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Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 3
Glossary .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1. THE CHICKPEA SUBSECTOR - Introduction and Background.......................................... 5
a. Status and importance of the subsector:.......................................................................................... 5
b. Inventory of activities and lessons learnt from past and on-going interventions in subsector losses
............................................................................................................................................................ 9
c. The process of policy making and current policy framework or national strategy on subsector losses
(if any), and brief description/ assessment of the level and extent of current implementation......... 10
d. Relevant institutions and their role in terms of policy, organizational structure, mandate and
activities in the small and medium subsector industry sector. .......................................................... 11
e. Overview of the most important FSCs in the subsector, selection of FSC ................................... 12
2. THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN - Situation analysis ..................................................................... 15
a. Description of the selected subsector supply chain, its location, an estimate of the quantities of
products, and when the case study took place................................................................................... 15
b. Description of the existing marketing systems of the selected subsector supply chain, for small-
scale producers (formal and informal). ............................................................................................. 20
c. FSC actors’ involvement and their benefit, including job creation and income generation; economic
data of the FSC; environment-related inputs and factors of the FSC................................................ 26
3. THE FOOD LOSSES - Study findings and results...................................................................... 32
a. Description of the FSC: risk factors.............................................................................................. 32
b. Critical Loss Points: type and level of food losses in the selected subsector chains, including both
quantitative and qualitative losses..................................................................................................... 32
4. THE FOOD LOSS REDUCTION STRATEGY - Conclusions and recommendations ........... 38
c. Follow-up action plan/ concept note ......................................................................................... 43
Itinerary................................................................................................................................................. 44
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 45
2|Page
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Executive Summary
This study covers chickpea post-harvest value chain in the state of Andhra Pradesh and was conducted
during the period April – August 2016. Chickpea value chain was selected because of its importance in
the state’s food security and economy. The methodology focuses on identifying the symptoms and
causes of food loss and finding relevant solutions, using a phased “4S” approach consisting of Screening
(secondary research from documents, reports, and expert consultations), Survey, Sampling, Synthesis
(root cause analysis and solution finding). The methodology also takes into account environmental,
social and food safety aspects that enable formulation of well-rounded solutions in addressing the losses.
The strategy aims at using the results of the case studies to target opportunities for further detailed
studies with a wider scope that can lead to concrete investment programmes and interventions. In the
case of these findings indicating low levels of losses, the study helps in identifying the reason for such
low losses and articulating the learning for implementation in other regions.
Food supply chain selected for the study was that of desi variety of Chickpea in the Prakasam and
Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh. The supply chain studied included all four final products - whole
chickpea, chickpea split dal, roasted chickpea dal, and chickpea flour. Both cold and dry storage ware-
houses were observed. Value chain actors such as farmers, commission agents, warehouses, processors,
transporters, wholesalers and retailers were surveyed to understand activities such as harvesting, thresh-
ing, transportation, storage, dal milling, flour milling, and trading.
The study found Chickpea to be an environment friendly crop. Socially, men and women contribute to
the value chain, though the activities and responsibilities are segregated, more due to cultural reasons
rather than gender exploitation. Food safety wise, there were no unfavourable observations in the supply
chain.
In this selected Food Supply Chain (FSC), no critical loss points were observed. At each stage/activity
of the FSC, good practices were reported resulting in low loss points viz. mechanical threshers for
threshing, professionally managed dry and cold storage houses, wide adoption of single variety owing
to uniform size and better processing efficiencies, good transport practices and conditions, fast rotation
of small quantities at wholesale and retail stages. The low loss observations were found to be in agree-
ment with the low losses reported by CIPHET, ICAR 2015 study.
Root causes/reasons for the low loss points were identified through further deliberation with experts
and key stakeholders and through analysis. These findings were further discussed and validated in the
consultative workshop with stakeholders. Some of the key findings include:
- Research leadership & adoption of latest technologies: Close presence of research institutes like
ICRISAT, RARS, ANGRAU, help in relevant research and quick dissemination.
- Adoption of good agricultural practices: Chickpea farmers in Andhra Pradesh show good fast adop-
tion of best agricultural practices.
- Commercial rental farm services: Most of the chickpea farming activities are mechanized and avail-
able for hire increasing the adoptability by smallholder farmers.
- Aggregated farming by farmer groups: Availability of mechanized farm services and land on lease,
facilitate aggregated farming by farmer groups resulting in knowledge sharing and market linkages
- Availability of storage facilities: Cold and dry storages that are professionally managed are widely
available and used by chickpea farmers
- Transparent sales system: Most supply chain actors have easy access to market information, thus
increasing competition and efficiency in the supply chain
- Better support infrastructure: The roads in the districts of Prakasam and Kurnool are well developed
- Simple processing technologies: Technology is simple, resulting in good processing efficiencies
Based on the above analysis, recommendations were suggested for possible future actions that could be
applied to other geographies in the state and elsewhere. These included capacity building for farmers
(who use their own storages) on scientific storage practices, promotion of cold and dry storages, listing
of a crop in commodity exchange, promotion of aggregated farming by farmer groups, promotion of
single variety in smaller areas. The expected cost-benefit scenario analysis for two of the above
suggested recommendations was also done.
3 | PPage
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Glossary 1.
1. THE
THE CHICKPEA
CHICKPEA SUBSECTOR
SUBSECTOR -- Introduction
Introduction and
and Background
Background
a.
a. Status
Status and
and importance
importance ofof the
the subsector:
subsector:
Names Description
A3P Accelerated Pulses Production Programme
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum),
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), also
also known
known as as Bengal
Bengal gram
gram oror Chana
Chana inin India,
India, is
is one
one of
of the
the major
major pulses
pulses
cultivated
cultivated and consumed in India. It is one of the oldest, important and ubiquitous source of protein for
and consumed in India. It is one of the oldest, important and ubiquitous source of protein for
AGMARK Agriculture Marketing the
the people
people of
of India.
India. After
After dry
dry bean
bean and
and peas,
peas, chickpea
chickpea isis the
the third
third most
most important
important pulse
pulse crop
crop grown
grown in
in
AICRP All India Coordinated Research Projects the world accounting for around 20% of the world pulses production 1. The year 2016 has been declared
1
the world accounting for around 20% of the world pulses production . The year 2016 has been declared
ANGRAU Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University as
as the
the International
International year
year of
of pulses
pulses and
and there
there is
is aa worldwide
worldwide attention
attention onon this
this crop.
crop.
APMARKFED Andhra Pradesh State Co-operative Marketing Federation Ltd
India
India is
is the
the world’s
world’s largest
largest producer
producer as
as well
well as
as consumer
consumer ofof chickpea.
chickpea. The
The country
country produces
produces around
around 8
8
BRC British Retail Consortium
million
million MT
MT ofof chickpea
chickpea annually
annually which
which contributes
contributes to
to nearly
nearly 70%
70% of
of the
the world’s
world’s chickpea
chickpea production.
production.
CACP Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices
Two
Two varieties
varieties of
of chickpeas
chickpeas are
are grown
grown in
in the
the country
country namely:
namely:
CER Currency Exchange Rate
CIAE Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering •• Desi:
Desi: Dark
Dark brown
brown in
in colour,
colour, relatively
relatively smaller
smaller in
in size,
size, thicker
thicker seed
seed coat
coat and
and is
is consumed
consumed in
in four
four
CIPHET Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology different
different forms
forms (whole
(whole chickpeas,
chickpeas, split
split gram,
gram, roasted
roasted gram
gram and
and flour).
flour).
CLP Critical Loss Point •• Kabuli:
DAP Di-ammonium phosphate Kabuli: Whitish
Whitish cream
cream in
in colour,
colour, relatively
relatively larger
larger in
in size,
size, thinner
thinner seed
seed coat
coat and
and is
is served
served as
as
whole seed.
whole seed.
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FMCG Fast-moving consumer goods Kabuli
Kabuli chickpea
chickpea Desi
Desi chickpea
chickpea
FSC Food Supply Chain Consumption
Consumption forms
forms and
and the
the various
various names
names by
by which
which they
they are
are known
known
FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
GHG Greenhouse gases
GHP Good Hygiene Practices
GOI Government of India
HACCP Hazard analysis and critical control points
HDPE High-density polyethylene
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Kabuli chickpea Whole chickpea Chickpea split dal Roasted chickpea dal Chickpea dal flour
Kabuli chickpea Whole chickpea Chickpea split dal Roasted chickpea dal Chickpea dal flour
IIPR Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kabuli chana Desi chickpea Chana dal Roasted chana dal Chana dal flour
Kabuli chana Desi chickpea Chana dal Roasted chana dal Chana dal flour
JG11 Seed variety Desi chana Gram dal Roasted gram dal Besan
Desi chana Gram dal Roasted gram dal Besan
Bengal Gram Phutana Chutney dal Gram flour
KAK2 Seed variety Bengal Gram Phutana Chutney dal Gram flour
LLP Low Loss Point
MoFPI Ministry of Food Processing Industries
Months
Months JJ F
F M
M A
A M
M JJ JJ A
A S
S O
O N
N D
D
MSP Minimum Support Price
Sowing
Sowing
NA Not Applicable
Harvest
Harvest
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NAFED National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Sales
Sales
NBEG47 Seed variety Chickpea
Chickpea isis aa three
three month
month rabi
rabi crop
crop (winter
(winter crop
crop season)
season) sown
sown between
between mid
mid ofof October
October to to mid
mid ofof De-
De-
NCDC National Cooperative Development Council cember and is harvested between mid of January to mid of March. In India, the crop
cember and is harvested between mid of January to mid of March. In India, the crop is grown mainlyis grown mainly
NCDEX National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited in
in the
the states
states of
of Madhya
Madhya Pradesh,
Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Maharashtra, Uttar
Uttar Pradesh,
Pradesh, Karnataka
Karnataka and and Andhra
Andhra Pra-
2 Pra-
NDC National Development Council desh.
desh. Together
Together these
these six
six states
states account
account for
for more
more than
than 90%
90% of
of the
the area
area under
under chickpea production 2.. Over
chickpea production Over
NSFM National Food Security Mission the past few decades, production of chickpea in the country has significantly moved from
the past few decades, production of chickpea in the country has significantly moved from the cooler, the cooler,
QLT Qualitative long
long season
season environments
environments in in Northern
Northern India
India to
to warmer,
warmer, short
short season
season environments
environments in in Central
Central and
and South-
South-
QNT Quantitative ern
ern India. Development of short duration cultivars has played a key role in the expansion of area
India. Development of short duration cultivars has played a key role in the expansion of area and
and
RARS Regional Agricultural Research Station productivity of chickpea in South and Central
productivity of chickpea in South and Central India.India.
SEBI Securities and Exchange Board of India The
The state
state of
of Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh lies
lies in
in the
the southern
southern part
part of
of India
India and
and contributes
contributes to
to around
around 9%
9% ofof the
the
UAE United Arab Emirates country’s
country’s chickpea
chickpea production.
production. The
The increase
increase in
in area
area under
under cultivation,
cultivation, production
production and
and productivity
productivity of
of
USD United States Dollar chickpea
chickpea in
in this
this state
state has
has been
been phenomenal
phenomenal in in the
the past
past decades.
decades. Between
Between 1997-98
1997-98 and
and 2013-14,
2013-14, the
the area
area
WDRA Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority under
under production
production ofof chickpea
chickpea in
in Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh has
has grown
grown over
over 55 times
times and
and the
the production
production grew
grew byby
more
more than
than 12
12 times.
times. The
The yield
yield has
has more
more than
than doubled
doubled to
to around
around 1,300kg/ha
1,300kg/ha which
which was
was mainly
mainly due
due to
to

