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W Interference Processing Guide 20060330 A 3.0
W Interference Processing Guide 20060330 A 3.0
Product version
Total 51 pages
3.0
Approved by Date
Revision Records
Revised
Date Description Author
version
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Figure 4-33 RTWP variation when the diversity reception is not configured..................................31
Figure 4-34 Locating interference source by using AOA................................................................33
Figure 4-35 Schematic drawing of middle location........................................................................34
Figure 4-36 Schematic drawing of two-point location....................................................................34
Figure 8-1 Frame structure of PHS system...................................................................................39
Figure 9-1 Structure of uplink Rx channel of V1.3 NodeB.............................................................47
NpCetr_A 2006-2-17
2 40661 –52.5 –104.36 –105.3
DE 17:00
TaiHongBl 2006-2-17
1 48602 –57.5 –94.89 –96.4
dg_CD 17:00
KwongYu_ 2006-2-15
1 58143 –60.3 –82.79 –88.8
CD 16:00
Indexes in Table 1.1 are from a network. The three cells are three typical types of cells.
The average RTWP of cell 40661 is –104.36 dBm, needless of attention.
The average RTWP of cell 48602 reaches –94.89 dBm, so you must pay attention to
the cell.
The average RTWP of cell 58143 reaches –82.79 dBm, the cell strongly interfered,
so you must pay special attention to the cell.
Note:
The IP in the previous MML commands is the IP of a NodeB.
As shown in Figure 15.1, the cells are ranked according to interference strong to
weak.
In the column Interference,
Nice indicates no interference
Acceptable indicates the interference is acceptable
Problematic indicates interference is present in the cell
In the column Priority,
H indicates you must pay attention to the cell by preference
L indicates an cell with ordinary interference
In the column BaseNoise,
Nice indicates a normal base noise
TBD (to be determined) indicates an abnormal noise figure, so you must pay
attention to the cell
16) Click in the tool bar, click a column, the system displays the interference chat
and uplink CE chat
In the chat,
CE Resource Utilize reflects the usage of uplink credit (you can transfer it to
CE when it is divided by 2)
MainDivCurve reflects the RTWP of current main
BaseNoise indicates the judgment criteria for abnormal interference is based on the self
noise figure of main, diversity, or a proper noise figure specified by the customer.
Beyond base noise
It indicates the relevant noise threshold. If the interference is stronger than the
threshold by Beyond base noise, the interference is effective.
Duration indicates the duration threshold for effective interference
Interference Counter indicates threshold of the interference times. If the
interference times is more than Interference Counter, the cell is interfered.
I. Interference Types
The transmitted signals interfere receiver band due to problematic transmitters and
the receiver encounters self-excitation
Intermodulation and unlocked phenomenon generated by transmitted signals inside
the receiver
RTWP problem due to improperly configured NodeB RF
The external interference includes in-band signal interference and out-band strong signal
interference. The typical types are personal handyphone system (PHS) interference,
repeater interference, interference from handset interferer.
II. Criteria
The interference in the cell is caused by a load with loose connection. Once the load is
touched, the RTWP changes sharply.
The RTWP changes as below:
The main and diversity are irrelevant
The RTWP fluctuates sharply
The interference lasts for a period
The RTWP changes irregularly in terms of time
The 3G signals and 2G signals are combined. The 2G network uses only one channel
number. Intermodulation occurs due to improper connection of feeder and jumper.
Figure 20.4 shows the antenna-feeder structure.
Figure 20.5 shows the variation of RTWP due to improper connection of feeder and
jumper.
In Figure 20.6, the main interference (in red) is caused by intermodulation of DCS signals
and 3G signals at a connector.
Note:
The diversity is not connected to antenna. The external signals near cabinet interferes
diversity.
Figure 20.7 shows the site distribution around the site 501800.
In the network as shown in Figure 20.7, a 3G repeater close to the NodeB 501800
transmits a self-excitation signal every hour approximately. Therefore the uplink in
multiple cells is interfered. The uplink interference varies according to the direction and
the distance between the cell and the repeater. However, it is clear that the uplink
interference occurs every hour approximately.
Note:
The site 501800 is an indoor site with a single antenna.
The NodeB 45680 uses a 3G repeater. The host cell of the repeater is the first cell 54291
of the NodeB 45680. The occurrence time of self-excitation of the repeater is irregular.
Figure 20.14 shows the RTWP variation of cell 54291.
The gain of the repeater is 90 dB. Figure 20.15 shows the RTWP variation of cell 45680.
After adjustment of the repeater gain to 70 dB, the RTWP becomes normal.
The RTWP variations feature the same as that of improperly configured gain of repeater.
Namely, the interference is strong and stable.
