Chico Formation (Lower
404 U. Z I M M E R M A N N
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX 405

Tremadoc) in northwestern Argentina (mean .._.. 20--

Zr/Sc 80; Zimmermann & Bahlburg 2003), both o~ 15-- ......... , ......... , ........ ......... t ..........
interpreted as passive margin deposits. 10--
Reworking processes on basin margins result-
ing in well-sorted quartz arenites are strongly 1.0--
dependent on the climate and morphology (e.g. 0.8--
Suttner et al. 1981), but can sometimes be O~ 0.6-- ......... , ........ + ........ ......... { .........
identified in clastic sedimentary rocks. The I.= 0.4--
associated stronger weathering profile should
9o_
be recognizable in strongly elevated Th/U, o~ 80 m
v
Rb/Sr and lower K/Rb values than U C C
(McLennan et al. 1993). As shown, CIA varies
o" ,0_ ................. , ........ + ......... f ..........
03 60--
only from moderate to high in the entire basin, ,..-.,.

without being dependent on grain size or basin

position. The Th/U ratio correlates almost
E

c- ] 0 - -
,
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
perfectly with the CIA (Tables 2, 4). Exceptions I- 6--
are the medium- to coarse-sand psammites from
Sij~n and two samples from LA, which show E
(3,.
disturbances probably related to their high silica
contents (Nesbitt & Young 1982). Rb/Sr ratios -1-
are evolved (>0.5; cf. UCC, McLennan et al.
1993; Tables 2, 4), since Rb § is retained more
readily on exchange sites of clays than the
,•ID...
320---
25(]--
smaller Sr 2+ ion; K/Rb ratios are relatively low, "---" 1 9 0 - -
lower than 250 ppm ( U C C after M c L e n n a n I'~ 130--
2001). Alteration took place but is moderate I I I I I
and constant throughout the entire basin. 0-1 2 3 5 8
Polycyclic reworking will concentrate heavy n=8 n=lO n=8 n=37 n=56
minerals like zircon, monazite, rutile and grain sizes (phi)
allanite, even small amounts of which can
control R E E patterns (McLennan 1989). The Fig. 7. Element distribution vs grain sizes (in phi).
enrichment of zircon in a sedimentary rock, for The symbols mark the mean of each element per
example, will cause higher R E E concentrations grain-size class, the thin lines standard deviations
and especially enriched H R E E , leading to lower (see Tables 2, 4). Note that there is a slight trend
GdN/YbN ratios. From 119 samples only a few from clayey to very-fine sand samples correlating
with an increase in element concentration. However,
samples show low GdN/YbN values (< 1.2; Table the values are only slightly enriched compared to
4) associated with higher absolute Zr concen- UCC composition (after McLennan 2001).
trations. However, M c L e n n a n (1989) argues Interestingly, medium- to coarse-grained rocks show
that the addition of 0.1% of zircon in sandstones no pronounced reworking, except for SiO2
would raise the Zr concentration to 600 ppm concentrations. All samples are poorly sorted and
and lower the GdN/YbN by c. 10%; none of the comprise a range of grain sizes; the values used
Puncoviscana samples exhibits such high Zr (Table 4) are estimated to be the most representative
concentrations and the higher values are not for each sample.
related to grain size (Fig. 7). Thus, the low
GdN/YbN ratios cannot be explained by zircon around the U C C composition (Taylor &
addition alone. Zircon addition should also be M c L e n n a n 1985; not shown here, but see
reflected in higher Hf concentrations relative to Table 4). Similarly, monazite addition of about
Th and Co (Basu et al. 1990). This can be 0.005% in coarse-grained material and 0.02%
observed only in three samples (TOR 72, CHO in shales will lift the GdN/YbN ratios to >2.0.