1India’s Pulses Scenario, National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi
1India’s Pulses Scenario, National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi
2Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare at
2Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare at
http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/
http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/
4|Page 5
5 || P aa g
PPageg |ee5
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 Output I-1a: National Production Information of chickpea subsector - Actors and product flow

the introduction of better varieties and their adoption by the farmers in Andhra Pradesh. However, there Output I-1a: National Production Information of chickpea subsector - Actors and product flow
the introduction of better varieties and their adoption by the farmers in Andhra Pradesh. However, there
is a reduction in the acreage as well as production in the last two years which is due to the combined Smallholder farmers (<=2ha) Large farmers (>2ha)
is a reduction in the acreage as well as production in the last two years which is due to the combined
effect of unfavourable weather and low prices in 2013-14. The following graph shows the trends in the (43.6%) (56.4%)
effect of unfavourable weather and low prices in 2013-14. The following graph shows the trends in the
area under production, production and yield of chickpea in Andhra Pradesh. Smallholder farmers (<=2ha) Large farmers (>2ha)
area under production, production and yield of chickpea in Andhra Pradesh.
(43.6%) (56.4%)
Chickpea
Chickpea Crop
Crop Statistics
Statistics -- Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh
800,000 1800 Seed Own consumption Crop meant for trade
800,000 1800
(hectare)

700,000 1600 (7%) (3%) (90%)

Area(hectare)

700,000 1600
600,000 1400
600,000 1400 Seed Own consumption Crop meant for trade
1200

kg/ha
500,000 1200 (7%) (3%) (90%)

Yieldkg/ha
500,000 1000
andArea

400,000 1000 Immediately traded Crop stored for trade later

400,000 800
300,000 800 (25%) (65%)

Yield
300,000 600
(tonne)and

200,000 600
200,000 400 Immediately traded Crop stored for trade later
400
Production(tonne)

100,000 200 (25%) (65%)

100,000 200
- 0 Sold to Village and State level traders
- 0 (90%)
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Production

1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Sold to Village and State level traders

whole chickpea
(90%)
Yield (kg/ha) Production (tonne) Area (hectare) Sold to processors within state 2% Sold to bigger national level traders
Yield (kg/ha) Production (tonne) Area (hectare) (30%) (60%)

whole chickpea
Sold to processors within state 2% Sold to bigger national level traders
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (30%)within state
Sold to traders (60%)

Unprocessed
Economic Importance of Chickpea 33: Despite being the largest producer of chickpea in the world, (28%)
Economic Importance of Chickpea : Despite being the largest producer of chickpea in the world,
India still imports significant quantities of chickpea from different countries as the domestic consump- Sold to traders within state
India still imports significant quantities of chickpea from different countries as the domestic consump-

Unprocessed
tion is high. In 2014-15, India imported around 418,870 MT of chickpeas (about 5% of the total pro- 2% (28%) within state Passes through similar supply chain
tion is high. In 2014-15, India imported around 418,870 MT of chickpeas (about 5% of the total pro- Sold to wholesalers players in other states
duction of India) primarily the desi variety from countries like Australia, Russia, Tanzania and Myan- (30%)
duction of India) primarily the desi variety from countries like Australia, Russia, Tanzania and Myan- (60%)
Passes through similar supply chain
mar. Despite a restriction on export of pulses 44 from India as they form a part of essential commodities, 2%
mar. Despite a restriction on export of pulses from India as they form a part of essential commodities, Sold to wholesalers within state players in other states
Kabuli chickpea and restricted quantities of Desi chickpea is allowed for export and it contributes the (30%)within state
Sold to retailers
Kabuli chickpea and restricted quantities of Desi chickpea is allowed for export and it contributes the (60%)
largest share in India’s export basket of pulses. India exported around 190,230 MT of chickpeas (about (30%)
largest share in India’s export basket of pulses. India exported around 190,230 MT of chickpeas (about
2.3% of total production) in 2014-15 to countries like Pakistan, Algeria, Turkey, Sri Lanka and UAE. Sold to retailers within state
2.3% of total production) in 2014-15 to countries like Pakistan, Algeria, Turkey, Sri Lanka and UAE.
With the increase in the consumption levels of pulses being observed over the past decade, the domestic (30%)
With the increase in the consumption levels of pulses being observed over the past decade, the domestic Not consumed - Seed Consumed within state Consumed in other states or exported
production of chickpea is important to the nation to reduce its dependence on imports. Chickpea in
production of chickpea is important to the nation to reduce its dependence on imports. Chickpea in (7%) (33%) (60%)
Andhra Pradesh contributes to more than USD 330mn to the economy 55.
Andhra Pradesh contributes to more than USD 330mn to the economy . Not consumed - Seed Consumed within state Consumed in other states or exported
Nutritional importance of chickpea: Pulses are a low cost vegetarian source of protein and chickpea (7%) (33%) (60%)
Nutritional importance of chickpea: Pulses are a low cost vegetarian source of protein and chickpea
is one of them. Chickpea seed has 38-59% carbohydrate, 22-24% protein, 3% fibre, 4.8-5.5% oil, 3%
is one of them. Chickpea seed has 38-59% carbohydrate, 22-24% protein, 3% fibre, 4.8-5.5% oil, 3% The above flow diagram shows in detail, the value chain path of chickpea moving from producers to
ash, 0.2% calcium, and 0.3% phosphorus. Digestibility of protein varies from 76-78% and its carbohy-
ash, 0.2% calcium, 6and 0.3% phosphorus. Digestibility of protein varies from 76-78% and its carbohy- the end consumers. Several actors participate in the value addition process and the role played by them
drate from 57-60% 6. The per capita consumption of chickpeas in India varies across the different re-
drate from 57-60% . The per capita consumption of chickpeas in India varies across the different re- is explained
The below.
above flow diagram shows in detail, the value chain path of chickpea moving from producers to
gions of the country, and it is estimated to be around 6 kg per annum on average. As the income levels
gions of the country, and it is estimated to be around 6 kg per annum on average. As the income levels the end consumers. Several actors participate in the valueless
addition
are on the rise in the country, the demand for protein is expected to increase and this is expected to drive
are on the rise in the country, the demand for protein is expected to increase and this is expected to drive Farmers/ Producers: Farmers who own a landholding than 2process andinthe
hectares role
size areplayed by them
considered as
the demand for chickpea in the near future. Since the majority of the chickpea farmers in India are small is explained
small farmersbelow.
and the remaining are broadly classified as medium or large farmers. In chickpea produc-
the demand for chickpea in the near future. Since the majority of the chickpea farmers in India are small
and marginal, this crop also contributes significantly to their incomes and thus plays a critical role in tion, around
Farmers/ 43.6% of the
Producers: farmers
Farmers who areown
small . Post-harvest,
a 7landholding lessthethan
farmers retain in
2 hectares a small quantity
size are (7%) as
considered of
and marginal, this crop also contributes significantly to their incomes and thus plays a critical role in
providing the livelihood for them. the
smallproduce
farmersasand
seedtheforremaining
next seasonare and someclassified
broadly for personal consumption
as medium or large(3%) 5
. TheInremaining
farmers. chickpea produce
produc-
providing the livelihood for them.
is traded
tion, in an43.6%
around unorganized mannerare
of the farmers through
smalltraders/
7 commission agents. Depending upon the prevailing
. Post-harvest, the farmers retain a small quantity (7%) of
prices, farmers
the produce sell their
as seed produce
for next season toand
the some
tradersforimmediately, or store the(3%)
personal consumption produce
5
. Theinremaining
warehouses/ cold
produce
storages
is traded for some
in an period and
unorganized sell them
manner to thetraders/
through trader at an appropriate
commission time.
agents. Generally,
Depending the the
upon small farmers
prevailing
cannot afford
prices, farmerstosell
keep theirproduce
their producetointhestorage
traders spaces as they need
immediately, to sell
or store thetheir produce
produce to the traderscold
in warehouses/ for
storages for some period and sell them to the trader at an appropriate time. Generally, the small farmers
cannot afford to keep their produce in storage spaces as they need to sell their produce to the traders for