The NodeB is close to the railway with intensive trains passing by.
Figure 20.18 shows the site location near the railway.
线天
Figure 20.20 shows the uplink interference fluctuation upon state switch of indoor air-
conditioner controller.
Figure 20.21 shows the RTWP variation due to power on or off of outdoor air-conditioner
of other operator
Figure 20.21 RTWP variation due to power on or off of outdoor air-conditioner of other operator
Figure 20.22 shows the RTWP variation due to power on or off of indoor emergency
lights, marked in red.
Figure 20.22 RTWP variation due to power on or off of indoor emergency lights
This uplink interference is probably due to air-conditioner compressor, but this cannot be
confirmed due to property restriction.
Figure 20.23 shows the long-time RTWP variation.
Figure 20.25 shows the interference caused by the spectrum analyzer YBT250 at 1924.3
MHz when the directional antenna approaches the YBT250.
Figure 20.25 Frequency spectrum when the directional antenna approaches the YBT250
Figure 20.26 and Figure 20.27 show the uplink interference due to transmission line.
Figure 20.28 shows the long-time RTWP variation of the interference like self-excitation.
Figure 20.28 shows the short-time RTWP variation of the interference like self-excitation.
Table 31.1 lists the equipment and documents used in interference test.
GPS
North-stabilized indicator
Test car
Camera
PHS handset (if to locate PHS interference)
Figure 21.1 RTWP variation when the diversity reception is not configured
22) If the uplink RF channel has not been adjusted, check whether the configured gain
(especially TMAs are used) of RF channel is correct. It is good to adjust uplink RF
channel so that these problems will not bother locating interference.
23) If a DCS1800M network and a WCDMA network are combined, you must check the
frequency configuration with operators. Meanwhile you must check whether the third
order intermodulation (2f1-f2 and 2f2-f1) of the combined DCS1800M frequency is
within the RX inband (1920 MHz to 1980 MHz). If yes, negotiate with operators to
change the improper frequency configuration.
If the interference remains after the previous operations, you must locate interference on
site.
24) Start NodeB LMT and measure the realtime RTWP of the cell to be located. This
allows you to observe realtime RTWP variation after using consequent locating
methods.
25) If a DCS network is combined to a WCDMA network, you must know the DCS
carrier features (the carriers on a channel, the channel number, and the channel
where BCCH is) and mark the BCCH channel.
26) If a DCS network is combined to a WCDMA network, you need adjust BCCH to the
channel where interference is located under assistance by the operator according to
the result of interference. The reason is that if BCCH does not use the problematic
channel (The GSM network might transmit signals in both channel, but the BCCH
uses only one channel)
27) Knock every RF connector gently on the channel (especially the connectors of
jumper, load, and antenna) and check the RTWP variation. If RTWP changes, the
connector is problematic. Tasks to improve project quality, such as fastening
connectors and reconnections, must be perform under cooperation of the operators'
engineers. Ensure to power off power amplifiers of corresponding cells before
performing tasks to avoid radiation injury.
28) When the connector are normal and interference is present, use YBT250, filter, and
directional antenna to check at WCDMA antenna whether interference signals are
received (for requirements on filter and directional antenna, see W-Electromagnitic
Interference Test Guide. In special situations, you must customize the filter
according to the local WCDMA receiver band and other radio network transmission
frequency band). If YBT cannot detect special interference, you need change the
NodeB antenna and check whether the interference is caused inside the antenna. If
the interference still exists after changing antennas, turn to judgment of interference
types.
29) If interference signals are receives at the WCDMA antenna by using YBT250, filter,
and directional antenna, you can solve the problem by locating external
interference.
30) If the interference cannot be located after repeated checks, solve it by judging
interference types. Stop on-site location and restore the original configurations.
31) Record the previous locating steps in the form of "xx Interference Location Detailed
Record".
If successful in locating the interference, you can summarize the problem in the
form of interference location cases based on "xx Interference Location Detailed
Record". Send the cases to the Headquarter for filing.
If failing in locating the interference, you can send the "xx Interference Location
Detailed Record" to technical support engineers in the Headquarter for help.
I. Needed Data
Analysis: the long-time feature and short-time feature of RTWP data for the cell to be
located in different periods
Conclusion: the locating time (the periods when interference occurs intensively is
obtainable according to RTWP time feature.
Analyze the following aspects:
32) Analyze the long-time feature and short-time feature of RTWP data for the cell to be
located in different periods
33) Analyze the environment of the cell to be located with cell distribution diagram and
surveying photo
34) Analyze the relativity of main and diversity of the cell to be located according to the
antenna-feeder structure diagram
35) Use angle of arrival (AOA) to summarize the RTWP data of the cell to be located,
the RTWP data of adjacent cells, antenna azimuth, and antenna height so that the
location of the interference source can be estimated.