02-4 and 02-5). The other 116 samples scatter This is only the case in three samples of the

Fig. 6. REE element patterns normalized to chondrites (Taylor & McLennan 1985) for each outcrop of the
Puncoviscana complex. (a) Plot of the averages of each outcrop. They show similar patterns to UCC and
PAAS. RT (Rfo Taique) exhibits depleted REE concentrations and CEB (La Cdbila) enriched, but they have
the same shape as PAAS (post-Archaean Australian average shale; Taylor & McLennan 1985). MOL
(Molinos) is depleted in LREE, and NP (Los Corrales) is strongly enriched in LREE only. (b) REE patterns
for outcrops in the Puna. (e) REE patterns for Cordillera Oriental. (d) REE patterns for Ambato. (e) REE
patterns for Famatina. The grey areas show the envelope of REE patterns for each outcrop.
406 U. ZIMMERMANN
Fig. 8. Provenance discrimination diagram using
ratios of Th, Sc and Zr/10 after Bhatia & Crook
(1986) and Bahlburg (1998). A, oceanic island arc; B,
continental island arc; C, active continental margin;
D, rifted margin; TE, trailing edge; CA, continental
arc. The shadowed area shows a revision of the field
boundaries based on data from modern clastic rocks
(Bahlburg 1998).
medium- to coarse-sand psammites from Sij~n
with slightly evolved LaN/YbN values (Table 4).
Allanite addition will result in extremely high
LaN/YbN ratios; addition of only 0.02% of this
mineral would produce remarkable LaN/YbN
values of > 15, which are not observed. Addition
of mixtures of these three heavy minerals could
mask the effect on R E E concentrations, but
would result in higher Zr, Th and Hf concen-
trations.
In Figure 7, grain sizes in phi (= -log 2 of the
grain diameter, Wentworth 1922) are plotted
versus trace and major elements. Silica contents
rise with the coarseness of the material, but only
the rocks with phi values between 1 and 0 show
this trend clearly. As expected, a higher silica
concentration dilutes the rocks in elements not
concentrated in stable minerals (the example
here is A1203; Korsch et al. 1993). On the other
hand, elements that are concentrated in stable
heavy minerals can be enriched during rework-
ing, e.g. TiO2 (rutile), and Zr and Hf (both in
zircon). A slight trend, or reworking, from clay
to very fine sand is observable, but element
abundances do not exceed those of UCC by
more than 15%.
Trace element ratios such as La/Th, La/Sc,
Zr/Sc and Th/Sc have been used successfully to
discriminate tectonic settings (Taylor &
M c L e n n a n 1985; Bhatia & C r o o k 1986;
McLennan et al. 1990; 1993; Zimmermann &
Bahlburg 2003). However, such an approach has
to be used with caution because it has been
shown that specific tectonic settings do not
necessarily produce sedimentary rocks with
unique geochemical signatures (McLennan et al.
1990; Bahlburg 1998). Th-Sc-Zr/10 character-
istics of the Puncoviscana complex (Fig. 8)
scatter from the continental arc to rifted margin
fields defined by Bhatia & Crook (1986).
However, the average values for each outcrop
point to a provenance of a rifted margin and/or
active continental margin rather than to a conti-
nental arc source. In a diagram of La/Th ratios
against Hf (Fig. 9), most of the samples plot with
uniform La/Th ratios, close to a UCC composi-
tion. Only samples from SIJ-G, SIJ-P and LA
show lower Hf values, probably mainly caused
by high SiO2 concentrations (Table 4). The
generally upper crustal Hf concentrations
(Table 2) are not consistent with a strong influ-
ence from old crustal material (Fig. 9).
Certain trace e l e m e n t ratios and element
concentration can be used to detect the compo-
sitional influence of a volcanic arc source
terrane in the source (Floyd & Leveridge 1987;
H o f m a n n 1988; 1997; McLennan et al. 1990;
1993; Bock et al. 2000; Z i m m e r m a n n &
Bahlburg 2003). As mentioned above, volcanic
debris was deposited in the Puncoviscana
complex, but it has to be determined if these
volcanic and associated plutonic components
were derived from a volcanic arc source. In
Table 3, mean Th/Sc and Eu/Eu* ratios and Ta,
Nb and Ti concentrations are normalized to
typical UCC (Nc) and to values for a volcanic
arc signature (NA) (after McLennan et al. 1990;
1993). Th/Sc values (0.8-2.0; Tables 3 & 4) are
atypical for continental volcanic arc terranes, as
they are far too elevated. The Puncoviscana
complex shows a trend opposite to that
expected in volcanic arc settings (McLennan et
al. 1993). Arc terranes generally show no Eu-
anomalies 1 (Eu/Ea* ~ 1; McLennan et al.