3
Commodity profile for pulses – July 2016 from Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare
3
Commodity profile for pulses – July 2016 from Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare 7
Agricultural census database at http://agcensus.dacnet.nic.in/
4
Notification No 78 (RE – 2013)/2009-2014 at http://dgft.gov.in/Exim/2000/NOT/NOT13/not7814.htm
4
Notification No 78 (RE – 2013)/2009-2014 at http://dgft.gov.in/Exim/2000/NOT/NOT13/not7814.htm
5
Sathguru research & analysis 7|Page
5
Sathguru research & analysis 7
Agricultural census database at http://agcensus.dacnet.nic.in/
6
Hulse, J.H. (1991). Nature, composition and utilization of grain legumes (pp. 11-27)
6
Hulse, J.H. (1991). Nature, composition and utilization of grain legumes (pp. 11-27)
Page | 6 6|Page 7 | PPage
a g |e7
6|Page
their sustainable income. Around 25%5 of the produce is traded directly while the remaining produce
enters storage spaces for trading at a later date. OUTPUT I-1c: FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS.
their sustainable
Traders: Tradersincome.
play an Around
important 25% role
5
of the produce is traded directly while the remaining produce OUTPUT
Chickpea is I-1c: FOOD SAFETY
a moderately hardy MANAGEMENT
crop. The major MECHANISMS.
food safety risks are adulteration during processing
5 in the value chain by connecting the producers to the proces-
their
enters sustainable
storage income.
spaces for Around
trading at 25%
a later ofdate.
the produce is traded directly while the remaining produce
sors or to other traders in a different state and also by connecting processors to wholesalers or traders and rodents/
Chickpea is ainsecticides
moderatelyduring storage.
hardy crop. TheThe tablefood
major Output
safetyI-1c captures
risks in detail the
are adulteration situation
during of the
processing
enters storage spaces for trading at a later date.
in different states. This way they ensure
Traders: Traders play an important role in the value chain a continuous supply of the raw the
by connecting materials
producersto theto processors,
the proces- food
and rodents/ insecticides during storage. The table Output I-1c captures in detail the situation ofthere
safety mechanisms that are in place at different levels in the value chain of chickpea. While the
Traders:
continuous
sors Traders
supply
or to other play an
of processed
traders important
products
in a different role in
statetoand the value
the also
markets chain by connecting
and also create
by connecting the producers
a widertomarket
processors wholesalersto theorproduce.
for the proces-
traders are
fooddefined quality standards
safety mechanisms thatinare
that are prescribed
place at different
at different levels inlevels, the quality
the value chain ofchecks and audit
chickpea. Whileproce-
there
sors
The or to
traders other
charge traders
₹ 10 in
per a different
quintal (USDstate and
1.5 also
per by
tonne) connecting
5
for their processors
service.
in different states. This way they ensure a continuous supply of the raw materials to the processors, to wholesalers or traders dures on thequality
are defined groundstandards
are very minimalistic and areatbased
that are prescribed on the
different visual
levels, theinspection. Basicand
quality checks hygiene stand-
audit proce-
in differentsupply
continuous states.ofThis way they
processed ensuretoa the
products continuous
markets supply
and alsoofcreate
the rawwidermaterials to the processors, ards are maintained at the processing level due to the regular government audits. However, they are
Storage
continuous providers:
supply ofStorage
processed providers
products provide
to the farmers/and
markets traders,
also spaceaaon
create wider
market
a rental
market
fortothe
basis
for the
produce.
store
produce.their dures on the ground are very minimalistic and are based on the visual inspection. Basic hygiene stand-
unaware of the globalatstandards of processing like
The traders
produce charge
and charge ₹
ensure that 10 per quintal (USD 1.5 per tonne) 5
for their service. ards are maintained the processing level due to HACCP,
the regular BRC and there are
government no incentives
audits. However, for theythem
are
The traders ₹ 10theperproduce
quintal (USDthus stored1.5 peristonne)
well maintained.
5 Thus they play an important role in
for their service. to maintain high quality standards.
unaware of the global standards of processing like HACCP, BRC and there are no incentives for them
controlling the lossesStorage
Storage providers: in the value chainprovide
providers and in ensuring
farmers/ availability
traders, space of quality produce
on a rental basisfortoprocessing.
store their
Storage
They also providers:
play a key Storage
role in providers
ensuring provide
better farmers/
returns to traders,
the space
farmers. on
The a rental
storage basis
space to
canstore their
berole
a dry toController
maintain high quality
Control standards. Actual Situation in the Responsible agent
produce and ensure that the produce thus stored is well maintained. Thus they play an important in
produce
warehouse and ensure that the produce thus stored is well maintained. Thus they play an important role in FSC
controlling or thea losses
cold storage.
in the value chain and in ensuring availability of quality produce for processing. Controller Control Actual Situation in the Responsible agent
controlling the losses in the value chain and in ensuring availability of quality produce for processing. Exists
They also play
Processors: a key role
Processors in ensuring
procure raw material better through
returns to the farmers.
traders and process The storage space can be a dry FSC and applies
They also play a key role in ensuring better returns to the farmers. The them
storage into valuecan
space added
be aprod-
dry National food to the whole FSC
warehouse
ucts thus or a
ensuring cold storage.
wider usage of the produce. A major fraction of the processors in the state are small Exists and applies
warehouse or a cold storage. safety/ quality Exists but not rig- AGMARK, NAFED, NCDEX
with processing
Processors: capacities
Processors of around
procure 0.5 – 1 tonne
raw material through pertraders
hour5.and Only desi variety
process them into of chickpeas
value added areprod-
pro- National food to the whole FSC X
Processors:
cessed Processors
andensuring
Kabuli variety procure raw material
are consumed as such. through tradersroasted
and process them into are
value added prod- standards
safety/ orous
quality Exists but not rig- AGMARK, NAFED, NCDEX
ucts thus wider usage of the produce. ASplit
majorgram,
fraction of the gram and flour
processors in thethe major
state are prod-
small X
uctsfrom
ucts thus the
ensuring wideractivity.
processing usage of Around
the produce. 5A major fraction of the processors in the state are small standards Doesn’t
orous exist
with
with
processing
processing
capacities
capacities
ofof
around
around
0.5
0.5
––30%
11 tonne
tonne
of the
pertotal
per
hourproduce
hour 5 . Only is
5
. Only desi
processed
desi varietyof
variety
within
of the state
chickpeas
chickpeas
arewhile
are
pro-
pro-
60% ofand
the Kabuli
producevariety
is exported to other states as Split
such.gram, roasted gram and flour are the major prod- Harvest
Doesn’t exist N
cessed are consumed
cessed and Kabuli variety are consumed as such. as such. Split gram, roasted gram and flour are the major prod- Transport
Harvest N
N
ucts
uctsfrom
fromthe
Wholesalers theprocessing
and activity.
retailers:
processing Around
Wholesalers
activity. Aroundand 30% 5
5 of the total
30%retailers produce
maintain
of the total produce is processed
a stock
is processed within
of wholewithin chickpeasthestate
the state
as wellwhile
while as Government Transport N Agricultural Produce Marketing
60% of
processed the
60% of the produce
products
produceand is exported
distributes
is exported to other states
them states
to other as
to theasend such.
consumers thus playing a key role in reaching the
such. Frequency of check- Storage M
regulation
Government ing (None, Low, Committee
Agricultural Produce Marketing
end consumers. Apart
Wholesalers from the chickpea, they deal withmaintain
several other commodities. Retailersasbased on Frequency of check- Storage M
Wholesalersand andretailers:
retailers: Wholesalers
Wholesalers andand retailers
retailers maintain aa stock
stock of whole
of wholechickpeas
chickpeas wellas
as well as and require-
regulation Medium, High)Low, Process M
Department
Committee of Commerce,
their method
processed and scale
products and ofdistributes
operation them
can betosegmented
the end into traditional
consumers thus mom &apop
playing keystores,
role insupermarkets,
reaching the ments ing (None, FSSAI,
processed products and distributes them to the end consumers thus playing a key role in reaching the and require- Department of Commerce,
hypermarkets
end and e-retailers. Medium, High) Process M
endconsumers.
consumers. Apart
Apart from
fromthethe chickpea,
chickpea, they
they deal with several
deal with several other
other commodities.
commodities.Retailers
Retailersbased
basedon on ments Market M
Agricultural
FSSAI, Produce Marketing
their method
their method
OUTPUT and
I-1b:andscale of
scale of
STATE operation can be
operation can be
PRODUCTION segmented into
segmented intoOF
INFORMATION traditional
traditional mom & pop stores, supermarkets,
mom & pop stores, supermarkets,
THE SUBSECTOR Committee
Agricultural Produce Marketing
hypermarkets
hypermarketsandande-retailers.
e-retailers. Market M Department of Commerce,
The table below provides a synopsis of some key data points with respect to production and processing Obligatory registra- Exists X Committee
OUTPUT I-1b: STATE FSSAI,
Department of Department,
Labour Commerce,
ofOUTPUT
chickpea I-1b:
in the statePRODUCTION
STATE PRODUCTION INFORMATION
of Andhra Pradesh.INFORMATION
Costs involvedOFin
OF THE
THEland SUBSECTOR
SUBSECTOR
lease, land preparation, irrigation, tion of the food
Obligatory pro- Exists
registra- X
Commercial Tax Office, Cen-
cessing/ FSSAI, Labour Department,
purchase
The tableof
Thetable inputs,
below
below harvesting
provides
provides and threshing
aasynopsis
synopsis of
of some are data
some key
key the broadheads
data points with
points covered
with respect tounder
respect to the calculation
production
production of the
andprocessing
and processing tion of thepreparation
food pro- Doesn’t exist tral Excise Office, Pollution
average cost of production. The average cost of production mentioned below is calculated for Andhra unit Commercial Tax Office, Cen-
ofofchickpea
chickpeaininthe thestate
state of
of Andhra
Andhra Pradesh.
Pradesh. Costs involved in in land
land lease,
lease, land
land preparation,
preparation,irrigation,
irrigation, cessing/ preparation Doesn’t exist Control BoardOffice, Pollution
Pradesh state during rabi season 2015. tral Excise
purchase of inputs, harvesting and
purchase of inputs, harvesting and threshing threshing are the broadheads covered under the calculation ofofthe
broadheads covered under the calculation the unit
GHP/ GAP/
FSC actors - Control Board
average
average
Year cost
costofofproduction.
2014-15; production. TheThe average
average cost of production mentioned
Annualmentioned below
produc- below isiscalculated
Cultivated calculated forAndhra
for
Average Andhra
yield HACCP/ voluntary N
food safety GHP/ GAP/
Pradesh
Pradesh state
CER USD= 65 ₹state during
during rabi
rabiseason
season 2015.
2015. tion (ton/year) area (ha) (ton/ ha) FSC actors - standards
management HACCP/ voluntary N
390,000 341,000 Average 1.14yield food safety Identification of po-
Raw
Yearmaterial
Year 2014-15;(2014-15)
2014-15; Annual produc- Cultivated
produc- Cultivated Average yield system standards M
management tential hazards
Average
CER
CERUSD= annual
USD=65 65₹₹ growth over the last 10 yr (%) 45%
(ton/year)
tion (ton/year) 21%
area(ha)
area (ha) 8.7%
(ton/ha)
(ton/ ha) Identification of po-
Average
Raw
Rawmaterial cost of(2014-15)
material production (USD / tonne)
(2014-15) 4002
390,000
390,000 341,000
341,000 1.14
1.14 b.system
Inventory of activities and lessons learnt from past and on-going
tential hazards
M interventions in subsector losses
Averageannual
Average annualgrowth
growthoverover the
the last
last 10
10 yr (%) on-farm
45%
45% marketed
21%
21% 8.7%
8.7% b. Inventory
The state of of activities
Andhra and lessons
Pradesh learnt from
has witnessed past and on-going
a phenomenal progressinterventions
with respectintosubsector losses of
the production
Percentage of production
Averagecost
Average costofofproduction
production (USD(USD // tonne)
tonne) consumption
400 10%
400 2
2 90% chickpea
The state in of the past 15
Andhra years. has
Pradesh There is a substantial
witnessed increaseprogress
a phenomenal in the areawithunder thetocrop,
respect production as
the production of
Equivalent
on-farm vol-
on-farm value
marketed
marketed well as productivity of the crop. Though the crop is grown in several districts of
chickpea in the past 15 years. There is a substantial increase in the area under the crop, production as the state, the districts
Percentageofofproduction
Percentage production
ume of raw mate-
consumption
consumption 10%
10% (million
90%
90% of Kurnool
well and Prakasam
as productivity of theare theThough
crop. forerunners for this
the crop change.
is grown in several districts of the state, the districts
rial (ton/year)
Equivalent
Equivalent vol-
vol- USD/year)
value
value of Kurnool and Prakasam are the forerunners for this change.
Market product #1, Whole Chickpea (Kabuli) ume of raw Introduction of high yielding varieties: One of the key reasons for this change is the introduction of
raw mate-
39,000 mate- (million
(million
54
rial high yieldingofvariety
Introduction seed- JG11
high yielding by International
varieties: One of theCrops Research
key reasons forInstitute for the
this change Semi-Arid
is the Tropics
introduction of
(10%) 8
rial (ton/year)
(ton/year) USD/year)
USD/year)
Marketproduct
product#1, #1, Whole Chickpea (Kabuli) (ICRISAT) and members of All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP)
high yielding variety seed- JG11 by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. on chickpea in 1999 9
Market product #2,Whole
WholeChickpea
Chickpea (Desi)
(Kabuli) 39,000 54
(10%) 8 19,500
39,000 21
54 The variety was
(ICRISAT) quickly and
and members of widely
All Indiaaccepted by the Research
Coordinated farmers inProject
the region with acceptance
(AICRP) on chickpea levels more
in 1999 9
.
(5.5%)
(10%) 8

