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Introduction
The Philippine government has committed itself to the United Nations
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) one of which is the universal
access to primary education by year 2015. According to the Department of
Education (DepEd), as of school year 2008 to 2009, the net enrolment rate is
85 percent. This percentage is an improvement from the 83.22 percent recorded
for academic year 2006 to 2007, which is still well below the target of universal
access to primary education.
2 Policy Brief
including education. However, primary parents beget more educated children. weak evidence that access to water source
education in the Philippines is widely This dictum does hold true in Pasay and can lead to higher school participation
publicly provided. Hence, income Eastern Samar where the estimated rate. It can be argued that it does not
will be allocated to non-educational coefficients have shown significant impact necessarily hold that just because students
expenditures. It might also be the case on school participation evidencing that are untidy, they cannot focus enough
that households base their decisions parent’s educational attainment is indeed with their lessons. There is also weak
including whether to send their children relevant as suggested in the literature. evidence that if students are clean and neat,
to school on permanent income rather then students feel centered and can really
than transitory income. The income Furthermore, socioeconomic development get into the lesson. Furthermore, the
reported by households when the survey was can also influence school participation presence and availability of electricity has a
conducted was transitory income and significantly. Urbanization, which positive and highly statistically significant
may have been lower than what the can be deemed part of socioeconomic impact to school participation rate. School
household normally earns over a longer development, improves access and attendance is indeed influenced by
period of time. proximity to schools by improving the presence of electric power in the
transportation and communication household since it is a complementary
Another interesting empirical result is infrastructures. Urbanization also increases resource that will aid students in their
the impact of population growth on the school and labor market opportunities studies especially when they have to do
school participation - as the family size available. Such consequences reinforce the school works at home. Likewise, the
increases, school participation declines. decision of household heads to send their strength and type of material used in
This result is a very strong argument for children to school. However, urbanization the construction of the walls and roofs
the need to manage the population growth must be accompanied by the provision of the houses showed a positive impact
of the country; otherwise, it may adversely of job opportunities that will to school participation rate. Indeed,
affect the human capital formation at provide households with permanent aside from school environment, the
the household level in both urban and employment status and permanent physical environment at home also
rural area. Since school participation is income so that substitutability between affects school attendance and performance.
influenced negatively by family size, the education and other goods will Lastly, whether the household is situated
issue of rapid population growth can be mitigated. in the urban or rural area has, it
significantly impede the ability of the has a highly statistically insignificant
country to maintain its competitive edge Meanwhile, the pervasiveness of impact on school participation rate
in the production of highly educated and hunger in a household, as indicated by the because of the following reasons. First,
skilled workers in the future since poorer household’s state of hunger, has a primary education is publicly and
and bigger families are investing less in negative and statistically significant universally provided. Second, public
human capital. Hence, there is really a need impact on school participation rate. schools are highly available whether in
to address the issue of population growth. Hence, to avoid a decline in school the metropolis or in the provinces.
participation, households must have an Also, although Eastern Samar has
Another important result of the study is access to a sufficient amount of food. its own urban and rural area, the
the positive impact of the employment On the other hand, access to water, as entire province is relatively rural.
status and educational attainment of the indicated by the distance of a household
household head to school participation. to the water source, has a positive and Conclusion and Policy
For the earlier, school participation can be statistically insignificant impact to school Recommendation
assured if the household head is employed. participation rate in Pasay since children The primary objective of this study
For the latter, such result emanates from must be neat when attending school. is to test the significance of various
the culture of education where educated However, in Eastern Samar, there is very factors in determining elementary school
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This study was culled from the research conducted by Tullao and Rivera (2009) entitled Economic, Demographic, and Other Factors Affecting
This publication reports on a research project financed by
School Participation among Children in Urban and Rural Households: The Case of Pasay and Eastern Samar using data from the
Canada’s International Development Research Centre (www.idrc.ca).
Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS). The CBMS is a project funded by Canada’s IDRC.