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GPRS Fundamental Introduction
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Outline
Ø GPRS Network architecture

Ø Mobility management
Ø Radio resource Management
Ø Location management
Ø Session management

GPRS Network Structure
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR SMS-GMSC
SMS-GMSC SCP
SCP GMLC
GMLC HLR
HLR EIR
EIR
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-IWMSC
SS7
Gd Ge Lg Gr
Gs Gf Gc
BSS
BSS FR SGSN
SGSN
Gn
GGSN
GGSN
Internet TE
TE
Um Gb ATM
GPRS Gi
Backbone
DDN
Gn
ISDN
Ethernet.etc
UTRAN
UTRAN SGSN
SGSN CG
ATM Ga CG
Um
Iu
BG
BG
Gp
• Abbreviation of General Packet Radio Service 3

Outline


GMM（GPRS Mobility Management）
• Function of the Mobility Management sublayer

è to keep track of the current location of an MS within the
PLMN or within another PLMN
• GMM specific procedures

è Attach procedure
è RAU and periodic RAU
è Detach
è Service request (UMTS only)
• GMM common procedures
è P-TMSI reallocation procedure
è Authentication procedure
è Identification procedure
5

2G Network States
IDLE IDLE
GPRS Detach
GPRS Attach GPRS Detach GPRS Attach or
Cancel Location
READY Implicit Detach READY

or
Cancel Location
READY timer expiry

READY timer expiry or
or PDU transmission PDU reception
Force to STANDBY
Force to STANDBY or
Abnormal RLC condition
STANDBY STANDBY
MM State Model of MS MM State Model of SGSN

3G Network states
PMM- PMM-
DETACHED DETACHED
Detach, Detach,
PS Detach PS Attach Reject, PS Detach PS Attach Reject,
PS Attach RAU Reject PS Attach RAU Reject
PS Signalling PS Signalling
Connection Release PMM- Connection Release PMM-
PMM-IDLE CONNECTED PMM-IDLE
CONNECTED
SM-ACTIVE or SM-ACTIVE or SM-ACTIVE or SM-ACTIVE or
INACTIVE PS Signalling INACTIVE INACTIVE PS Signalling INACTIVE
Connection Establish Connection Establish
Serving RNC
relocation
MS MM States 3G-SGSN MM States

Timers of Mobility Management
è Periodic RA Update Timer
• Monitors the periodic routing area update procedure in the MS
• Upon expiry of the timer, the MS shall start a periodic routing area
update procedure.
• The length of the timer shall set in SGSN; The value of the timer shall
send to MS an attach procedure or routing update procedure
è Mobile Reachable Timer
• Upon the expiry of this timer, the MS is detached
• This is reset and started when the state returns to STANDBY or
PMM-IDLE.
• The timer shall be slightly longer than the periodic RA update timer
used by an MS
• The length of the timer shall set in SGSN
è Purge Timer
• Allows the SGSN to inform the HLR that it has deleted the MM and
PDP contexts of a detached MS.
• The purge timer is set longer than the mobile reachable timer

Attach Procedure

Attach Procedure
10

Attach Procedure
• Results after any attach procedure

è SGSN get subscriber data from HLR
è HLR recorded the MS’s serving SGSN number
è SGSN and MS create MM context for the MS
• MS can request Session Management services
11

MS-initiated Detach Procedure
MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN GGSN
1. Detach Request
2. Delete PDP Context Request
2. Delete PDP Context Response
3. Detach Accept
4. PS Signalling Connection Release
12

Detach Procedure
• The detach procedure can be initiated by SGSN or MS,HLR
• Explicitly detach and implicitly detach

è Explicit detach: The network or the MS explicitly requests detach.
è Implicit detach: No message exchange between SGSN and MS.
• The mobile reachable timer expires
• or radio error causes disconnection of the logical link.
• After detach procedure

è The SGSN shall not service the detached MS, unless reattach.
13

Purge MS
SGSN HLR
1. Purge MS
2. Purge MS Ack
• The Purge function allows an SGSN to inform the HLR that it has deleted the MM and
PDP contexts of a detached MS
• After the MS detach, SGSN may have two choice to handle MM/PDP context
è Delete immediately, or
è Delete after a long time (Purge timer expires). The value of this time is set in
SGSN
14

Authentication Procedure(2G)
MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN HLR
1. Send Authentication Info（IMSI）
(RAND, CKSN, Ciphering Algorithm)

1. Send Authentication Info Ack
(Authentication Triplets)
2. Authentication and Ciphering Request
（SRES ） 2. Authentication and Ciphering Response
• Purpose
è to ensure that the user is authorised to use the particular network
services
è selection of the ciphering algorithm
è Each triplet contains RAND, SRES and Kc.
15

Authentication Procedure(3G)
MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN HLR
1. Send Authentication Info （IMSI）
（RAND, AUTN,KSI） 1. Send Authentication Info Ack