Marketproductproduct#3, #2, Whole Chickpea (Desi) than 90% aswas

The variety reported by experts
quickly and widelyduring primary
accepted bysurvey. Studies
the farmers on another
in the new acceptance
region with variety of seed NBEG-
levels more
Market product #2,Split
WholegramChickpea
(39%) (Desi) 152,100
19,500 152
21
(5.5%) 19,500 21 47
thanwhich
90% as is reported
a machine by harvestable
experts during variety
primaryare survey.
currently beingon
Studies carried
another out.
newPost introduction
variety of this
of seed NBEG-
Market
(5.5%) product #4, Roasted gram (Roasted/
Market product #3,Split
Splitgram
gram (39%)
(39%) 50,700
152,100 15252 variety it is expected that the labour requirement for harvesting will come down
47 which is a machine harvestable variety are currently being carried out. Post introduction of this significantly.
fried
Market gram) (13%)
product #3, 152,100 152
Marketproduct
Market product#5, #4,Gram
RoastedFlourgram
(33%) (Roasted/ 128,700 131 variety it is expected that the labour requirement for harvesting will come down significantly.
product #4, Roasted gram (Roasted/ 50,700 52
fried gram) (13%) 50,700 52
fried gram) (13%)
Marketproduct
Market product#5, #5,Gram
GramFlour
Flour (33%)
(33%) 128,700
128,700 131
131

