Introduction: A Brief History of Emotions

It all began when Plato said “All learning has an emotional base” about 2000 years ago. It is not
surprising that most of great classical philosophers had recognizable theories of emotions because
emotions is the most important aspect of our mental life to the quality and meaning of our
existence. The modern theory of emotions has its origins in E. L. Thorndike’s (1920). He divided
the division of intelligence into three parts related to the ability to understand and manage abstract
intelligence (ideas), mechanical intelligence (concrete objects), and social intelligence (people).
Similarly, Moss and Hunt (1927) defined social intelligence as the “ability to get along with
others”. Six years later, Vernon (1933) provided the most wide-ranging definition of social
intelligence as the “ability to get along with people in general, social technique or ease in society,
knowledge of social matters, susceptibility to stimuli from other members of group, as well as
insight into the temporary moods or underlying personality traits of strangers.
Over the past decade there has been an explosion in the number of “multiple intelligences”
discovered. The interest in emotional intelligence began at the same time as an interest in the
multiple intelligences. The term Emotional Intelligence (EI) had not been coined in 1981, but
James Dozier provided vivid example of what it is: “The ability to perceive and express emotion,
assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in the
self and others.’ (Mayer, Salovey & Caruso, 2000.)
Peter Salovey and John Mayer first proposed their theory of emotional intelligence (EI) in 1990.
Over the past decade, theorist have generated several distinctive EI models, including the
elaborations by Salovey and Mayer on their own theory. The theory as formulated by Salovey and
Mayer (1990) framed EI within a model of intelligence. After that Reuven Bar-on (1998) has
placed EI in the context of personality theory, specifically a model of wellbeing. In the same year
Goleman (1998) formulates EI in terms of theory of performance.
All these EI models, however share a common core of basic concepts. Emotional intelligence, at
the most general level, refers to abilities to recognize and regulate emotions in ourselves and in
others.

The scholars
Since the time of Thorndike (1920), a number of different conceptualizations of EI have appeared.
In an effort to help clarify this situation, the Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology recently
suggested that there are currently three major conceptual models: the Salovey-Mayer model, the
Goleman model, and the Bar-On model.
1. Mayer-Salovey ability model
Peter Salovey and John Mayer conceptualised Ability-Based Emotional Intelligence Model
which was based on the work of Gardner and his view on personal intelligence. Their model
entails five broad areas: knowing one‘s own emotions, managing one‘s own emotions, self-
 motivation, recognizing emotions of others, and handling relationships with others.
Salovey and Mayer redefined emotional intelligence and proposed four branches:
Emotional perception, Emotional assimilation, Emotional understanding, and Emotional
management.
a. Emotional perception, is the ability to be self-aware of emotions and to express emotions
and emotional needs accurately to others. It also includes the ability to distinguish
between accurate and inaccurate or honest and tricky emotional expressions.
b. Emotional assimilation, is the ability to distinguish among the different emotions one is
feeling and to identify those that are influencing their thought processes by directing
attention to important information. Just like Emotional mood swings change the
individual‘s thinking pattern from optimistic to pessimistic, encouraging consideration
of multiple points of view. Emotional states distinctively encourage specific problem-
solving approaches such as happiness state facilitates inductive reasoning and creativity.
c. Emotional understanding, is the ability to understand complex emotions and the ability
to identify transitions from one emotion to the other such as the transition from anger to
satisfaction or from anger to shame.
d. Emotion management, is the ability to stay open to both pleasant and unpleasant
feelings, the ability to reflectively connect or detach from an emotion depending upon
it being judged to be informative or utility and regulate emotions in both ourselves and
in others. Mayer et. al explain that the four branches function hierarchically with the
perception of emotions acting as the most basic or bottom branch, and emotional
management as the most complex or top branch.
2. Goleman’s Competency Model
Daniel Goleman popularised the concept of emotional intelligence in 1995, when he wrote
the landmark book “Emotional Intelligence”. He defined emotional intelligence as
"abilities of being able to motivate oneself and survive in the face of frustrations; to control
impulse and delay gratification; to manage one's moods and keep distress from swamping
the ability to think; to empathize and to hope. Goleman's model outlines the four constructs
of emotional intelligence. Self-awareness is the ability to identify one's emotions and
recognize their impact while using gut feelings to guide decisions. Self-management,
involves controlling one's emotions and impulses and thereby adapting to changing
circumstances. Social awareness consists of the ability to sense, understand, and react to
other's emotions while comprehending social networks. Finally, relationship management
entails the ability to inspire, influence, and develop others while managing conflict.
Goleman‘s model includes a set of emotional competencies within each construct of
emotional intelligence, he opined that Emotional competencies are not innate talents, rather
learned capabilities that must be worked on and developed to achieve outstanding
performance.
3. Bar-On’s Mixed Model
 Bar-On introduced the term ‘Emotional Quotient‘ (EQ) in his doctoral dissertation as an
analogue to Intelligent Quotient (IQ). His model of emotional intelligence can be viewed
as a mixed intelligence, also consisting of cognitive ability and aspects of personality,
health and wellbeing. It relates to the potential for performance and success and is
considered process-oriented rather than outcome-oriented. He defined emotional
intelligence as an array of non cognitive capabilities, competencies and skills that influence
one‘s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures. The
definition encompasses a number of areas like emotional self-awareness, assertiveness,
self-regard, self actualization, independence, empathy, interpersonal relationship, social
responsibility, problem solving, reality testing, flexibility, stress tolerance, impulse control,
happiness and optimism. Insufficient emotional intelligence can mean a lack of success
and the existence of emotional problems. Bar-On, considers that emotional intelligence and
cognitive intelligence contribute equally to a person‘s general intelligence, which
eventually indicates potential success in one‘s life.