Locate the direction of the interference source by cell antennas of multiple NodeBs. Draw
on a map, the crossing point of the direction of each antenna is the interference source.
Two-point location
The precaution for this method is that you must know the approximate
interference direction. In the direction, measure the signals to compare the
signal strength in two selected spots. Locate the interference by calculating the
variation of interference strength.
To use the variation of signal strength for interference location, you must know
the direction and approximate location of interference. Then move a
omnidirectional antenna to the interference and judge the location relationship
between the omnidirectional antenna and the interference. Finally fix the
specific location of interference near the interference source by using the
directional antenna.
40) Fix the potential interference source according to the previous analysis.
41) Verify the relationship between the interference and the state variation of the
potential interference source (such as on, off, starting, and stopping)
For the equipment that is controlled by the operator, such as repeaters, you can
verify the relations between the equipment and the interference by powering on or
off the equipment in a proper time. For the uncontrollable equipment, you need to
wait to observe the interference.
42) Record the previous locating steps in the form of "xx Interference Location Detailed
Record".
If successful in locating the interference, you can summarize the problem in the
form of interference location cases based on "xx Interference Location Detailed
Record". Send the cases to the Headquarter for filing.
If failing in locating the interference, you can send the "xx Interference Location
Detailed Record" to technical support engineers in the Headquarter for help.
The interference location detailed record template is attached.
The continuous interference causes RTWP to increase by the same amount as the
sensitivity decrease by. The influence on sensitivity by the purse interference is related to
duty ratio of pulse width interference. Different pulse width and duty ratio have different
influence on sensitivity. The interference on sensitivity by pulse interference is unrelated
to the influence on RTWP by RTWP. Actually most interference has little impact on
sensitivity.
All interference influences the system in different aspects, such as sensitivity and
algorithm.
inband. The unlocked situation: the frequency drifts to RX inband. The possibility of
occurrence of problems on the transmitter is smaller than 1%.
Interference related to receiver channels, receiver self-excitation, intermodulation
caused by transmitted signals within the receiver, unlocked situation, abnormal
RTWP caused by unfixed frequency, and congestion caused by strong signals.
The interference does not exist in normal situations. It exists in those countries with
improper allocation of spectrum. You need to pay attention to the interference only when
the frequency in band 1 and band 2 is used in the same area. If a country for band 1
uses the frequency in band 2, interference appears, which are destined to appear.
Therefore this interference must be known upon network construction with known
influence.
43) Interference to WCDMA system by PHS system
Basic features of domestic PHS system
According to the RCR STD-28 standard, the carrier bandwidth of PHS is 300
kHz, with a frame per 5ms. A frame is divided to 8 timeslots, with the timeslot
structure shown in Figure 43.1.
Note:
The uplink and downlink protection interval is 4.7us.
According to related rules and RCR STD-28 standard, the PHS frequency range
is 1900.1–1915.0 MHz. In some place, the frequency may reach 1918 MHz,
which is beyond the range.
The PHS system uses continuous dynamic channel selection as an important
advantage. The base transceiver station (BTS) automatically measures the
interference within the working frequency band and automatically select the
channel with minimum inference for talk. When the interference to the serving
channel is so strong that continuous work is impossible, the BTS reselects new
channel for talk or even enable the MS to handover to another BTS. Therefore
the continuous dynamic channel selection is of high utilization of spectrum.
The PHS BTS transmits signals that are selected one from four and receives
four-path combined signals with maximum ratio.
Technical parameters of PHS system
Table 1.1 Technical parameters of PHS system
Needed C/I 10 dB 19 dB
Range of receiver
16–80 dBμ (–97 to –33 dBm)
signals
Selectivity of adjacent
2 * Δf: > 50 dB
channels
The interference from equipment with clocks exists permanently or appears irregularly. It
appears irregularly due to time frequency drift caused by unlocked frequency.
The interference spectrum is tone or drift tone.
The interference exists in other transmission systems.
Locate the approximate location of interference by using the features that
interference affects a cell.
High-gain amplifier
Repeater
LA
Automatic switch controlling equipment
Sound-control equipment
Light-control equipment
The features of the previous equipment are as below:
The interference is random.
The spectrum is unstable tone spectrum.
The affected range is also random.
XIII. Discharge Equipment
Check the connection surface and internal conductor for foreign bodies, scratches, or
problematic screw thread.
I. Checking Connection
49) Insert the connector forcibly and then connect
50) Rotate the bolt while the connector and the cable are relatively fixed.
51) Check the connection for loose components.
