Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Carbonation Chloride Penetration of Concrete Structures PDF
Carbonation Chloride Penetration of Concrete Structures PDF
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 1 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 2
Durability
Def
inition ofConc
rete Durability
Concrete Deterioration
¢ Resistanc e to physic
al and chemic al
deterioration ofc oncrete res
ultingfrom
¢ I
nterac
tion with environment - e ternal Physical Chemical Reinforcement
¢ I
nterac
tion between c onstituents- internal Deterioration Deterioration Corrosion
¢ Protection ofembedded s
teel f
rom
corros
ion proc es
ses
Carbonation Chlorides
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 3 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 4
Mec
hanis
m ofCarbonation Mec
hanis
m ofCarbonation
Ca(0H)2 + C02 ‚ CaC03 + H20 ¢ Step1 H20+C02 = HC03- + H+
HC03- = C032- + H+
involvesa phys iochemical reac tion
between atmos phericcarbon dio ide and ¢ Step2 Ca(0H)2 + 2H+ + C032-
the c alc
ium hydro ide generated in = CaC03 +2H20
cement hydration The prec ipitation of ¢ Thisneutralisation reaction penetrates
calc ium c arbonate asshown in the graduallyinto the concrete s urf
ace
followingequation reduc esthe pH level of ¢ Penetration Rate = k time1l2
conc rete
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 5 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 6
1
‹Change in Ph Fac
torsaf
fec
tingc
arbonation
The atmos phericc arbon dio ide dif fuses ¢ Humidity-
midity- ideally5 --7
7%
into the hardened c onc rete through pores ¢ lower, not enough water
and when c arbonation reac tion takesplace, ¢ higher water inhibitsC02 dif
fus
ion
the alkalinityofthe c oncrete reduc esfrom ¢ Temperature - wors e in hot
1 to below9 environments
¢ Conc entration ofC02 gasin atmos
phere
¢ Normally 3% but inc reasingannually
¢ Higher in c ities
, due to motor vehic
lesand
f
os sil f
uel burning
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 7 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 8
Tes
tingMethod
The meas urement ofc arbonation depth us ing
the phenolphthalein s olution wasc arried out by
sprayingthe indic ator on the split s
urf ace ofthe
conc rete cylinder The s olution bec ame a pink
col orin the c arbonated c onc rete and c an be
differentiated from the unc arbonated c oncrete,
giving a dis tinct boundary marking the
carbonation f ront Ac arbonation depth upto an
acc uracyof 5mm c an be identif ied with the
naked eye
Samples sprayed with phenolphthalein solution
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 9 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 10
‹Mec
hanis
m-
m- phenolphthalein s
olution method
‹o
imitation
The colourless ac idl
base indic
ator
(phenolphthalein solution) monitoringthe There e is tsa partiallycarbonated z one
carbonation depth is by c apturing the where the pH value isnot eas ilydetected
depth at which the pH isabout 9 usingphenolphthalein indic ator Pas t
evidenc e hass hown that carbon dio ide
could reac t at the depthsgreater than
It indic ates the boundary at whic h the those indic ated by phenolphthalein
carbonated f ront meets with the indic
ator
unc arbonated c onc rete, where c
onc
rete is
alkaline
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 11 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 12
2
quipment FT-
T-IR
R– I
FTI
R– nnov
ativ
e Approac
h
T-I
FT-I Rs pec troscopyisa powerf ul tool for
determiningthe s tructure ofthe func tional
groupsthat build upthe molec ules When
the I R--lig
light pas sesthrough the s ample,
eac h f unc tional group res onates in its
charac teris tic abs orption f requenc ies in
the infrared region ofthe elec tromagnetic
spec trum
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 13 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 14
131.4
Conc
rete Carbonation
120
Carbonation - transformation of the
C =O bonds of CO2 to the formation of
C=O 02-
110
C––O
O bonds in the CaCO3.