The Elements
There are several Elements to regulate the basic component of Emotional Intelligence through an
EI Theory of Performance by certain Scholars. As in 1988, one of the Scholar, Goleman, defines
those elements into four parts, Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, and
relationship management. This model is based on EI competencies that have been identified in
internal research at hundred of corporation and organization as differentiate outstanding
performers.

Figure 1. Framework of emotional competencies (Goleman, 2001)

 1. Self Awareness is the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions. This is a
critical part of emotional intelligence.
2. Self-Management, involves using what you know about your emotions to manage them in
such a way as to generate positive interactions with others and motivate yourself in all
situations. This is a way to preventing you from losing control of your own behaviour.
3. Social Awareness, show their ability to read nonverbal cues for negative emotions,
particularly anger and fear, and judge the trustworthiness of other people.
4. Relationship Management or Social Skill, a true emotional understanding involves more
than just understanding your own emotions and the feelings of others - you also need to be
able to put this information to work in your daily interactions and communications.

The Impact to performance

The study was able to establish that there is a significant relationship between employees’
emotional intelligence, organizational commitment, and their performance. To have a good
understanding of their emotion, they find it easy to express themselves, they can tell their
colleagues how they are feeling at work, and they do not allow their emotions to control them
when making decision at work. In a manager-employee relationship, the application of managers’
emotional intelligence will play an integral part to increase employees’ performance through an
organized self-managed development plan.

References
Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18:
13-25.
Bar-On, R. (1988). The development of an operational concept of psyhological well-being.
Dhani, Priyam and Dr. Sharma, Tanu (2006). Emotional Intelligence; History, Models and
Measures.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More than IQ.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence.
Gunu, U and Oladepo R.O. (2014). Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Employees’
Performance and Organizational Commitment: A Case Study of Dangote Flour Mills Workers.
University of Mauritius Research Journal, 20: 1-32.
Kihlstrom, J.F., and Cantor, N. (2011). Social Intelligence.
Mayer, J.D., & Salovey P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence?.
Mayer, JD., Caruso, D.R., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional
standard for an intelligence.
 Thorndike, E.L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses.

LIFE STORIES RECENT MBA’s

1. MONICA CHI
Characters’ traits - Plus:
● Like to helping others
● Raised in two cultures
Although she was born in United States, she still keep her traditions as a Korean native
family. She grew up with feet planted in two different worlds, one foot in the Korean
community and the other foot in the American society.
● Solid family background