II. Important Checklist for Manufacturing Connectors
54) When metal clasts exist in the feeder point, the antenna PIM features that the
intermodulation outcome increases by over 20 dB and that intermodulation outcome
fluctuates.
55) Metal clasts on the surface mounting components have less impact than the feeder
point.
56) The reliability of grounding metal around the antenna unit affects the fluctuation of
system PIM. The metal partition board between the antenna units must be grounded
by multiple jointing points, not by large-square grounding.
57) Nonmagnetic materials must be used for manufacturing antennas.
58) The oxygenation layer formed by brand iron in jointing is a major cause to
occurrence of PIM.
59) Do not touch the components. Clear the connector every time after using them,
especially after test.
60) Joint the connectors to the supporting structure if the connectors will not be moved.
61) Keep the connector and cable relatively fixed during connection.
62) The connection of power splitter and ground impact PIM as much as over 20 dB, so
the reliability of connection between power splitter and ground, as well as cable,
must be guaranteed.
63) Clean the exposed parts of an antenna after it is made.
64) If alarms, such as VSWR alarms and TMA alarms, occur on the antenna and feeder
with power, PIM occurs.
65) PIM occurs unrelated to previous alarms. It might occur with or without alarms. Do
not determine the quality of connection of antenna-feeder by testing resistance and
VSWR. Normal resistances and normal VSWR is necessary to good antenna-
feeder, but is far from sufficiency.
66) The gain alarms on the Rx channel are usually impossible. Thought PIM causes
irrelevant main and diversity RTWP, that the NodeB receives channel alarms is less
probable, usually impossible.
67) Locate the antenna-feeder problems not by alarms, but by analyzing RTWP for
basic features
Definition The received wide band power, including noise generated in the receiver,
within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter. The
reference point for the measurement shall be the Rx antenna connector. In
case of receiver diversity the reported value shall be linear average of the
power in the diversity branches. When cell portions are defined in the cell,
the total received wideband power shall be measured for each cell portion.
According to Table 1.1, the RTWP is the inband signal strength of NodeB, with the
reference point at Rx connector; the RTWP involves the noise from NodeB.
Huawei uses the reference point as shown in Figure 67.2. The reference point is point A
without TMAs or point B with TMAs.
Antenna in: the input port of antenna, from which the signals S and PN are input.
MON in: the loading input port, where white Gaussian noise is input.
ANT frame: including TMA NTTA and feeder. The TMA has a gain of 12 dB. The
feeder has an attenuation of 4 dB. The noise figure of ANT frame NF1 <= 2.
NDDL frame: including NDDL fixed gain amplifier with gain of 38 dB. The range of
the adjustable attenuation is 0–12 dB, which counteracts TMA gain and feeder
attenuation. The white Gaussian noise for loading is input from the monitoring port.
After attenuation of 35 dB is input, it is combined to uplink Rx channel. The NDDL
NF2 <= 2.
NRFB: the backplane and connection line are combined as a frame, with an
attenuation of 8 dB.
NTRX: its uplink gain is 45 dB. Its noise figure is NF3 = 19. AD sampling is
performed on signals after passing AGC. Digital intermediate frequency is
processed. Gain processing is performed by DAGC. The AGC and DAGC provide a
dynamic range of 35 dB. The AGC takes effect only when signals are strong. Its gain
for weak signals is 1.
The NF of ANT frame, NDDL frame, and NTRX frame mentioned previously is obtained
by respective test. The NF after cascading three modules is:
NF = NF1 + (NF2-1)/G1 + (NF3-1)/(G1*G2)
The gain of the class 1 and class 2 is large, so the NF primarily depends on class 1 and
class 2. Now the NF of NB is about 3.
The following paragraphs describe the unloaded and loaded conditions.
1) Unloaded condition
The power spectrum density of thermal noise is –174 dBm/Hz. It is –108.16 dBm /
3.84 MHz.
The working point of uplink feeder port (RF) is –108.16 dBm / 3.84 MHz.
The working point of intermediate DAGC is –108.16 + 5 + NF = –30.16 dBm / 3.84
MHz. Wherein, "75" is the entire gain of uplink Rx channel.
2) Assume uplink load is present. The uplink interference margin: 3 dB (50% load)
uplink feeder port (RF) working point is –105.16 dBm / 3.84 MHz.
The working point of DAGC (intermediate frequency) is –105.16 + 75 + NF = –27.16 dBm
/3.84 MHz.
NF is approximately fixed under this gain variation. The RTWP compensation of V15
NodeB or higher versions of NodeB have it added before data reporting.
Range
Conditions
Parameter Unit Accuracy [dB]
Range
… … …
When the actual RTWP is smaller than the value –112 prescribed by protocol, the NodeB
O&M system will not record its RTWP upon RTWP tracing.
List of Reference