100 C+
Ca2+
90
C–O bonds in the inorganic
The three C–O
%T
80 carbonate of the CaCO3 are arranged in
70 a trigonal planar pattern.
60
50
The characteristic peak of the C–O
C–O
functional group in the wave number
40
1410–1510 cm was used to
range of 1410–1510 � 1
30.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
identify carbonation in a complex
cm-1 concrete composite.
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 15 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 16
131.4
Peak1 15 I
Rspec
trum analys
is
120
110
¢ produc es a s cientif
ientific meas urement of
100
carbonation depth
90 ¢ providing a c onvenient tool f or c ross
-
%T
80 e amination
70
¢ overcomingthe def iciencyofres ultsfrom
60
conventional analytical methods
50
40
30.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
¢ cannot give a c
ontinuousline repres
enting
cm-1
the c
arbonation f
ront
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 17 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 18
3
Tes
t method
Tes
t program
For eac h grade:
rade:
¢ To studythe ef fectsofinitial c
uring on the ¢ 8numbersof1 mm c ubesand
depth ofcarbonation ¢ 8unitsof1 <x2 mm high c ylinders
¢ Three mi A, Kand C with wl cratiosof
cratiosof 38, ¢ stored in water at 27733C
6and 5 ¢ after 28 days , the c ylinderswere c oated with epo y
resin to ens ure that the c arbon dio ide c ould onlydif f
us e
into the c onc rete from two endsofthe s ample
¢ The s pec imenswere trans ferred to an enc los ed chamber
to ac celerate the c arbonation proc essThe c onc entration
ofc arbon dio ide in the c hamber waskept at 2% and
wasmonitored weeklywith a portable inf rared c arbon
dio ide analyz er
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 19 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 20
30d
- aycar
bonat
ion age
60d
- aycar
bonat
ion age 90d
- aycar
bonat
ion age
(air c
ured c
onc
rete, wl
c= 5) (air c
ured c
onc
rete, wl
c= 5)
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 23 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 24
4
30d
- aycar
bonat
ion age 60d
- aycar
bonat
ion age
90d
- aycar
bonat
ion age Comparis
on Phenolphthaleinl
FTI
R(
R(water)
ater)
Comparis
on Phenolphthaleinl
FTI
R(
R(air)
air) Carbonation depth increas ed with time
[phenolphthalein s
olution]
tion]
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 29 Annual
Annual Concrete Seminar
Sem inar 2005 30
5
Comparis
on ofc
arbonation rate c
ons
tant K
Carbonation depth inc
reas
ed with time
[FT-
T-IRSpec trum]
m]
[1] Roy SK, Poh KB, Northwood DO. Durability of concrete accelerated carbonation and weathering studies. Building and Environment
1999;34:597–606.
[2] Roy SK, Northwood DO, Poh KB. E!ect of plastering on the carbonation of a 19 year old reinforced concrete building. Construction and
Building Materials 1996;10(4):267–72.
[3] Balayssac JP, Detriche ChH, Grandet J. E!ect of curing upon carbonation of concrete. Construction and Building Materials 1995;9(2):91–5.
