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Tree B 14 6 22 9
Computation for df:
= (3-1) x (4-1) = 6 Tree C 35 12 7 11
Solution
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a replica of the microbial
environment.
The Winogradsky column is a
miniature, self-contained
ecosystem which models
ecological conditions in varying
ways.
It was invented by the Russian
bacteriologist Sergei N.
Winogradsky in 1880.
The column is composed of a
transparent cylindrical container
which is filled with a few
substrates (ex. Soil/mud) and
marine or freshwater.
How to solve ANOVA
The column is usually covered to
1. Compute for the mean of
prevent evaporation.
each category
Illumination (sunlight) is
2. Compute for the grand mean:
provided to promote the growth
Mean of a+b+c+d/4
of microscopic organisms (ex.
3. Compute for Xc
phototrophs). This composition
4. Compute for the Treatment
will provide the information
of the Sum of the Squares
needed to study sulfur, nitrogen,
5. Compute for the Error for the
carbon, phosphorus, and other
Sum of the Squares
6. Compute for the Total Sum of
nutrients, which undergo cycling
the Squares
between the aerobic zone (upper
7. Make the Data Summary
layer) and the anaerobic zone
Table
(lower layer).
Exercise 2: Winogradsky Column
Gradients (light gradient,
temperature gradient, nutrient, O2
Microbial communities are found
and H2S concentration gradients)
in pond mud, and these organisms
result in a complex interaction of
are capable of producing metabolic
microbes with their environment
by-products that are required for
and with one another resulting in a
the survival of other organisms
series of community successions
within the environment. By using
and, ultimately, stratification of
the Winogradsky column, these
microbial populations in the water
products can be studied, and the
column.
interdependent relationship of
the microorganisms can be Key to potential observations:
observed. This column can act as
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a) Aerobic colors Similarly, microbes that need
Green – eukaryal algae or light to make energy (via
cyanobacteria
photosynthesis or a similar
Red/brown – cyanobacteria or
thiobacilli process) will need to live where
Red/purple – purple non-sulfur they can get light in the column.
Bacteria
Some green coloring should
White – sulfur oxidizing Bacteria
b) Anaerobic colors
appear in the columns receiving
Red/purple – purple sulfur light on the illuminated sides.
Bacteria This is mostly due to
Green – green sulfur Bacteria cyanobacteria and algae, which
Black – sulfate reducers needs light.
c) Gas
In the water column is probably The column in the dark should
O2 from oxygenic remain dark brown. In the
photosynthesis column that had egg yolk, areas of
In the aerobic zone is probably
darker green, purple, and/or black
CO2 from respiration
coloring may have developed over
In the anaerobic zone is
probably CH4 from time near the bottom— these
methanogenesis colorings could be groups of
Tracks in the upper layers of the certain anaerobic bacteria:
sediment are formed by “worms” green sulfur bacteria, purple
Small specks swimming in the
sulfur bacteria, and sulfate-
water column are crustaceans,
e.g. Daphnia & Cyclops reducing bacteria, respectively.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria actually
Interpretation of the Results: eat sulfur and make hydrogen
sulfide gas, which is eaten by the
Over time there is more oxygen at green and purple sulfur bacteria.
the top of a column than at the In the column that had newspaper,
bottom, and this means that some areas of brown, orange,
microbes that can tolerate or red or purple may be evident
produce oxygen will be found at near the middle— these colorings
the top. could be groups of purple non-
Microbes that cannot tolerate sulfur bacteria, which need a
free oxygen (called anaerobic carbon source to thrive. In
bacteria) will be further down. addition, worms, snails, shrimp or
other small organisms in the
water, but probably not many (if
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any) in the bottle with the egg declared fully operational on April
yolk, because hydrogen sulfide is 1995. It consists of 24 active
toxic to most organisms. satellites (21 GPS and 3 spare
satellites) that circle the globe
once every 12 hours in order to
provide worldwide position, time
and velocity information.
Methods Used:
1. Quadrat A.1 Simpson’s Index
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ni = number of individuals (per A. 4. Formula and sample solution
species) for Average Density
Pi: number of individualsTOTAL
number of individuals (all species)
Simpson’s Index (D): Sum of all Pi2
values
Simpson’s Index of Diversity: 1-D
Simpson’s reciprocal index: 1/D
A. 3 Jaccard Index
K1: Sum of all species in Quadrat 1
K2: Sum of all species in Quadrat 2
K12: Sum of the Square of all
species in Quadrat 1
K22: Sum of the Square of all
species in Quadrat 2
K1K2: Combination of all species in √
Quadrat 1 and 2
Jaccard Index = K1K2/ K1+K2+ A.6 Formula and sample used for
K1K2 Standard Deviation
K2 2+1+4+2+2=11
2
K1 1+1+1+4+1+1+25=38
2
K2 4+1+16+4+4=29
K1UK2 (1x1)+(2x4)+(1x2)+(2x2)=15
Jaccard 0.375
Index A.7. Formula and sample solution for
15/14+11+15
Spatial Dispersion
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