كيمياء 1


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
EF
١٥٣
 ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬?   ? EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬4‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE%5F‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(R-COOH) ‫א‬،
 KArEAr-OHF
 
 WE%5F‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE%5F‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
  
‫א‬
  F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ .٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬––––‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K١‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 K‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٣
 CH 3CH 2NHCH 2CH 3 CH 3CH 2COOH
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-٦-
EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١
K‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
(C-C)E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ K
 WCnH2n+2‫א‬‫א‬Alkanes‫א‬‫א‬
 
H H H
H C H H C C H
H   H H
 EMethaneF EEthane)
 
C2H6W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 W
C C
C C C
 
‫א‬‫א‬EF K
 W‫א‬CnH2n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
H H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
 H H
H
 Cyclohexane
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C6H12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  J
WAlkenes‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

H H
C C
H H
  Ethylene ‫إﻳﺜﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ J
WAlkynes‫א‬
H C C H
  Acetylene ‫أﺳﻴﺘﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W
H
H H
H H
H
H H
 Cyclopentene ‫ﺑﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻲ‬

E‫א‬ JF J
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫أو‬
  Benzene ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  K
 W‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬– 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  K
‫א‬ ‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬
 K
F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K –‫א‬–
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 -١
 K
KE–F‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
E‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬
 
H
H H
H C H
C C
H
 H   H
 EF  EF
 
H H
H C C H
    H H
 EF  EF
 
   
 EF‫א‬  EF
 
 
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
Br Br
C C + Br 2\CCl4 H C C H
  H H
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬ K٢
KEF‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 1E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬
 
 K
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EKMnO4FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MnO2‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
C C + MnO 4 C C + MnO 2
‫راﺳﺐ ﺑﻨﻲ‬
  OH OH
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬ K٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬،‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
   
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
H H
H H
C C H C C H
H
 H
 H H
 
- ١٦ -
EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١
K‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(qualitative taste for elements)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Lassaigne's test) 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،،،،،،،‫א‬
 K،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬–‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ٠{٢٠{٢‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ K٢
KE٪٣٠F ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ( X= Br-Cl-I )W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬ K١
K K٢
‫א‬١،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE5%F‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ K٤
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
SO3H
Br SO3H
CH3NHCH2CH3
NH2   
 
- ٢١ -
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬ .٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١
K‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 
 
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EC=OF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
R
   ‫א‬
‫א‬
O O
 
 R C R R C H
O O
C H3 C C H3
     H C H
  
Acetone Formaldehyde
O O
C C H3
     C H3 C H
   
Acetophenone Acetaldehyde
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
O O
C C H
   
   
Benzophenone Benzaldehyde
‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2,4‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J2,.4‫א‬‫א‬ K١
NO2
NH2NH NO2
 
 2.4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE––F‫א‬‫א‬
NO2 NO2
C = O + NH2NH NO2 C = NNH NO2


‫א‬ J2,4E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K–––‫א‬
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬2-3‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ J2,4‫א‬0.5‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.5‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬10
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E––F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W K٢
‫א‬‫א‬SO2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SO2‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ––‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
W K٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
O
R C H + 2Ag(NH3)OH RCO2NH4 + 2Ag + 3NH3 + H2O

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ––––‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3-2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3-2
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
W K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EAF‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
1:1 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬B 1A1BA
O
H + 2Cu++ + 5HO- RCOO- + Cu2O + 3H2O

R C
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K–––––‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬1 K١
KNaHCO3‫א‬1 K٢
KA‫א‬ K٣
KB‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬
  
   ‫ א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
             
 . 
 ‫ א‬    ، ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬  
 ‫ א‬    ،  
   
 ‫א‬ 
 
   
  ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K CX(H2O)y‫ א‬‫ א‬  - ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬  - ‫ א‬
 .          ‫ א‬
    
.      ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ،   
‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫ א‬
    
  ‫א‬       ‫ א‬  

  
  .  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬         
  ، ‫א‬

     ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  ،‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬  . ‫א‬
.‫ א‬  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ 
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W Molish Test  K١

‫א‬  
  ، ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬
    -    
 ‫א א‬ 
  
.‫א א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬       
‫ א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ 
 .  ‫ א‬   2  ‫ א‬   
 ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬
      1    ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ -    ‫א‬
. E‫ א‬ ‫א‬    F 
 ‫ א‬    E ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬F
 ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬  
     ‫ א‬    