Despite the struggles of her family, she were raised with a sense of gratitude and a desire
to make the most of her opportunities. Faith also has always been a big part of her life.
● Never give up
In working life, even though she experienced one of the worst times in history for
consulting industry, she has not only survived the cuts but have gone from being
relatively junior to being the most tenured person at our firm, aside from the founder.
Characters’ traits - Minus:
● Always involves family on her decision
● Always live in two separate worlds
She doesn’t want to mix two cultures in her life, her boyfriend is not came from a korean
native, which, to her parents, is just about the opposite of what her family intended for
her. The solution she takes is still dated her boyfriend for years without attempting to
integrate him into her Korean world. She still have a thought that her family saw he
relationship as the end of her Korean identity.
Monica Chi is happy because she feels comfortable with who she are, have a positive
thinking, and she believes that no matter what situation she find herself in, that she will
be resourceful, find others who can help her, and ultimately figure it out and grow in the
process.
Lesson learned: It’s important to keep the faith that life will guide us to a brighter future,
no matter if our background was an immigrant, came from war countries and minority
races as long as we never give up and takes any opportunity we faced ahead.
2. ANN GILDROY
Characters’ traits - Plus:
● Risk taker
As a children, having all the open land when she was in her hometown with vast land and
dirt around, really encouraged both of herself and her brother to learned to take a lot of
risks.
● Independent
In Acton/Littleton area of Massachusetts, not far from Boston which was her hometown,
were the place when she likes to explore many area, and it makes her to learn how to
handle herself along with her brother.
● Kind
To be able to stand for the weak are her traits, when she was helping her brother when
outcased in the schoolyard, and it created a desire to be a champion for the less fortunate.
● Persistent
Seeing two different people could put the same effort into something, and realize only
one would success, makes her more persistent of what will she be doing in the next.
Characters’ traits - Minus:
● Not having a good grades
Her reason of not being accepted in Ivy Leagues is because her lack of study, and that is
what make her grade bad.
● Less Teamwork
When she was a School students, she portrayed as a very independent person, cannot rely
on others too much. But Marine Corps taught her to be completely unselfish, stop
thinking about your own well-being, to think about the person next to you.
Ann Gildroy is happy because have a good relationship with the people she love, and
know the meaning to a true happiness within her life, and how can thing which is
Impossible become possible with the help of God.
Lesson learned: Whatever problem we faced, our faith must not be dissapointed.
Because we only live our life once, and having God that may lead us when we are going
astray are one best possible outcome that can happen. So enjoy the simple pleasure in
life, talks to someone where you can rely on to, and make your life meaningful.
3. JAIME IRICK
Characters’ traits - Plus:
● Quick adaptation to new environment
● Humble
● High tolerance to other (as himself as a product of interracial marriage)
● Hard Worker (started to sell gum for rich kid at seven grades)
Characters’ traits - Minus:
● Lack of consistency (Attend professional army training, then had 3 years experience in
fort hood as a ranger. Then not continuing his career at army. Joining HBS then working
in GE as CIG, then switch his career become sales team).
Jaime Irick is happy with his life because he several trait that he developed from very
young age, as himself had very good adaptability to new environment, humble and high
tolerance to other. He also achieve a job what he always dreamed of to become General
Manager and married with lady with same background and help Jaime in a lot of ways.
Lesson learned: We think if a person from young age that teached by his parent about
adaptability, humbleness and high tolerance to other, that person will be effective in
managing their time to solve the problem, not wasting his time to mourn about his
unluckiness or misfortune. So easier for him to overcome the difficulty that he faced.
4. SACHIN JAIN
Characters’ traits - Plus:
● Highly determined
● Positive thinker (because He think happiest person is the just really like the work they are
doing and problem they are solving and if you are stuck with one option, there will be
another solution to that problem)
● Flexible (because He think it’s important to have goal but not marry yourself too hard to
one concept of success or making difference)
Characters’ traits - Minus:
● Too skeptical (say that harvard medical school non competitive and professor didn’t have
good grasp on health care system really work even thought his colleagues disagree with
Jain)
● High anxiety (anxious when attending to his high school because school popularity even
though the teacher had PhD with previous experiences as college professor or in industry.
Sachin Jain is happy with his lives because he had positive thinking and flexible trait. His
definition of happiest person is just like the work they are doing and problem they are
solving. And Jain really like his job and had overcome several problem on his job.
Lesson learned: We personally agree with Jain, happiest person is person that really
likes his job. Also its important to have goals but unnecessary too ambitious with goal
because many people unhappy when he failed to achieve his own goals. And there are
several way to overcome problems, no need to focus just in one ways.
5. ALEX MANDL
Characters’ traits - Plus:
● Confidence
● Easy going, because he likes to hang out with many people from different circles.
● Ambitious, because he thought must be the first even he is a gay.
Characters’ traits - Minus:
● Limited Exposure of Diversity (His hometown is isolated from other communities by the
ocean, the airport, an oil refinery, and a large aerospace industrial complex lead him
unbeknown to other community relationship)
● Wacky Personality (When he was a school student, his attitude towards himself and
others are odd, because one of them is being gay, and the other are an explicit disclosure
to a certain individual).
Being able to work properly and doing what he wanted are the most exciting thing that
happens to him. Knowing about himself much better, balanced healthy daily life and
decent integrated manners are the key to his happiness.
Lesson learned: “Be willing to be uncomfortable, Be comfortable being uncomfortable”
That was the quotes we learned from the story. We have to live our life to the fullest,
enjoy every small things that occur to us, and always have a good relationship among
others.
6. DANIEL SALVADORI
Characters’ trait plus:
● Ability to adapt quickly, because when he was child lived in war area.
● High Curiosity, because the event terrorist bombing and his teacher when high school
taught him to be like that.
● Sense of Awareness & Belonging
War makes his sense more acute as to how hard can a harmful event affected human
being, especially people related to him.
Characters’ traits - Minus:
● Not Working in Similar Industry
First he worked at university, banking, and then to a pharmaceutical company
Daniel Salvadori is happy with his lives because he have no regrets and happy with what
he has already done and he also has a wife who support him.
Lesson learned: We agree that success can be simple only with being happy and no
regrets with what you have done.