8
Sathguru analysis. Prices as of May end 2016. 9
Directorate of Pulses Development, Department of Agriculture Co-operation and Farmers Welfare, India at
http://dpd.dacnet.nic.in/
9
Directorate of Pulses Development, Department of Agriculture Co-operation and Farmers Welfare, India at
8
Sathguru analysis. Prices as of May end 2016. 8|Page
8
Sathguru analysis. Prices as of May end 2016. http://dpd.dacnet.nic.in/ 9|Page
8|Page
Page | 8 8|Page 9 | PPage
a g |e9
 Some of the other relevant policies include:
Mechanization of farms & collective pest management: Most of the farm operations in chickpea farming Some of theon
Prohibition other relevant
exports policies include:
of chickpeas 4
: Government of India, through an order, has introduced a prohibi-
Mechanization
are mechanized.ofFarmers
farms &have collective
accesspest management:
to machines Most of the
for planting, farm operations
spraying in chickpea
and threshing. The pest farming
man- tion on the export
Prohibition of pulses
on exports from the
of chickpeas 4 country from 2006. The prohibition remains valid till further or-
: Government of India, through an order, has introduced a prohibi-
agement process in the region is outsourced to private parties for a small fee (Rs.1000/acre ~ man-
are mechanized. Farmers have access to machines for planting, spraying and threshing. The pest USD ders. This ban was introduced taking into consideration
agement process in the region is outsourced to private parties for a small fee (Rs.1000/acre ~ USD tion on the export of pulses from the country from 2006.the The nutritional
prohibition security
remains of valid
the country and the
till further or-
38/hectare). These players regularly watch the fields for pest incidence like pod borers and spray pesti- demand – supply mismatch in case of pulses. Kabuli variety chickpea and organic pulses and lentils to
38/hectare). These players regularly watch the fields for pest incidence like pod borers and ders. This ban was introduced taking into consideration the nutritional security of the country and the
cides post incidence. Threshers are widely available (Rs.2000/acre ~ USD 76/hectare) andspray pesti-
no manual the tune of 10,000 MT per year are excluded from the prohibition list. A recent amendment to the policy
cides post incidence. Threshers are widely available (Rs.2000/acre ~ USD 76/hectare) and no manual demand – supply mismatch in case of pulses. Kabuli variety chickpea and organic pulses and lentils to
threshing was reported. These developments not only have reduced the drudgery but also helped in also excludes export
threshing was reported. These the tune of 10,000 MTofper roasted gram
year are (whole/split)
excluded from the in consumer
prohibitionpacks list. Aupto
recent1 Kg. Now as the
amendment to country
the policy is
increasing the efficiency of farmdevelopments
operations. not only have reduced the drudgery but also helped in slowly movingexporttowards becoming self-sufficient
increasing the efficiency of farm operations. also excludes of roasted gram (whole/split)inincase of chickpea,
consumer packs uptothis 1prohibition
Kg. Now as ontheexports
countrymay is
Adoption of cold storages & warehouse receipt financing: Cold storages allows chickpeas to be stored result in an increase in losses or a fall in the prices in the future.
slowly moving towards becoming self-sufficient in case of chickpea, this prohibition on exports may
Adoption
for of coldofstorages
time periods 3-4 years & warehouse
without anyreceipt
loss infinancing:
quantity, Cold qualitystorages allows
or vitality chickpeas
of seed. to bestorage
The cold stored
result
Ban oninnew an increase in lossesinorchickpea
future contracts a fall in 12 the prices in is
: Chickpea thethe
future.
only commodity in the pulses basket that is
for time periods of 3-4 years without any loss in quantity, quality or vitality
also eliminates the use of storage chemicals during the storage period. Post their introduction in Ongole of seed. The cold storage
also eliminates traded
Ban ononnewthefuture
commodities
contracts derivatives
in chickpea exchange.
12
: ChickpeaIn June,
is the2016,
onlySecurities
commodity andinExchange
the pulsesBoard
basketofthat
Indiais
region way backthe inuse of storage
2002-03, chemicals
the cold storagesduring the storage
quickly period. Postand
gained popularity their introduction
their presence and in Ongole
cover- (SEBI) which is the regulator of markets in India, imposed a ban on the introduction of any new futures
traded on the commodities derivatives exchange. In June, 2016, Securities and Exchange Board of India
age increased tremendously. Post entry of collateral management service providers and banks intocover-
region way back in 2002-03, the cold storages quickly gained popularity and their presence and ware- contracts in chickpea. The direction came
age increased tremendously. Post entry of collateral management service providers and banks into ware- (SEBI) which is the regulator of markets in in afterimposed
India, an analysisa banofon thethedemand and supply
introduction of anyscenario,
new futures the
house receipt financing, the number of farmers storing their produce in warehouses/ cold storages fur- price trends and the expected supplycame constraints
house receipt financing, the number of farmers storing their produce in warehouses/ cold storages fur- contracts in chickpea. The direction in afterinanthe near term.
analysis of theThisdemandis mainly to curbscenario,
and supply the soaringthe
ther increased. prices
ther increased. price trends and the expected supply constraints in the near term. This is mainly to curb thethesoaring
of chickpeas. The ban on futures might affect the price discovery as the majority of value
The development of well-connected road and transport infrastructure is of another indirect help to the chain
pricesplayers use theThe
of chickpeas. platform
ban on forfutures
informationmightabout
affectprices.
the price discovery as the majority of the value
The development
supply chain as it of well-connected
reduces the need for road and transport
maintenance infrastructure
of higher inventory is ofinanother indirect
processing, help to and
wholesale the
chain playersinstitutions
d. Relevant use the platform
and their forrole
information
in terms of about prices.
policy, organizational structure, mandate and activi-
supply chain
retail stages. as it reduces the need for maintenance of higher inventory in processing, wholesale and
retail stages. ties in the small
d. Relevant and medium
institutions subsector
and their role inindustry
terms ofsector.
policy, organizational structure, mandate and activi-
c. The process of policy making and current policy framework or national strategy on subsector losses ties in the small and medium subsector industry sector.
The relevant institutions and their roles are summarized below in broad categories:
c. The
(if any),process of policy
and brief making
description/ and current
assessment of policy
the level framework
and extent or of
national
currentstrategy on subsector losses
implementation.
(if any), and brief description/ assessment of the level and extent of current implementation. The relevant institutions
Department of Agriculture, and their roles are summarized
Cooperation and Farmers below in broad
Welfare categories:
is the apex body responsible for
Accelerated Pulse Production Programme (A3P) – National Food Security Mission (NFSM) – The Na- national policies and programs aimed at achieving agricultural growth. It is a part of the Ministryfor of
Accelerated Pulse Production Programme (A3P) – National Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare is the apex body responsible
tional Development Council (NDC) launched a food security Foodmission Security Mission
in October, (NFSM)
2007 – Therice,
comprising Na-
Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Directorate of Pulses Development
tional national policies and programs aimed at achieving agricultural growth.which It is aworks under
part of the depart-
the Ministry of
wheat Development
and pulses. The Council (NDC) launched
key objective of NFSMaisfood securitythe
to increase mission in October,
production of rice2007
by 10comprising rice,
million tonnes, ment is established in 1971 and is responsible for the coordination and monitoring of all the pulses crop
wheat and pulses. The key objective of NFSM is to increase the production of rice by 10 million tonnes, Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Directorate of Pulses Development which works under the depart-
wheat by 8 million tonnes and pulses by 2 million tonnes by 2011-12. A3P is sub-segment of NFSM related
wheat bytowards
8 million tonnesimplementation
and pulses by 2ofmillion tonnes by 2011-12. A3P isundersub-segment of Pulses.
NFSM ment is centrally
established sponsored
in 1971 and schemes and missions.
is responsible for the coordination and monitoring of all the pulses crop
targeted vigorous the pulses development program the NFSM-
targeted towards related centrally sponsored schemes and missions.
This program hasvigorous
broughtimplementation
India closer to of the pulses development
self-sufficiency by directly program
facing under the NFSM-
the challenges ofPulses.
pulses Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Andhra Pradesh is commissioned to provide agricul-
production which are mainly: rain-fed and highly varying local conditions, uncertainty in prices,pulses
This program has brought India closer to self-sufficiency by directly facing the challenges of mar- tural extension
Department ofservices;
Agriculture assess andrequirements
Cooperation, of agriculture
Andhra Pradesh inputs well in advance and
is commissioned to regulate
to provide their
agricul-
production
ginal soils, which
productionare mainly:
losses, rain-fed
smallholderand resource
highly varying local conditions,
poor farmers, complex uncertainty in prices,
biotic constraints etc.mar-
The production and monitor timely supply; perform the statutory functions
tural extension services; assess requirements of agriculture inputs well in advance and to regulate their under various acts and regula-
ginal soils,
success production
of the programlosses,resulted smallholder
in an increaseresource
of 15% poor in farmers, complex
area harvested underbiotic constraints
pulses, etc. The
8% increase in tions, to ensure
production and supply
monitoroftimelyqualitysupply;
inputs perform
i.e., seeds, thefertilizers
statutory and pesticides
functions under to various
farmers.acts and regula-
success of the program resulted in an increase of 15% in area harvested
yield per hectare and the overall production of pulses increased from 14.32 million tonnes in 2005-06 under pulses, 8% increase in tions, to ensure supply of quality inputs i.e., seeds, fertilizers and pesticides to farmers.
yield permillion
hectaretonnes
and theinoverall production of pulses increased from 14.32 million tonnes in 2005-06 Directorate of Marketing and Inspection implements agricultural marketing policies and programs
to 17.76 2010-11. of the Government of India.and It undertakes
to 17.76 million tonnes in 2010-11. Directorate of Marketing Inspectionstandardization,
implements agriculturalgrading and quality policies
marketing control of and agricultural
programs
Minimum Support Price Scheme (MSP) 10 produce, market development activities, training of personnel in agricultural marketing, marketing ex-
10: Minimum Support Price scheme is a scheme by Government of the Government of India. It undertakes standardization, grading and quality control of agricultural
Minimum Support Price Scheme (MSP)
of India (GOI) to safeguard the interests :ofMinimum the farming Support Price scheme
community is a scheme
in the country. Underby Government
this scheme, tension, consumer
produce, education etc.
market development AGMARK
activities, is theofcertification
training personnel in mark employedmarketing,
agricultural on agricultural products
marketing ex-
of India (GOI) to safeguard the interests of the farming community
GOI declares minimum support prices of various agricultural commodities and thereby protecting in the country. Under this scheme,the by the directorate. The certification is employed through fully state-owned
tension, consumer education etc. AGMARK is the certification mark employed on agricultural products AGMARK laboratories lo-
GOI
farmersdeclares minimum
from sharp falls support pricesprices
in the market of various
of theagricultural
commodities. commodities
MSP is computed and thereby
on theprotecting
basis of thethe cated across the nation which act as testing and certifying agencies.
by the directorate. The certification is employed through fully state-owned AGMARK laboratories lo-
farmers from sharp falls in the market prices of the commodities. MSP
recommendations made by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). The government is computed on the basis of the cated across the nation which act as testing and certifying agencies.
recommendations National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation (NAFED) & Andhra Pradesh State Co-
uses the MSP as a made market byintervention
the Commission forincentivize
tool to Agricultural theCosts and Prices
production of a(CACP). The government
specific food crop which operative Marketing Federation (APMARKFED) are the nodal agencies for procuring of chickpeas