(quintuplet)
2. Authentication and Ciphering Request
（XRES ） 2. Authentication and Ciphering Response
• Purpose
è to ensure that the user is authorised to use the particular network
services
è selection of the ciphering algorithm
è Each quintuplet contains RAND, XRES, AUTN, CK, and IK.
16

Identity Check Procedure
MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN EIR
1. Identity Request
1. Identity Response
2. Check IMEI
2. Check IMEI Ack
• Purpose
è Get IMSI from MS
è Validate IMEI
17

P TMSI Reallocation
MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN
1. P-TMSI Reallocation Command
2. P-TMSI Reallocation Complete
•The SGSN may reallocate the P-TMSI at any time.
• The reallocation procedure can be included in the Attach or Routeing

Area Update procedures.
18

Outline

19

Paging for GPRS
MS BSS SGSN
1. PDP PDU
STANDBY 2. Paging Request
3. GPRS Paging Request

(IMSI, P-TMSI,
Area, Channel
4. Any LLC Frame
Needed, QoS,
(Receive Ready or 5. Any LLC Frame DRX
Information frame) Parameters)
READY
20

Paging initiated by the CN
MS RNS MSC/VLR
3G-SGSN
1. PDP PDU or
PMM IDLE Downlink signaling
2. Paging
3. Paging Type1 (PCH paging)
(IMSI,
4. Service Request P-TMSI, Area,
4. Service Request CN Domain
Indicator, DRX
PMM parameters)
CONNECTED
PS Paging Without RRC Connection for CS

21

Paging initiated by the CN
MS RNS MSC/VLR
Connection Established
3G-SGSN
1. PDP PDU or
PMM IDLE Downlink signalling
2. Paging
3. Paging Type2 (RRC paging)
(IMSI,
4. Service Request P-TMSI, Area,
4. Service Request CN Domain
Indicator, DRX
PMM parameters)
CONNECTED
PS Paging With RRC Connection for CS

22

Paging Summary
• MM state in SGSN,MS :IDLE mode

• A Paging message is received by SGSN
è Change MM state in SGSN
• A Paging message is received by MS

è P-TMSI is used to identify the MS
è If P-TMSI is invalid or MS not respond ,then use IMSI
è Change MM state in MS to PMM-Connected or Ready
23

Outline

24

Layered Location Management Mode
• The Location Management function provides:
è a mechanism for the network to know the RA for MSs in STANDBY,

PMM-IDLE, READY, and PMM-CONNECTED states
è a mechanism for the 2G-SGSN to know the cell identity for MSs in
READY state
è a mechanism for the UTRAN to know the URA identity or cell

identity for MSs in PMM-CONNECTED state
è a mechanism for the UMTS network to know the address of the

serving RNC handling an MS in PMM-CONNECTED state
25

•HLR
2G
•SGSN
•SGSN number
•BSS
•ready state: cell number
•MS •Standby state : RAI
26

•HLR
3G
•SGSN
•SGSN number
•RNC
•PMM-connect state :RNCID,RAI
•MS •PMM-idle :RAI
27

Network Architecture
• Handover procedure PDN
è Move the radio link to the other Gi

GGSN
NodeB
Gn/Gp Gn/Gp
old SGSN new SGSN
• Route area update procedure

Gn
Gr Gr
è SGSN can manage the MS Iu

Iu
Iur
IU
IU
location information via RAU

HLR/AUC
procedure in RAI level RNC2
RNC1
RNC4 RNC3
RA4 RA5
• Relocation procedure
RA9 RA10
RA1 RA2 RA3

RA6 RA7 RA9
è Move the Iu interface to the
other RNC
MS
28

RAU Procedure
•Gn
•SGSN •SGSN
•RAI 1 •RAI 2 •RAI 3 •RAI 4
•cell
•Inter SGSN -Rau
•Intra SGSN-Rau
•MS
29

Inter-SGSN Route Area Update Procedure(3G)
30

CONSTRUCT
MM
CONTEXT
ESTABLISH MM
CONTEXT
31

32

33

Route Area Update summary
• RAU update
è MS Entered a new Route Area
è Periodic RAU ( after periodic timer expires)
• Inter-SGSN RAU
è The new SGSN Find the old SGSN from the old RAI
è Old SGSN stop downlink signaling, transfer MM context and
PDP context to new SGSN
è tunnelling N-PDU to the new SGSN
è Update PDP context and subscriber data
34

Service Request Procedure
• Service request procedure

è Establish Iu signaling connection for the MS
• MS initiated
è For the active PDP context request procedure
è For the data
• Network initiated
è Paging response
35

Service Request Procedure
MS RNC SGSN HLR GGSN

1. RRC Connection Request
1. RRC Connection Setup
2. Service Request (SERVICE TYPE)
3. Security Functions
4. Service Accept
4. Radio Access Bearer Assignment