 ‫ א‬
       ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬  
   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬  . 
 ‫א‬
.‫؟‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ .  
‫ א‬  K٢
.‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬     ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
:‫ א‬
.‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
.‫ א‬ ، ،
      3‫ א‬  ،   ‫ א‬
    ‫ א‬   ‫א‬0.5 ‫א‬  

  
 ‫ א‬  
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
  
 ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬  (10% F‫ א‬ 
  .‫؟‬‫ א‬        ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  K٣

 ‫ א‬      
  ‫א‬       
 ‫ א‬  
 ‫ א‬  

  ، ‫א‬‫ א‬  
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ (I) ‫א‬
      
 ‫ א‬     ‫א‬ 
 ‫ א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫ א‬ 

 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬     ‫ א‬  ‫א‬    ‫ א‬ 
.‫א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K٤

  
  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬  

    ‫ א‬
  
 ‫ א‬   ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬
.‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫ א‬ K٥

   ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬      ‫ א‬ 
     ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬   . ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬  
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫ א‬‫א‬    ‫ א‬‫א‬
 .‫ א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬
:‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
.‫ א‬ ،‫ א‬ ،  ،
 ‫ א‬‫ א‬ .  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ (10% F   5
 .  ‫ א‬
   ‫א‬ 0.25  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 0.1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     
    ‫ א‬.          ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬     ‫ א‬.      ‫ א‬   15
    
 ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬ 
 ‫א‬      
      ‫ א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א؟‬.‫א‬
‫ א‬ K٦
  
    
 ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬     ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬  
 . 
‫ א‬
 ، 5‫א‬     ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬   
 . ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬     .   ‫א‬
 .        ‫ א‬  
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Br
 CH 3CH 2COCH 3  CH3COH

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 CH 3COCH 3 HCOH
- ٣١ -
EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬ .٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١
K‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
ERFER-COOHF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
O
  C OH
 
CH3 CH COOH CH2 COOH
OH C(OH)COOH   H COOH
  
  CH COOH
  2  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
CH2 COOH COOH HO CH COOH
CH2
  CH2 COOH   COOH   HO CH COOH
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
COOH
CH=CHCOOH
 
  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
E‫א‬FPH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 PH ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٤ J١F‫א‬ ‫א‬E٧ J١F
 KPH‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KPH‫א‬،‫א‬،،،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬،١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PH ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦ J١FE PH F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(CO2) ‫א‬
 K
- +
 R-COOH + NaHCO3 R-COO Na + CO2 + H2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K–––‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K
K‫א‬ -٢
 •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E IIIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،،‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬E––F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
،   ‫ א‬    (-OH)   ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  
  
 ‫א‬    ‫ א‬      ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ 
     ‫ א‬ 
 .‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬
OH OH
OH
NO2 NO2
    OH NO2
 ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬
Phenol Picric acid
Hydroquinone
‫ א‬ K١
 Phenoxides .‫א‬     ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬
‫ א‬  K٢
.  ‫ א‬      ‫ א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬   
 ، ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫ א‬
 .CO2  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫ א‬
 W‫ א‬

 .      ‫ א‬    - ‫א‬ ‫ א‬   
     
‫א‬  ‫ א‬         ‫ א‬ 
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ( IIIF‫ א‬  K٣
 ‫ א‬      
 ‫א א‬  ‫ א‬     ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ 
.‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬
 .  ‫ א‬  ، ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫ א‬ ‫א‬    
‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 . 
 ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬   (III)  ‫ א‬      
  
.
‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

   ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬ 
‫ א‬   ‫ א‬       ‫ א‬‫ א‬. ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬       ‫ א‬ . ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 
.‫ א‬   ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫א א‬ 
W‫ א‬
E%١٠F‫ א‬    ١٥  ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬  ٠{٥‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬  
 -٥{٣    ١‫א‬   ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 .     
 ‫ א‬
      
 ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬ .   
    