uses the MSP as a market intervention tool to incentivize the production of a specific food crop which National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation (NAFED) & Andhra Pradesh State Co-
is in short supply. In the last rabi season, so as to incentivize the production of chickpea, the GOI has at Minimum Support Price (MSP). NAFED is the national level agency and has been procuring grains
is in short supply. In the last rabi season, so as to incentivize the production of chickpea, the GOI has operative Marketing Federation (APMARKFED) are the nodal agencies for procuring of chickpeas
increased MSP of chickpea from ₹ 3,175 to ₹ 3,425 a quintal (USD 488/ton to USD 526/ton). through APMARKFED which is a NAFED
state level agency. Apart from the procurement
increased MSP of chickpea from ₹ 3,175 to ₹ 3,425 a quintal (USD 488/ton to USD 526/ton). at Minimum Support Price (MSP). is the national level agency and has beenAPMARKFED
procuring grains is
Gramin Bhandaran Yojana / Rural Godowns Scheme 11 also into sales of farm inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides.
11: Gramin Bhandaran Yojana / Rural Godowns through APMARKFED which is a state level agency. Apart from the procurement APMARKFED is
Gramin is Bhandaran Yojana / Rural Godowns
schemeScheme : Gramin Bhandaran of Yojana / Rural
for Godowns also into sales of farm inputs like seeds, fertilizers
Scheme
Scheme is
a capital investment
a capital investment
subsidy
subsidy scheme
introduced
introduced
by Government
by Government of
India (GOI)
India (GOI) for
construc-
construc- National Commodity and Derivatives Exchangeand pesticides.
Limited (NCDEX) is an online multi commodity
tion, renovation or expansion of warehouses in the rural areas of the country. Under this scheme, sub- exchange based out Mumbai in India. The exchange provides a platform for market participants to trade
tion, renovation or expansion of warehouses in the rural areas of the country. Under this scheme, sub- National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) is an online multi commodity
sidies were provided to a number of entrepreneurs for the construction of warehouses and thus directly in derivatives ofout
commodities.
sidies were provided to a numberofofagricultural
entrepreneurs for the infrastructure
construction ofinwarehouses exchange based Mumbai in ItIndia. also Thehelpsexchange
farmers provides
of chickpea as well for
a platform as other
market value chain players
participants in
to trade
contributing to the strengthening marketing the country.and Thethus directly
warehouses price discovery. The role of NCDEX is limited till the ban on chana futures is lifted.
contributing to the strengthening of agricultural marketing infrastructure in the country. The warehouses in derivatives of commodities. It also helps farmers of chickpea as well as other value chain players in
thus established ensured that the harvested produce is stored scientifically and thus helped in bringing
thus price discovery. The role of NCDEX is limited till the ban on chana futures is lifted. Crops Research
downestablished
the losses ensured that thecommodities.
of agricultural harvested produceUnder isthis stored scientifically
scheme, till Marchand thussubsidies
2015, helped inwere bringing
pro- Research institutions – Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), International
down the losses of agricultural commodities. Under this scheme,
vided to 1,225 projects contributing to 4.83 million tonnes of capacity in Andhra Pradesh. till March 2015, subsidies were pro- Institute
Researchfor the Semi-Arid
institutions – Indian Tropics (ICRISAT),
Institute of PulsesIndianResearch Council(IIPR), of Agricultural
International Research (ICAR),
Crops Research
vided to 1,225 projects contributing to 4.83 million tonnes of capacity in Andhra Pradesh. Central
InstituteInstitute of Agricultural
for the Semi-Arid Tropics Engineering
(ICRISAT), (CIAE)
Indian- TheCouncilresearch institutions focus
of Agricultural Researchon improving
(ICAR),
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) - The research institutions focus on improving
10
Commission of Agriculture Costs and Prices (CACP) at http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewContents.aspx?In-
10
Commission of Agriculture Costs and Prices (CACP) at http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewContents.aspx?In-
put=1&PageId=36&KeyId=0
12
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) at http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/home/de-
put=1&PageId=36&KeyId=0
11
Rural godowns scheme at http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://agmarknet.nic.in/am- tail/34084/new/PR-Trading-in-Chana-futures-on-Commodity-Derivative-Exchanges
12
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) at http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/home/de-
11
Rural godowns scheme at http://www.archive.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://agmarknet.nic.in/am-
rscheme/ruralhead.htm tail/34084/new/PR-Trading-in-Chana-futures-on-Commodity-Derivative-Exchanges
rscheme/ruralhead.htm 11 | P a g e
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10 | P a g e
the complete spectrum of the crop sector activities. The main focus areas include seed varieties, pro- Generation of Contribution to Impacts on environ-
duction technologies, farm implements & machinery, climate change impact, product development and Economic Contribution to na-
FSC # foreign ex- national food ment and climate
value addition, and marketing. Importance Generation of Contribution to tional nutrition Impacts on environ-
Economic change consumption Contribution to na- change
1 FSC # 2 foreign
2 ex- national
2 food 2 ment and climate
1
e. Overview of the most important FSCs in the subsector, selection of FSC Importance tional nutrition
change consumption change
2 3 1 3 3 1
OUTPUT I-2a. FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE SUBSECTOR 1 2 2 2 2 1
3 2 1 3 11 13 3
1 1
1
The following table presents the various food supply chains (FSCs) that are present in chickpea subsec- 4 3 3 1 11 31 1 3 1 1
tor in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The FSCs are identified are based on the geographic location, final 5 4 1 3 11 13 31 1 1
product and markets for the final product. The supply chain for different processed chickpea products 6 5 2 1 11 31 1 3 1 1
(split gram, roasted gram and flour) is nearly the same and is a little different from the whole chickpea 7 6 1 2 11 13 31 1 1
supply chain. Hence the products are clubbed into one category. The kabuli variety of chickpea is grown 8 7 3 1 11 31 13 1 1
only in Prakasam region in the state. 8 3 1
Legend 1 (low), 2 (medium) or 3 (high) 3 3 1
Legend 1 (low), 2 (medium) or 3 (high)
FSC # Geographical Final product Volume of Number, age Market of fi-
OUTPUT I-2c. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS (from I-2a) FOR SMALL-
area of pro- final prod- and sex of nal product, OUTPUT I-2c. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS (from I-2a) FOR SMALL-
HOLDER ACTORS
duction uct smallholder location, buy- HOLDER ACTORS
(tonne/year producers7 ers
) Percentage
Percentage7 ofof Contribution
Contribution toincome
to incomegeneration
generation(%(% share
share of total
of total annual
annual
1 Prakasam Whole chickpea (Kabuli and 95,867 Total farmers: North and produce
produceby
by7 income)
5
income)5
Desi) 434,620; West India FSCFSC
# # SexSex
7 7
Small-
Small- Other Farmers Middle
Middle Proces- Wholesal-
Proces- Wholesal-Retail-
Retail-
2 Processed chickpea products Smallholder Andhra Pra- holders Other Farmers men sors
holders men sors ers ers ers ers
3 Kurnool Whole chickpea (Desi) 190,205 (<=2ha): desh, Tamil
306,432; Nadu, North 1,3,5,7 (Whole
1,3,5,7 Female
(Whole Female
80% 50% NA 5% 5% 0.5%0.5%
4 Processed chickpea products chickpea) (22-25%) 80% 50% NA
Medium & and West India chickpea) (22-25%)
5 Kadapa Whole chickpea (Desi) 43,083 Large: 128,188 & & 40% 60%
60%
2,4,6,8
2,4,6,8 (Pro-(Pro- 40%
6 Processed chickpea products Male: 77% Male
cessed
cessed chickchick Male (75(75
– – 80%
80% 20%
20% 50%
50% 30%30% 2% 2%
7 Other districts Whole chickpea (Desi) 61,812 Female: 23% pea products 78%)
pea products 78%)
8 Processed chickpea products The above mentioned table depicts the importance of the identified FSCs for different smallholder ac-
The tors
above mentioned
in the table
value chain. Thedepicts
data onthetheimportance of the working
number of people identified FSCsoffor
in each thedifferent
identifiedsmallholder
FSC that is ac-
tors in
disaggregated by age and sex is not available. The contributions part of the above table is filledFSC
the value chain. The data on the number of people working in each of the identified that is
based
OUTPUT I-2b. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS (from I-2a) AT NATIONAL LEVEL disaggregated by age and sex is not available. The contributions part of the above table is filled based
on the observations made during the primary survey. The majority of the farmers in the surveyed area
The following table shows the mapping of the importance of each of the identified FSC with respect to on the observations
grow crop only inmade duringFor
one season. thethe
primary survey.
remaining The
of the majority
year, the landofis the
left farmers in thechickpea
fallow. Hence surveyedis area
the economy, foreign exchange generation, nation’s food and nutritional security and its impact on the growa crop only incrop
very crucial one for
season.
them.ForSome thesmall
remaining
farmersofwork
the year, thelabour
as daily land is left fallow.
during Henceand
the offseason chickpea
earn is
environment. The consumption of Kabuli variety of chickpea within the state is limited and hence it daily
a very wages.
crucial Apart
crop forfrom thisSome
them. their small
household also rears
farmers worksome cattlelabour
as daily and earns some
during theincome by selling
offseason and earn
gets exported out of the state mainly to northern states of India. Also, only the Kabuli variety of chickpea dailythe milk inApart
wages. the neighbourhood.
from this their household also rears some cattle and earns some income by selling
is allowed for export to foreign markets and hence they are the only pulses that generate foreign ex- the milk in the neighbourhood.
Middlemen involved in trading of whole chickpeas by connecting farmers to the processors or to other
change for the country. The desi variety of chickpea is mainly consumed in its processed forms. So its traders earn as much as 50% of their annual income from chickpeas. Apart from the chickpeas they also
Middlemen involved in trading of whole chickpeas by connecting farmers to the processors or to other
contribution to nutrition is captured under processed products. However, most of the trade happens in trade other commodities like pigeon pea, jowar, maize etc. Some middlemen are also involved in trading
traders earn as much as 50% of their annual income from chickpeas. Apart from the chickpeas they also
of split gram and roasted gram by connecting processors to wholesalers or traders. The volumes, in this
the whole chickpea form (so as to preserve quality for a longer period), hence it is very important eco- tradecase,
otherarecommodities like pigeon pea, jowar, maize etc. Some middlemen are also involved in trading
nomically. low.
of split gram and roasted gram by connecting processors to wholesalers or traders. The volumes, in this
Among the processed products of chickpea, split gram is the most consumed product. Roasted gram is case,The
are roasted
low. gram mill can be used exclusively for the manufacturing of roasted gram, while the split
gram mill with minor adjustments to roller spacing can be used for processing of pigeon pea. Hence the
mainly used in the preparation of chutneys and is consumed mainly in the southern states of India. The majority
roasted gram mill can bein used
of the processors exclusively
the region are also for the manufacturing
involved in the processing ofofroasted
pigeon gram,
pea. In while
the casethe
of split
Chickpea flour is prepared by milling split gram in small quantities and is stored only for a limited gramflour
millmill,
withaminor adjustments
wide variety toagricultural
of other roller spacing can be
produce likeused
rice,for processing
chillies, jowar of pigeon
(pearl pea.areHence
millet) also the
period. Flour is used in the preparation of several sweet as well as savoury dishes and is widely con- processed
majority of theusing the sameinequipment.
processors the region are also involved in the processing of pigeon pea. In the case of
sumed across the nation. In addition, by-products of processing (husk and broken) are used as cattle flourItmill, a wide variety of other agricultural produce
is observed that the wholesalers handling chickpea and like rice, chillies,
its processed productsjowar (pearl
handle onlymillet) are also
a few other
feed. processed using the same equipment.
products like rice, wheat flour, pigeon peas etc. The retailers, on the contrary, handle thousands of other
products including FMCG products and thus the contribution of chickpeas and its processed products
It is observed that the wholesalers handling chickpea and its processed products handle only a few other
to their overall income is minimal.
products like rice, wheat flour, pigeon peas etc. The retailers, on the contrary, handle thousands of other
products including FMCG products and thus the contribution of chickpeas and its processed products
to their overall income is minimal.