Request
5. Radio Bearer Setup
6. Radio Bearer Setup

Complete
6. Radio Access Bearer Assignment
Response
7. SGSN-Initiated PDP Context Modification
8. Uplink PDU
• MS initialed service request procedure

36

Outline

37

PDP Context
• What is the PDP context?
è The PDP context is Packet Data protocol Context

è PDP context contains all the information needed to transfer
user data between MS and GGSN.
è The context defines parameters such as Routing, QoS
(Quality of Service), Charging ID etc.
38

Functional PDP State Model
INACTIVE
Deactivate PDP Context

Activate PDP or
Context MM state change to IDLE
or PMM-DETACHED
ACTIVE
• PDP state
è inactive：cannot transmit data
è active：can transmit data
39

PDP context
Each MM context contains zero or more of the following PDP contexts: Gb Iu
PDP Context Index of the PDP context. X X
Identifier
PDP State Packet data protocol state, INACTIVE or ACTIVE. X X
PDP Type PDP type, e.g., PPP or IP. X X
PDP Address PDP address, e.g., an IP address. X X
APN Subscribed The APN received from the HLR. X X
APN in Use The APN currently used. X X
NSAPI Network layer Service Access Point Identifier. X X
TI Transaction Identifier. X X
TEID for Gn/Gp Tunnel Endpoint Identifier for the Gn and Gp X X
interfaces.
TEID for Iu Tunnel Endpoint Identifier for the Iu interface. X
GGSN Address in The IP address of the GGSN currently used. X X

Use
VPLMN Address Specifies whether the MS is allowed to use the X X
Allowed APN in the domain of the HPLMN only, or
additionally the APN in the domain of the VPLMN.
40

PDP context
QoS Profile The quality of service profile subscribed. X X

Subscribed
QoS Profile The quality of service profile requested. X X
Requested
QoS Profile The quality of service profile negotiated. X X
Negotiated
Radio Priority The RLC/MAC radio priority level for uplink user X
data transmission.
Packet Flow Id Packet flow identifier. X
Aggregate BSS QoS The aggregate BSS quality of service profile X
Profile Negotiated negotiated for the packet flow that this PDP
context belongs to.
Send N-PDU Number SNDCP sequence number of the next downlink X
N-PDU to be sent to the MS.
Receive N-PDU SNDCP sequence number of the next uplink N-PDU X
Number expected from the MS.
GTP-SND GTP-U sequence number of the next downlink X X
N-PDU to be sent to the MS.
41

PDP context
GTP-SNU GTP-U sequence number of the next uplink N-PDU X X

to be sent to the GGSN.
PDCP-SND Sequence number of the next downlink in- X
sequence PDCP-PDU to be sent to the MS.
PDCP-SNU Sequence number of the next uplink in-sequence X
PDCP-PDU expected from the MS.
Charging Id Charging identifier, identifies charging records X X
generated by SGSN and GGSN.
PDP Context The charging characteristics of this PDP context, X X
Charging e.g., normal, prepaid, flat-rate, and/or hot
Characteristics billing.
RNC Address in Use The IP address of the RNC currently used. X
42

Subscriber Data in HLR
Domain Description
IMSI International M obile Subscriber Identity
MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
SGSN Number NO.7 number of the SGSN
SGSN Address IP address of the SGSN
SM S Parameters
MS Purged for GPRS
M NRG
GGSN-list GGSN lis t，including IP address and the NO.7 coding of the
GGSN
PDP Context Identifier
PDP Type IP or X.25
PDP Address The us er ip address
Qos Profile Subscribed
VPLM N Address Allowed
Access Point Name
43

PDP and MM Context
•HLR
•MS •BSC •SGSN •GGSN

•Uu •Gb •Gn
•or RNC or IU
MM context PDP context #1
MM context
PDP context #1 PDP context #1 .
. . .
. . .
PDP context #2 PDP context #2 PDP context #2
44

APN structure
www.huawei.com.mnc<MNC>.mcc<MCC>.gprs
APN APN
Network ID Operator ID
•Operator ID : fixed extension
•Network ID shall not end with “.gprs”
45

How to find GGSN?
BTS BSC
ISP
ISP A
A
GGSN (A) ISP
ISP B
B
MS
•APN-
APN-NI
SGSN GGSN (B)

Backbone
Backbone Corp.
Corp.
DNS Network
Network
•APN-
APN-NI
•APN-NI＋APN-
APN-NI＋ OI＝IP addr
APN-OI＝
DNS DNS
•TS 23.060 ANNEX A

46

General APN
•internet
•GGSN •GGSN
•GuangDong province •Beijing province
•SGSN •SGSN
•Example APN:CMNET
•MS •MS
•Roaming
47