1993), whereas in the Puncoviscana complex
Eu/Eu* values are clearly <1 and typical of
UCC. However, dissected arc terranes and
depositional areas in certain distances from the
continental arc can comprise a wider range of
Eu/Ea values (0.64-0.94; McLennan et al. 1990),
which are rarely represented (Table 4). Strong
negative Ta, Nb and Ti anomalies are often used
for deciphering a continental arc source or
c o m p o n e n t (e.g. Floyd & Leveridge 1987;
Hofmann 1988; 1997). For all three elements,
the samples show concentrations above U C C
values. The samples from VOL, TOR and SIJ-
P/G are relatively depleted in Ta, Nb and Ti, but
this is caused by dilution by high SiO2 not
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX
Fig. 9. La/Th versus Hf diagram after Floyd &
Leveridge (1987). Fields indicate the composition for
sedimentary rocks related to different tectonic
settings. Most samples point to an upper continental
crust composition. The rocks from SIJ-P show low Hf
concentrations and the metagreywackes from the
same area point to an acidic arc source. Note the
relatively uniform La/Th ratios.
because of a continental arc provenance. The
sample CEB 02~264, with low silica concen-
tration (62%) and low TiO2 abundance (0.3),
seems to have been affected by a post-deposi-
tional event, such as the emplacement of a
pluton (H6ckenreiner 1998), as its whole
geochemistry is apparently disturbed (Table 4;
Fig. 6d).
Overall, trace element compositions show
that no continental arc component or mafic
component contributed to the detrital material
of the Puncoviscana complex. Nevertheless, the
provenance diagrams using Th-Zr110-Sc ratios
should be considered cautiously. Most of the
samples show affinities to the modified fields for
rifted margin rocks presented by Bahlburg
(1998) based on modern turbidites (Fig. 8).
However, passive margins and foreland-basin
deposits cannot be distinguished using prove-
nance diagrams such as Figures 8 and 9.
Discussion and interpretation
The Puncoviscana complex is a key element in
understanding the evolution of the western
margin of Gondwana from the Late Neopro-
terozoic until the Early Cambrian. However,
407
interpretation of this large basin is complicated
by isolated outcrops, polyphase deformation,
metamorphism and massive intrusive activity
during Early-Mid-Cambrian and Early Palaeo-
zoic times. Former provenance interpretations
of the whole Puncoviscana complex were based
mainly on petrography and major element
geochemistry. Von Eynatten et al. (2003) have
shown that the most reliable tool for such an
approach is trace element geochemistry, follow-
ing the approach of McLennan et al. (1993), who
proposed similar techniques to decipher the
origin and composition of source terranes for
sedimentary rocks. These techniques cannot, at
this early stage, overcome the problem of
incomplete lithostratigraphy, but can offer
substantial data for the understanding of the
basin.
Previously, petrography and major element
geochemistry led to the interpretation that the
Puncoviscana complex represents polycyclic
passive continental margin deposits, with the
main sediment supply from the east into a
c. N-S elongated basin (e.g. Acefiolaza et al.
1988; Je~ek 1990; Willner et al. 1990). Deepen-
ing to the west was suggested on the basis of
sedimentological data, including trace fossil
assemblages (Acefiolaza & Acefiolaza 2002).
However, recent approaches to the problem of
Upper Vendian life forms have reinterpreted
models of ichnofacies substantially, pointing to
a more complicated model, but affirming a
depositional age of uppermost Vendian to
Lower Cambrian (Buatois & Mfingano 2003).