 ‫ א‬  ‫א‬
.‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬). ‫א؟‬ (‫א‬
    
   ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫ א‬   
        
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
.  - ‫א‬    - ‫א‬ 
‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬  
‫א א‬ (C6H5OCH3) ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬. ‫ א‬    ‫ א‬
 .‫ א‬    ،
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫ א‬
 .       ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ٠{٥‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬     
  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ،‫ א‬‫ א‬ E F 
  ‫ א‬    ٣٠‫א‬   
  ،   
    ٥٠  ‫ א‬
   . 
 ‫ א‬     ‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
COOH COOH
OH  CH3COOH
 
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
CH2OH OH
  
 
- ٣٩ -
EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K ‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١
K‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 
 
 
 
 
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬6 J1
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ 
          ‫ א‬ .  
 ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬   
   
 ‫ א‬  . ‫א‬‫ א‬     

 ‫ א‬.      
 ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬. ‫ א‬‫א‬
  . ‫ א‬     ‫א‬
CH3CH2NH2
 CH3CH2NHCH3  (CH3CH2)N
     
Ethylamine
NH2 NHCH 3 N(CH 3)2
     
    J  ‫ א‬  - ،
Aniline N-methylaniline N,N-dimethlaniline
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫ א‬  ،‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  
  ‫ א‬
  . ‫ א‬
     
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬
  
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
.   ‫ א‬     ‫ א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫ א‬    ‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬    
   
-
       ‫א‬ 
  ( - NH)  ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬ (-NH2)  ‫ א‬ 
 ‫ א‬
  ‫ א‬    ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬   
.‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
      
    
       ‫ א‬
   ‫ א‬     
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫ א‬
‫ א‬  K١
 ‫ א‬
       ‫ א‬   F ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ 
     ‫ א‬ 
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ . ‫ א‬    E‫ א‬    
، ‫ א‬      
  
      
     ‫א‬‫ א‬
 
K Ar-N= N-Ar ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬
  
  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬    
 ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬.          
 ‫ א‬
  
     
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬  
  
    
     ‫ א‬  
.‫ א‬      ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
  -NO   ،   ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬  
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
     ‫א א‬   ‫א‬ ‫ א‬
.‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬   
W‫ א‬
.‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬
      -  ‫ א‬  - ،
 Aniline   N-methylaniline N,N-dimethlaniline
 
 ‫ א‬  
     ١.  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬  ٠{٥‫א‬ 
 . ‫ א‬       ‫ א‬ . ‫ א‬  ٥‫א‬ ‫ א‬  

 ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
    ‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬  
      
   -        
 ‫ א‬
  
 ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬   
  . 
 ‫ א‬ 
 
.‫א‬  ‫א‬       ( % ١٠F‫ א‬
  ‫ א‬  K٢
 
   ‫ א‬      ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬
   

 ‫ א‬
   ‫ א‬ ‫א‬        ‫ א‬ . methiodides  ‫א‬
.‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫ א‬
    ١‫א‬  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ٠{٥ ‫ א‬  

 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫ א‬     ‫ א‬‫ א‬     ‫א‬
  ‫ א‬    ‫ א‬methiodide  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
.‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  Picric Acid‫ א‬  K٣

   ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬  ،‫ א‬    ‫ א‬ 
‫ א‬   ‫ א‬    . ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ 
   
 ‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬
.‫ א‬     
‫ א‬
 .     ‫ א‬    ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ 
NHCH 3
NH2
 (CH3CH2)N
 
 
 
 
  J
Cyclohexylamine
N-methylaniline
 ، .    ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬    ‫א‬ ٠{٥‫ א‬ 
‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬    ، 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   
   ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬      
 ‫ א‬
  
 ‫ א‬    ‫ א‬
.‫ א‬    
‫ א‬‫א‬  K٤

 ‫א‬‫ א‬
   ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬  
       
 ‫ א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬

 ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬
    
   ‫א‬‫א‬    . ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
.‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
       ‫ א‬ E CH3CO-  F ‫ א‬  
  F
 ‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬
      ‫ א‬  

 ‫ א‬  
  E   F ‫ א‬   . E    ‫א‬

 ‫ א‬
   ‫ א‬  E% ١٠F‫ א‬   ‫א‬
      ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬. ‫ א‬ ‫א‬
.‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ 
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
p-toluens sulphonyl Chloride   

 ‫ א‬
  
 ‫א‬   ‫ א‬  
    ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬
  ..    ‫א א‬  ،‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
         ‫ א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 

 . 
 ‫ א‬
  
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬
 .‫ א‬   ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א א‬
 
‫ א‬
  ‫ א‬    ١‫א‬ 
  % ١٠‫ א‬        ١٠    
  ‫א‬   - ‫א‬  ‫ א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ١{٥. 
  