13 | P a g e

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P a g| 13
e
OUTPUT 1-3b.PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF FOOD LOSSES IN THE SELECTED FSC 2.
OUTPUT 1-3b.PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF FOOD LOSSES IN THE SELECTED FSC 2. THE
THE FOOD
FOOD SUPPLY
SUPPLY CHAIN
CHAIN -- Situation
Situation analysis
analysis
Chickpea is one of the important crops for the Indian economy. Hence a lot of importance is accorded a.
Chickpea
to it and a isnumber
one ofof thestudies
important
werecrops for theinIndian
conducted economy.
the past Hencethe
to understand a lot of importance
losses is accorded
in the subsector. a. Description
Description of
of the
the selected
selected subsector
subsector supply
supply chain,
chain, its
its location,
location, an
an estimate
estimate of
of the
the quantities
quantities of
of
to it and a number of studies were conducted in the past to understand the losses in the subsector. products, and when the case study took place
products, and when the case study took place
A study of the literature indicates that chickpea losses in Andhra Pradesh is around 2.5% 13 and much FSCs
A study
lower of the literature
compared indicates
to the national thatofchickpea
figure 8.41%. Thelosses in Andhra
major Pradesh
losses that occur is
in around
chickpea2.5% 13
andduring
are those much FSCs 1,
1, 2,
2, 33 and
and 44 that
that includes
includes desi
desi chana
chana supply
supply chain
chain leading
leading to
to four
four different
different final
final products
products –
– whole
whole
lower compared chickpea, chickpea split dal, roasted chickpea dal, and chickpea flour (in Prakasam & Kurnool districts)
production due totohigh
the national figure of
pest incidence 8.41%.
such as podThe major
borer. Inlosses
the allthat occur
India in chickpea
study, are those
post-harvest lossesduring
occur chickpea, chickpea split dal, roasted chickpea dal, and chickpea flour (in Prakasam & Kurnool districts)
are
relatively higher during harvesting/ threshing and other farm operations (>7%). Food loss losses
production due to high pest incidence such as pod borer. In the all India study, post-harvest duringoccur
stor- are considered
considered for
for further
further analysis.
analysis. The
The rationale
rationale for
for the
the same
same is
is mentioned
mentioned below.
below.
relatively higher lower
during(less
harvesting/ threshing
Expertand other farm operations (>7%). Food
Cropsloss duringInsti-
stor- The
age is relatively
age
than 1.5%). consultations from International Research The rationale
rationale forfor selecting
selecting thethe FSC
FSC for
for case
case study:
study:
tute isforrelatively lower (less
the Semi-Arid than(ICRISAT)
Tropics 1.5%). Expertandconsultations
Acharya N. from International
G. Ranga CropsUniversity
Agricultural Research (AN-
Insti-
Area
tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural
GRAU) also confirmed the progressive nature of Andhra Pradesh chickpea farmers and low losses in University (AN- Area cultivated:
cultivated: Chickpea
Chickpea is is predominantly
predominantly
GRAU) grown
grown in 4 districts of Andhra Pradesh –– Kur-
in 4 districts of Andhra Pradesh
the state.also confirmed the progressive nature of Andhra Pradesh chickpea farmers and low losses in nool,
Kur-
the state. nool, Prakasam,
Prakasam, Cuddapah
Cuddapah and and Ananthapur,
Ananthapur, ac-ac-
The following table was filled based on secondary research from the various past studies, internet counting
counting forfor approximately
approximately 49%, 49%, 25%,
25%, 11%,
11%,
The following tableconsultations.
was filled based on secondary research from the various past studies, internet 10%
sources and expert
sources and expert consultations. 10% of of the
the production
production respectively;
respectively; andand total-
total-
ling
ling to
to more
more14 than
than 90%
90% of of total
total Andhra
Andhra chickpea
chickpea
FSC # 1-4 , 4 different final products – whole chickpea, chickpea split dal, roasted chickpea dal, production 14. Kurnool and Prakasam are identi-
production . Kurnool and Prakasam are identi-
FSC # 1-4flour
, 4 different final products – whole chickpea, chickpea split dal, roasted chickpea dal, fied
chickpea fied for
for the
the survey
survey as as they
they adequately
adequately represent
represent
chickpea flour the
the selected food supply chain
selected food supply chain for
for the
the state.
state.
Expected Critical Loss Comments Combined
Expected Critical Loss Comments Combined these two districts contribute to more
these two districts contribute to more
Points than
Step in the FSC Points
Remarks
Remarks than 70%
70% ofof total
total chickpea
chickpea production
production in in the
the
Step in the FSC state.
state. The
The supply
supply chains
chains inin these
these districts
districts have
have
Qualita- all
Quantitative Qualita-
Quantitative tive all the
the actors
actors and
and activities
activities and
and have
have all
all four
four fi-
fi-
tive nal
nal products of desi chickpea produced, pro-
products of desi chickpea produced, pro-
Harvesting 0-2% Late harvest, rainfall, spillage cessed
cessed and
and consumed
consumed in in large
large quantities.
quantities.
Harvesting 0-2% Late harvest, rainfall, spillage
Threshing 0-2% Breakage, improper drying Varieties
Varieties grown:
grown: Farmers
Farmers predominantly
predominantly growgrow
Threshing 0-2% Breakage, improper drying desi chickpea
chickpea variety
variety in
in the
the state
state accounting
accounting for
for Andhra
Insects, mould. desi
more than 90% of the production Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh districts
districts
15. Kabuli va-
15
Insects, mould. more than 90% of the production . Kabuli va-
Literature study reveals losses due to insect riety
riety is
is grown
grown only
only in
in Prakasam
Prakasam district
district and
and its
its share
share is
is reducing,
reducing, further
further Kabuli
Kabuli variety
variety is
is majorly
majorly
Storage 0-2% 0-2% Literature study reveals losses
causedue
uptotoinsect exported
Storage 0-2% 0-2%
attack during storage can 70% exported out
out of
of state.
state. So
So the
the selected
selected FSC
FSC does
does not
not study
study Kabuli
Kabuli variety.
variety.
attack
loss. However, in practice, the losses are70%
during storage can cause up to low
loss. However, in practice, the losses are low Storage
Storage practices:
practices: Depending
Depending on on the
the prevailing
prevailing prices
prices and
and
if monitored frequently farmers’
if monitored frequently farmers’ capacity to carry stock, they either sells directly
capacity to carry stock, they either sells directly to
to
Processing inefficiency losses (excluding re- commission agents/ traders or decide to send
commission agents/ traders or decide to send for storage. for storage.
Dal milling 0-2% 0-2% Processing inefficiency losses (excluding re- Farmers
Dal milling 0-2% 0-2% covery) Farmers are
are well
well aware
aware ofof cold
cold storages,
storages, drydry storages
storages and
and
covery) warehouse
Processing inefficiency losses (excluding re- warehouse receipt options. If the stock is sent to storage, the
receipt options. If the stock is sent to storage, the
Flour milling 0-1% Processing inefficiency losses (excluding re- traders
traders subsequently
subsequently pick
pick up
up directly
directly from
from storage houses as
storage houses as
Flour milling 0-1% covery) and when a farmer decides to sell. The Farmer’s Portal 16
covery) and when a farmer decides to sell. The Farmer’s Portal 16
Transport & other handling 0-1% Other handling give
give aa more
more wider
wider listing
listing with
with about
about 599599 cold
cold storages
storages inin the
the
Transport & other handling 0-1% Other handling whole
whole ofof Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh and
and 1000+
1000+ dry dry warehouses
warehouses withwith
capacity
capacity in
in excess
excess ofof 1.3mn
1.3mn tonnes.
tonnes. Chickpea
Chickpea in
in cold
cold storage
storage
Farmers
Farmers in in Kurnool
Kurnool generally
generally store
store their
their produce
produce inin dry
dry
warehouses
warehouses in a scientific manner at room temperatures. Unlike
in a scientific manner at room temperatures. UnlikeO Kurnool,
Kurnool, many
many farmers
farmers ofof Prakasam
Prakasam
prefer to store chickpea in cold storage at a temperature of 10-15 OC due to the availability of the facility
prefer to store chickpea in cold storage at a temperature of 10-15 C due to the availability of the facility
and
and also
also given
given the
the fact
fact that
that the
the quality
quality isis maintained
maintained forfor even
even up
up to
to 3-4
3-4 years
years and
and the
the germination
germination
strengths
strengths continue
continue without
without anyany reduction.
reduction. As As per
per the
the Farmers
Farmers Portal,
Portal, there
there are
are 47
47 cold
cold storages
storages (as
(as
against
against 31 in Kurnool) with a capacity of 275,512 tonnes. Dry chillies being the other major crop
31 in Kurnool) with a capacity of 275,512 tonnes. Dry chillies being the other major crop of
of the
the
Prakasam
Prakasam region
region is
is also
also aa contributor
contributor to to the
the proliferation
proliferation of
of cold
cold storages
storages in
in the
the district
district and
and the
the adoption
adoption
of
of cold storage practices by the farmers (Chillies fetch high prices and is stored in cold storages). All
cold storage practices by the farmers (Chillies fetch high prices and is stored in cold storages). All
these
these cold storages are connected to the grid and draw electricity from the grid. The grid, in turn, is
cold storages are connected to the grid and draw electricity from the grid. The grid, in turn, is