The new petrographic analysis presented
here shows that there are no significant petro-
graphic changes from west to east in the Punco-
viscana Basin. Grain sizes, matrix compositions
and proportions, as well as framework mineral
abundances, crystal forms and the general
poorly sorted character of the rocks are rela-
tively constant throughout the entire basin. A
detailed study shows that mobility (especially
of alkali elements) makes provenance interpre-
tations based on major elements unsuccessful.
The most reliable interpretations of tectonic
setting for clastic sedimentary rocks are based
on trace element and/or isotope geochemistry
(e.g. McLennan et al. 1990; yon Eynatten et al.
2003). Combining petrography with new
geochemical data, the hypothesis of a passive
continental margin for the Puncoviscana
complex is seen as unlikely. A foreland-basin
setting explains the results more successfully
and fits with proposed tectonic models. There
is no indication of a dominant process of recy-
cling, recorded in the geochemistry of several
passive margin deposits, modern as well as
408 U. ZIMMERMANN

Fig. 10. (a) Depositional model for the Puncoviscana complex as a peripheral foreland basin. Material from
the east was probably mixed with exhumed basement detritus of UCC composition. These 'arches' could
represent heterogeneities in the basin morphology and explain the variations in Ce-anomalies. A further
source to the west is proposed (after Ricci Lucchi 1984). (b) The proposed tectonic setting of the Puncoviscana
complex is a peripheral foreland basin on the hypothetical composite Pampia-Arequipa block. The deposits in
the peripheral foreland basin could have been folded and, in part, cannibalistically recycled within the same
depositional area. The petrographical and geochemical dataset presented here supports the model of Keppie
& Bahlburg (1999) and Kraemer et al. (1995). Sketch modified after Keppie & Bahlburg (1999).

ancient (e.g. M c L e n n a n et al. 1990, 1993;
Esteban & Z i m m e r m a n n 2002; Z i m m e r m a n n &
Bahlburg 2003). R E E and trace element ratios
do not point to a significant accumulation of
heavy minerals. Furthermore, strong reworking
or recycling would produce clear evidence of
weathering, which is not the case. Minimal
recycling, together with the relatively moderate
and constant weathering profile, would favour
the hypothesis that alteration processes
affected the sediments mainly during or after
deposition.
Volcanic debris was found in the rocks in the
form of sanidine, and volcanic pebbles and
lithoclasts were observed in conglomeratic
deposits of Quebrada de Suncho (Durand 1990;
van Staden & Z i m m e r m a n n 2004). Most
volcanic components probably were decom-
posed to form pseudomatrix. Geochemical tests
for continental volcanic arc influence, using
element ratios such as Th/Sc and Eu/Eu* and
concentrations of Ta, Nb and Ti (e.g. Floyd &
Leveridge 1987; H o f m a n n 1988; 1997;
McLennan et al. 1990; 1993), failed to decipher
such a component in the rocks presented here.
Only isotope analysis can finally exclude or
trace a volcanic arc component (McLennan et
al. 1993), but existing preliminary data exclude
such a source (Bock et al. 2000). Furthermore,
the geochemical data show that certain areas
were exposed to an environment with a high
oxidation potential where strong positive
Ce/Ce* anomalies occur. In all cases, except
samples from Quebrada Randolfo (Puna) and
Concepci6n (Ambato), this signature correlates
with depletion of L R E E , which can be removed
more easily under highly oxidizing conditions
(Banfield & Eggleton 1989; McDaniel et al.
 THE PUNCOVISCANA COMPLEX
1994). This suggests a heterogeneous basin
morphology unlikely for a classic passive conti-
nental margin, as oxidizing conditions are
recorded in outcrops in the central and western
parts of the basin but are found near the eastern
boundary as well.