 
 .   ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬-   ‫א‬
 
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬

 ‫ א‬  
    ‫א‬  ‫ א‬  -NO2      

   ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
   ‫ א‬‫ א‬ : ‫ א‬‫א‬
...‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     ،   ( -NH2)      ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 

    .      
  diazotisation  ‫ א‬       
 ‫א‬
،   ‫א‬       ‫א א‬   

  
 ‫ א‬ 
      
  .‫א‬‫ א‬     ‫ א‬
.‫ א‬‫ א‬          
  ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬    
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫ א‬  
    
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬     (II)  ‫ א‬  
  
    ‫א‬‫ א‬      .    ‫ א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
   ‫ א‬        
 ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬.  
- ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 
  
  - ‫ א‬  
 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫ א‬     
 .‫ א‬
‫ א‬
:‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬
 K( ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ) ‫א‬ ،
.  ‫ א‬
   (II)  ‫ א‬
      ١‫א‬      ‫א‬  
    

 ‫ א‬    
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬        ١‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ 
   ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬. ‫א‬    ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  . ‫א‬

 ‫ א‬ 
 .  ‫ א‬
   ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬   ،‫ א‬‫א‬

       
  % ١٠‫ א‬     -      ‫א‬
  .‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
O
  C N
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 15%‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬E0.5F‫א‬ -١
K15%‫א‬2‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
NHCH 3
NH2
 (CH3CH2)N
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
NO2
O H
 (CH3CH2)N
 C6H5 C N CH3
 
 
 
- ٤٧ -
EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١
K‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
K
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬PH‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NaOH 10%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NaHCO3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCl
 KKH2SO4‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
- ٥٠ -
EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪80‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .١
KOverhead Projector .٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬
 WDistillation‫א‬ .١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
  ،o  J١٥٠   –    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  E20F   E760F
 K 10-7 10-2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬o
٧٦٠–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٧٨{٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥{٦‫א‬٪٤{٤
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EbenzeneF‫א‬E‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEazeotrope distillation F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WCrystallization‫א‬ .٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K…‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WExtraction‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،    
 
  ، ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬   ،   
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESoxhletF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 :Chromatography‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL.S.C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KL.L.C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KG.S.C‫א‬ K
 KG.L.C‫א‬ K
١٩٠٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،Ecolumn chromatographyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Epaper chromatographyF‫א‬ J
K١٩٤٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫…א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،Ethin layer chromatographyF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEStahlF‫א‬١٩٥٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WSublimation‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 W‫א‬،
O
COOH
C-OCH2CH3
H2SO4 + H2 O
+ CH3CH2OH
 
L١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٪٩٦‫א‬٥٠‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٢‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬
، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K٠{٠٨٢‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣L٠{٧٨٥
 ١٠٠C‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠C٠{٧٨٥C٥٠L‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٧{٦٨‫א‬
٠{٠٨٢‫א‬٤٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٨٢‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٨٢KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢{٣Z١٥٠C٠{٠٨٢
    ١٠٠C‫א‬‫א‬LE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
،CE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪…Z١٠٠C١٢{٣LCZ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٢‫א‬،١٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 W،١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬١٢٢
 KC‫א‬E‫א‬F١٠
   ١٢{٣Z١٢٢L١٥٠C١٠ZX 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬WE١F
 
،١٨٥٤E F‫א‬‫א‬ Acetyl Salicylic acid‫א‬ 
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
O O
OH O O OH
C + C
H
+ CH3 C O C CH3 + CH3COOH
OH O C CH3
O
Salicylic acid Acetic anhydride Acetyl Salicylic acid Acetic acid
M.W =138 g/m. ( Aspirin )
 M.W =180 g/m.
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F •  K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K •  KE٢٥٠F •
 K •  K •
 K٢٥٠ •  K •
   K •
 KW‫א‬
١٤،E٢٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬١٠  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
E ‫א‬F
K‫א‬١٥٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬  J٣
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
KEF‫א‬
KE٢٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬٧٥‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 
 W
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F
 W‫א‬
CH 3 COOH
2[ O ]
NO 2 NO 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٥‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ •
 K٪١٥‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K٪٥‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K •  KE٢٥٠F‫א‬ •
K •  K •
 K •  KE٢٠٠F •
 K •  K •
K •
 W‫א‬
٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٤‫א‬‫א‬١١{٥ -١
‫א‬‫א‬،E ٢٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬١٢٠‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٥
‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٦
E٪٥F‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٧
K١٥‫א‬ -٨
K‫א‬ -٩
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١٠
 KE٪٥F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ -١١
 K‫ א‬-١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬-١٣
١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٤
 KE٪١٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٦
 W
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K‫؟‬‫א‬٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W(3)
 W‫א‬
NH 2 NHCOCH 3
+ (CH3CO) 2O + CH3CO2H
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •  K •
 K •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
   K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •  KE٢٥٠F‫א‬ •
 KE٥٠٠F •  K •
 K •  K •
   KE٢٥٠F •
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬٢١{٥F٢٠ ‫א‬E‫א‬٢٠{٥F٢٠ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬٢١F٢٠
 K٢٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬ -١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١١
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 
 W
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K‫؟‬ ٢
 K‫؟‬E٪٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4F
 W‫א‬
NHCOCH 3 NHCOCH 3
+ Br2
+ HBr
  Br
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦٠٠F •  KE٢٥٠F •
 K •  KE١٠٠F •
 K •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K •  K •
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫א‬١٣{٥  J١
 K٢٥٠
٥{٣١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٥  J٢
K‫א‬
،١٢ J١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬٤٠٠‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٥‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬  J٦
KENaHSO3F‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 K
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
W
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ENaHSO3F‫א‬‫א‬W٢
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 
 