Regional APN (for VPNs)
•VPN tunnel
•GGSN •GGSN
•Province 1 •Province 2
•SGSN •SGSN
•Example APN:test.xy
•MS •MS
•Roaming
48

PDP Context Procedure
• PDP context activation procedure

è To establish a PDP context between the MS and the SGSN,
the GGSN
è The first PDP context for a given PDP address and APN
• Secondary PDP context active procedure
è (Traffic Flow Template (TFT) )-distinguish
• PDP context modification
è change the QoS negotiated, the Radio priority level, or the
TFT
• PDP deactivation procedure
49

PDP Active Procedure(2G)
lMS lBSS l2G l-SGSN l2G l-GGSN
l 1. Activate PDP Context Request
lC1
l 2. Security Functions
l 4. Create PDP Context Request
l 4. Create PDP Context Response
l 7. BSS Packet Flow Context Procedures
lC2
l 9. Activate PDP Context Accept
50

PDP Active Procedure(3G)
lMS lUTRAN l3Gl-SGSN l3Gl-GGSN
1. Activate PDP Context Request

(PDP Type, PDP Address, Access Point Name, Charging ID allocation
QoS Requested, PDP Configuration Options) lC1
l2. Create PDP Context Request
l3. Create PDP Context Response
4. lRadio Access Bearer Setup
5. Update PDP Context Request
6. Update PDP Context Response
lC2
l7. Activate PDP Context Accept
51

Handle in MS
• MS start
è Provide QoS parameter
è Provide a APN-NI
è Provide a static IP or null
• Receive ACCEPT from SGSN
è If the QoS not accept by MS, then starts deactive procedure.
52

Handle in SGSN
• Check subscriber data

• APN selection
è According to TS 23.060
è default APN,APN provide from MS and the APN subscribed in HLR
è APN-NI.APN-OI
• Interrogate DNS
è Hostfile/Cache/DNS server
• QoS negotiation
è QoS provided from MS, default QoS ,QoS subscribed in HLR
• Send message “create PDP context request” to GGSN
• Send message “active PDP context accept” to MS
è Dynamic IP address
è QoS
• RAB assignment
53

Handle in RNC
• RAB assignment
MS SGSN GGSN
RAB assignment
(Final negotiated
RNC Qos)
Allocate radio resource Allocate Iu interface resource
54

Handle in GGSN
• Check the APN provided by SGSN

• QoS negotiation
• Allocate a dynamic IP to the MS
• Allocate a charging ID for the PDP context
• Return a CREATE PDP CONTEXT ACCEPT message to
SGSN
è Dynamic IP
è QoS
è Charging ID
è Other information
• Update PDP context
55

Network-initiated PDP Active Procedure
MS SGSN HLR GGSN
1. PDP PDU
2. Send Routeing Info for GPRS
2. Send Routeing Info for GPRS Ack
3. PDU Notification Request
3. PDU Notification Response
4. Request PDP Context Activation
5. PDP Context Activation procedure
56

Network-initiated PDP Active Procedure
• MS must have static IP address

• GGSN finds the routing of the MS via IMSI
• HLR returns the SGSN address of Gn interface
• SGSN pages the MS
è Cause is Request PDP context active
• MS initialize the active procedure
è via service request procedure
57

58

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GPRS Fundamental Introduction

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Ø GPRS Network architecture

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• Abbreviation of General Packet Radio Service 3

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Ø GPRS Network architecture

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• Function of the Mobility Management sublayer

• GMM specific procedures

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READY Implicit Detach READY

READY timer expiry

MM State Model of MS MM State Model of SGSN

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MS MM States 3G-SGSN MM States

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• Results after any attach procedure

• MS can request Session Management services

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MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN GGSN

2. Delete PDP Context Request

2. Delete PDP Context Response

4. PS Signalling Connection Release

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• The detach procedure can be initiated by SGSN or MS,HLR

• Explicitly detach and implicitly detach

• After detach procedure

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MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN HLR

1. Send Authentication Info（IMSI）

(RAND, CKSN, Ciphering Algorithm)

（SRES ） 2. Authentication and Ciphering Response

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MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN HLR

1. Send Authentication Info （IMSI）

（RAND, AUTN,KSI） 1. Send Authentication Info Ack

（XRES ） 2. Authentication and Ciphering Response

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MS BSS/UTRAN SGSN EIR

2. Check IMEI Ack

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1. P-TMSI Reallocation Command

2. P-TMSI Reallocation Complete

•The SGSN may reallocate the P-TMSI at any time.

• The reallocation procedure can be included in the Attach or Routeing

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Ø GPRS Network architecture

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3. GPRS Paging Request

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PS Paging Without RRC Connection for CS

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PS Paging With RRC Connection for CS

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• MM state in SGSN,MS :IDLE mode

• A Paging message is received by MS

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Ø GPRS Network architecture