The Puncoviscana foreland basin could have
been related to the Pampean Orogeny (Rapela
et al. 1998): it was situated on the Pampia block,
at that time probably one entity with the
Arequipa block (Figs, 2a, 10). The dominant
source for the basin came from the east accord-
ing to palaeocurrents (Je~ek 1990) and was
composed mainly of sedimentary rocks,
exhumed metamorphic material and subordi-
nate volcanic debris, funnelled through the
foredeep and propagating fold-thrust belt into
the peripheral foreland basin (e.g. Valloni 1984;
Schwab 1986; Dutta & Wheat 1990; Fig. I0a).
Sources to the east of the proposed Puncoviscana
Basin (Fig. 2a), such as the eastern Sierras
Pampeanas, including the Sierras de C6rdoba
and the Sierra de San Luis, could have provided
the necessary detrital material to supply the
basin infill. Felsic volcanic rocks are reported
from the La Lidia Formation in the Sierra Norte
de C6rdoba and dated by conventional U-Pb on
zircons at 584_+ 22 Ma (Llambias etaL 2003)and
might be a candidate for the volcanic input.
However, volcanic debris is not recorded gener-
ally in ancient p e r i p h e r ~ foreland basins
(Lawton I986; Wuellner et al. 1986). It is some-
times seen in the early phases of continent-conti-
nent collision, e.g. the Ouachita orogenic belt
(Houseknecht i986). However, detrital supply
into foreland basins can change during their
evolution, depending on the regional tectonic
processes (Zuffa et al. 1980; Cibin et al. 200i)~
Basin morphology in peripheral: foreland basins
is controlled by on-going tectonism~ which can
deform and break the basin along thrusts and
uplift material ~ (e.g. Homewood et a L 1986;
Houseknecht 1986). D ~ i n g the propagation of
fold-thrust belts in foreland basins, small local
arches can be developed (Tankard 1986):. These
can exhume deeper crustal levels or previously
deposited sediments for cannibalistic supply
(Ricci Lucchi I 9 8 4 ) w i t h o u t long distance
material transport. This type of process can
explain best the petrographical and geochemical
characteristics of the Puncoviscana complex
(Fig. 10a), Bock et al. (2000)and Zimmermann
& Bahlburg (2003) demonstrated, using
geochemistry and N d - P b isotope systematics,
that the Neoproterozoic to Permian supracrustal
rocks in northwest Argentina are composed
mainly of older regional recycled crustal
material of similar composition.
409
A peripheral foreland-basin model makes a
second main detrital source in the west probable
(Kraemer et al. 1995; Figs 10a, b). Lucassen et
al. (2000; 2002)used Pb isotopes to show that
the basement material of the Arequipa block, a
probable western source, and the Pampia block
are difficult to distinguish. The relatively homo-
geneous distribution of geochemical and petro-
graphic characteristics of the Puncoviscana
complex makes, such interpretation possible.
After the cessation of sedimentation and
deformation of the Puncoviscana complex, an
intra-cratonic basin containing strongly
reworked quartz-rich arenites of the Mes6n
Group transgressed from the north (e.g. Kumpa
& S~inchez 1988). During the Late Cambrian an
east dipping subduction zone was initiated at
the western border of the Pampia terrane (e.g.
Rapela et al. 1998), probably caused by a
flipping of the subduction zone from east
further to the west with the same dip direction.
During the Ordovician the Puncoviscana
complex was partly an erosional area. The rocks
were recycled into quartz-rich arenites of the
Tremadocian Tolar Chico and Rio Taique
Formation, as both carry debris of the Punco-
viscana complex (Est6ban & Z i m m e r m a n n
2002; Zimmermann & Bahlburg 2003)~ and into
the subsequently developed Arenigian and
Llanvirnian retro-arc and foreland basins
(Bahlburg 1990; 1998; Zimmermann et al. 2002;
Zimmermann & Bahlburg 2003).
Conclusions
1. Petrographic analyses show that the rocks
of the Puncoviscana complex are sorted
poorly, the principal components mainly
sub-angular and that they exhibit a high
amount of matrix (8-35%), very probably
produced during the dissolution of labile
lithoclasts. Quantitative petrographic
studies point to a composition comparable
to a recycled orogenic succession domi-
nated by quartz and metamorphic, as well
as sedimentary, lithoclasts. Sparse volcanic
input can be recorded in the form of
sanidine and probable volcanic lithoclasts,
which contributed through decomposition
to the high matrix content. The composi-
tion of the rocks (Qt 60--80 F !5-35 L 5-20;
P/F 0.2-0.4; Lv/L 0)is more compatible with
foreland-basin deposits than a passive
continental margin succession.