Annual
Annual Concrete Seminar
Sem inar 2005 31 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 32
Dif
ferenc
es(9 day
sCarbonation depth)
th) Schematicmodel ofc arbonation f
ront using
phenolphthalein indic
ator and I
Rs pectrum analys
is
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 33 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 34
6
Fac
torsaf
fec
tingc
hloride attac
k
Concrete & Steel Corrosion
¢ Conc
entration ofc
hlorides-
hlorides- corrosion will
not oc
cur belowa thres
hold level
(somewhere between 1 and %)
Humidity, alternate wettingand drying
Carbonation Chlorides ¢
¢ Temperature - wors e in hot climates
¢ Conc rete permeabilityand c hloride
bindingc apac ity, c
ement c ontent and
Others than sea water type
Sea water
e. g. de-icing salts
¢ PFAand SFw Fwill helpres is
tc hloride
ingress
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 37 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 38
Tes
tsofChloride ionsdif
fus
ion Ty
pe ofCement Pas
te
-9)
-1 x 10-9
Coeff of chloride diffusion (cm2s-1
60
30 OPC
PFA 30%
0
30 50 70
Strength (M
(MPa)
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 39 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 40
Mechanism ofchl
oride-
e-inducedcor
rosion
¢ Anode Reac tion ¢ Cathode Reac
tion Sourc
esofChlorides
Fe – 2e ‚ Fe2+ 2H20 + 02 + e ‚ 0H-
Fe2+ + 2Cl- ‚ FeCl2 ¢ Contact with sea water
¢ From de-ic
de-icings alts
FeCl2 + 2H20 ‚ Fe(0H)2 + 2HCl
H2O O2 O2 H2O
¢ From beac h or sea dredged aggregates
-
Cl
¢ From ac c
elerators(c hloride-bas
hloride-bas
ed
-
Cl -
Cl
-
Cl -
Cl
-
-
Cl -
Cl admi turesnowprohibited)
Cl OH-
Cat
hode OH- Cat
hode
r
ust r
ust
-
Cl
Fe2+
e- e-
Annual
Annual Concrete Seminar
Sem inar 2005 Anode 41 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 42
7
Fac
torsaf
fec
tingc
hloride attac
k
¢ Conc
entration ofc
hlorides-
hlorides- corrosion will
not oc
cur belowa thres
hold level
(somewhere between 1 and %)
¢ Humidity, alternate wettingand drying
¢ Temperature - wors e in hot climates
¢ Conc rete permeabilityand c hloride
bindingc apac ity, c
ement c ontent and
type
¢ PFAand SFw
Fwill helpres
istc
hloride ingres
s Rel
ation bet
ween per
meabil
ityandwat
er/cementr
atiof
orcementpast
es
Tes
t program
Rel
ation bet
ween per
meabil
ityandcapil
lar
ypor
osit
yofcementpast
e
Ref: Neville A M, PropertiesofConc
rete (3rd ed ), 1981
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 45 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 46
6 dayspondingtes
t
¢ The s pec imensaf ter 28dayswere c ut into two
parts
¢ The v ertic al s urface ofc oncrete c ylinder was
sealed by epo y to avoid the dif fusion of
chloride ion through thiss urface
¢ Tes t c ylinderswere s oaked in the s alt solution
for one month and two months
¢ A t eac h month, s pecimenswere taken out f rom
the s alt s olution and dried f or 2 hoursat room
temperature and humidity The s urfac e ofthe
spec imenswere c leaned byc loth to remove the
salt c rys tal
¢ P otentiometricTitration
otentiometricTitration Tes t and AgN03 Solution
SprayTes t were taken to determine the c hloride
contentSeminar
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem
at dif
inar 2005
ferent depth and the ma imum 47 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 48
depth ofpenetration
8
Surfac e Chloride level
(KyP
yPotentiometricTitration
otentiometricTitration tes
t)
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 49 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 50
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 51 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 52
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 53 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 54
9
Comparis
on ofDepth ofChloride Penetration Ketween M1 and M
Depth ofChloride Penetration ofM2 under Air Curing under Air Curingafter 1 Months
and Water Curingaf ter 2 Months
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 55 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 56
Chloride ingres
sprof iles
(byPotentiometricTitration Tes
t)
Chloride ingres
sprof
iles
(byPotentiometricTitration Tes
t)
Annual
Annual Concrete Seminar
Sem inar 2005 59 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 60
10
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 61 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 62
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 63 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 64
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 65 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 66
11
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 67 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 68
131.4
R– Chloride penetration �
FTI
R–
120
110
100
Thank�ou�
90
80
%T
70
60
50
40
30.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 69 Annua
Annuall Concrete Sem inar 2005
Seminar 70
12