 
 
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5F
 W‫א‬
NHCOCH3
NH2
O
+
H
+ H2O
+ CH3COOH
NO2
NO2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٪١٠F‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KELF •  KE٪٧٠F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KPH •  KE١٥٠F‫א‬ •
 K •  KEF‫א‬ •
 K •  K •
 K •  K •
 W‫א‬
‫א‬E٪٧٠F‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥ E١
 K١٥٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬ E٣
 KE‫א‬
E٪١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ E٧
 WE٪٧٠F‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫א‬٦٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬WE6F
 W‫א‬
HO OCOCH3
H2SO4
+ (CH3CO)2O
HO OCOCH3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ • K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •  KE٢٥٠F •
 K •  KE٢٥٠F •
 W‫א‬
 K٢٥٠‫א‬E٥F  J١
 K‫א‬E١٠F  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 KE١٥F  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬E٪٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
 W
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬WE7F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
CHO COOH
KMnO4[O]
Na2OCO3
OCH3 OCH3
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬٤F •  K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •  KE٢٥٠F‫א‬ •
 K •  K •
 W‫א‬
٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٢٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬٤F‫א‬E‫א‬٥F٤{٥‫א‬  J٢
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K٣٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
K ‫א‬SO2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬HCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K١٠٠‫א‬٦٠–١٢٠‫א‬
 
 W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K‫؟‬SO2٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٢–‫א‬WE8F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٢––‫א‬
 W‫א‬
H H H CO2H
+
O
H
C C C C
CO2H CO2H CO2H H
EF‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •  KE١٠٠F‫א‬ •
 K •  K •
 W‫א‬
‫א‬١٠E١٤٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١٠  J١
 K١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬٠{٦٣
 ،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K‫א‬١٠٠ J٩٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
K‫؟‬‫א‬HCl١
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩٨٩،١٠،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K، .١
،‫א‬،٢،١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K، .٢
 ١٤١٥،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ .٣
 ١٤٠٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬ .٤
 ١٤١٩،‫א‬
 ١٩٨٥،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬، .٥
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J٦ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
  J٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬K1
  J١٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J١٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
  J١٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٢١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
  J٢٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J٢٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
  J٣١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
  J٣٣ J K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  J٣٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
  J٣٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
  J٤١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬6 J1
  J٤٥ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫ א‬
  J٤٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
  J٤٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
  J٤٩ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
  J٤٩ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٦٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F
  J٦٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬W(3)
 ‫א‬  ١٥٣  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  J٦٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4F

  J٦٦ J  K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5F
  J٦٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬WE6F
  J٦٩ J K K K K K K K K K E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬WE7F
  J٧٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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كيمياء 1

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كيمياء 1

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

 Cyclopentene ‫ﺑﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻲ‬

  Benzene ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬

C = O + NH2NH NO2 C = NNH NO2

R C H + 2Ag(NH3)OH RCO2NH4 + 2Ag + 3NH3 + H2O

H + 2Cu++ + 5HO- RCOO- + Cu2O + 3H2O

 W Molish Test  K١

 CH 3CH 2COCH 3  CH3COH

  Picric Acid‫ א‬  K٣

p-toluens sulphonyl Chloride   

 ،Ecolumn chromatographyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

 M.W =180 g/m.

CO2H CO2H CO2H H

  J٦٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4F

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