2. Major element geochemistry shows a
moderate to strong alteration (CIA
between 56 and 77), independent of grain
size. Provenance determination using
410
major element chemistry failed, because of
the mobility of the major elements like K,
Na and Ca. The effect of weathering is also
represented in elevated Rb/Sr and Th/U
ratios.
3. More than 90% of the samples show typical
U C C composition using trace element
geochemistry with robust element ratios
such as Ti/Zr and NbfY (showing a rhyo-
dacitic composition), LaN/YbN (> 4.4),
Th/Sc (> 0.8), Zr/Sc (> 10) and R E E
patterns (mainly similar to PAAS). More
than 80% of the samples show EUN/EU*
values between 0.45 and 0.6.
4. Polycyclic reworking can be excluded on
the basis of the petrographic results, as well
as trace element geochemistry using R E E ,
Zr/Sc, GdN/YbN, LaN/YbN, Zr, Hf and Ti.
H e a v y mineral addition of zircon,
monazite, allanite or Ti-oxide phases that
would point to recycling is not recorded.
5. In the west and in the centre of the basin,
high positive Ce/Ce* anomalies between
1.2 and 1.7 indicate a strongly oxidizing
near-surface environment. The values
coincide with a loss of L R E E and conse-
quently low EREE. This excludes a simple,
westerly deepening, basin morphology.
6. Trace element ratios and concentrations of
Th/Sc, Eu/Eu*, Nb, Ta and Ti exclude a
volcanic arc or mafic source for the detritus.
The small a m o u n t of observed volcanic
debris could have come from a magmatic
source other than a volcanic arc.
7. The Puncoviscana Basin developed on the
subducting Pampia block in a peripheral
foreland-basin position. T h e A r e q u i p a
block most p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t e d the
western b o r d e r of the basin. Ongoing
tectonic activity could have fragmented the
peripheral foreland basin and produced
palaeohighs. The exhumed metamorphic
and sedimentary successions were of U C C
composition, cannibalistically reworked
into the same basin, but transported only a
short distance. Volcanic debris was
probably funnelled from the collisional belt
in the east into the foreland basin.
Finally, the data presented here constitute the
first complete sampling of c u r r e n t l y - k n o w n
Puncoviscana complex deposits in northwestern
Argentina. The lack of a complete lithostratig-
r a p h y is the most problematical aspect for
u n d e r s t a n d i n g the p a l a e o g e o g r a p h i c a l and
tectonic evolution of Western G o n d w a n a during
the Neoproterozoic and E a r l y Cambrian.
However, these data mark a starting point from
U. ZIMMERMANN
which to compare other outcrop areas of the
Puncoviscana complex, equivalent regions and
probable source terranes by means of petro-
graphical and geochemical data. A further
understanding of the problem will be possible if
age d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of detrital minerals are
obtainable on a large scale.
This study benefited from the logistic help of Rudolfo
Lucero (Instituto Superior San Martin at San
Fernando del Valle de Catamarca), financial help from
Mario Contreras (Universidad Nacional de Cata-
marca) and funding by the University of Johannes-
burg and the Faculty of Science (U J) through the
SASOL fund (U J). The idea and motivation for this
study grew during stimulating discussions with
Fernando Hongn and Heinrich Bahlburg. The author
would like to thank his wife for company and help in
the field and during the preparation of the sample
material. Thanks go to R. J. Pankhurst who corrected
the English. The contribution was improved by the
reviews of H. von Eynatten and an anonymous
reviewer. This is a contribution to IGCP Projects 436
(Pacific Gondwana Margin) and 478 (Neoprotero-
zoic-Early Palaeozoic Events in SW Gondwana).
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