13
14
14 State
State government
government production
production information
information
ICAR-CIPHET, 2015, Report on assessment of quantitative harvest and post-harvest losses of major crops and Estimate
Estimate from primary survey
from primary
15
13
ICAR-CIPHET,
commodities in 2015, Report on assessment of quantitative harvest and post-harvest losses of major crops and
India. http://www.ciphet.in/study-on-post-harves-losses.php
15
survey
commodities in India. http://www.ciphet.in/study-on-post-harves-losses.php
16
16 Farmer’s
Farmer’s Portal
Portal by
by Government
Government ofof India
India http://farmer.gov.in/MCold_Storage_Total.aspx
http://farmer.gov.in/MCold_Storage_Total.aspx
14 | P a g e 15
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 supplied through several energy sources which include blows away the husk that is removed from the grain. Roasting achieved through a roaster which heats
supplied through several energy sources which include
renewable as well. Out of total installed utility power the grain to a temperature of 200 deg. C.
renewable as well. Out of total installed utility power
generation capacity of 21,000 MW in the state, only
generation capacity of 21,000 MW in the state, only The second stage processing takes place at small scale flour mills in retail/ residential areas with a
3128 MW (~15%) is from renewable energy sources.
3128 MW (~15%) is from renewable energy sources. capacity of a tonne or less per day. The second stage processing is preferred to take place as late as
The selected food supply chain study areas have both dry possible because the flour with increased surface area loses freshness rapidly and is prone to insect
The selected food supply chain study areas have both dry
warehouses (in Kurnool) and cold storages (in damage. The selected FSC studies both stages of processing.
warehouses (in Kurnool) and cold storages (in
Prakasam).
Prakasam). The below table gives the conversion factors in the FSC. The most important ones being the chickpea
Trading practices: Depending on prevailing prices and split dal outturn at 78% and roasted chickpea dal outturn at 74%.
Trading practices: Depending on prevailing prices and
farmer’s ability to carry the stock, the farmer decides to
farmer’s ability to carry the stock, the farmer decides to OUTPUT II-3a (INTERMEDIARY) PRODUCTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS IN THE FSC.
sell or store. The farming community is aware and has
sell or store. The farming community is aware and has
access to price information through TV, SMS and inter- Error (Cu-
access to price information through TV, SMS and inter-
net. However, it was observed that the practical situa- Activity in the Weight from mulative in Conversion
net. However, it was observed that the practical situa- Duration 19 Product out
tion still depends on a lot on word of mouth information process 100 brackets) (± Factor
tion still depends on a lot on word of mouth information
exchange between farmers. More than 90% of chickpea %)
exchange between farmers. More than 90% of chickpea
trade takes place through commission agents/ brokers;
trade takes place through commission agents/ brokers; Harvesting Chickpea plants 100+ - 1+
the trade through government market centres is only
the trade through government market centres is only
about 7.2% 17 . The commission agents and brokers add Drying 2-3 days Chickpea plants 100+ - 1+
about 7.2% 17. The commission agents and brokers add
value to the supply chain by reducing the counterparty
value to the supply chain by reducing the counterparty Threshing Chickpea 100 - 1
risk for the parties on their either side (the parties could
risk for the parties on their either side (the parties could
be farmers and bigger traders; traders and processors; a) Chickpea split
be farmers and bigger traders; traders and processors;
Warehouse storage of chickpea processors and wholesalers; traders and wholesalers). dal
Warehouse storage of chickpea processors and wholesalers; traders and wholesalers). a) 78%
They charge a fixed commission of ₹10/quintal (USD b) Roasted chick-
They charge a fixed commission of ₹10/quintal (USD Dal milling b) 74% 2% (2%) 1.28 / 1.35
1.53/ton) of the trade from both parties. The trading also involves short term credit practice of about pea dal
1.53/ton) of the trade from both parties. The trading also involves short term credit practice of about c) 21%
two weeks by the seller to the buyer. A significant portion of the production in Andhra gets exported. c) by-products
two weeks by the seller to the buyer. A18 significant portion of the production in Andhra gets exported.
Which can be estimated at about 60%. 18 husk and broken
Which can be estimated at about 60%.
Processing practices: Chickpea dal has two stages of processing. In the 98% of
Processing practices: Chickpea dal has two stages of processing. In the
first stage, there are two different processing practices resulting in two Flour milling Chickpea flour Chickpea 1% (3%) 1.31
first stage, there are two different processing practices resulting in two
products – the normal split chickpea dal and the roasted chickpea dal. split dal
products – the normal split chickpea dal and the roasted chickpea dal.
In the second stage, the normal split chickpea dal is further ground to
In the second stage, the normal split chickpea dal is further ground to
produce chickpea flour (known locally as besan). The first stage pro-
produce chickpea flour (known locally as besan). The first stage pro-
cessing normally takes place in processing factories with a capacity of Transport practices: Transportation is another
cessing normally takes place in processing factories with a capacity of
~5mt/ day. These factories are normally located in the district head- key activity in the chickpea supply chain and
~5mt/ day. These factories are normally located in the district head-
quarters and township areas. is carried out at different levels i.e. from farm
quarters and township areas.
The whole processing activity which involves converting chickpea to warehouse/ cold storage, from storage space
The whole processing activity which involves converting chickpea to processing plant, from plant to distant mar-
grains either into split gram or roasted gram is called milling. Drying,
grains either into split gram or roasted gram is called milling. Drying, kets etc. Different modes of transportation are
de-husking, winnowing and roasting activities are sub-activities that
de-husking, winnowing and roasting activities are sub-activities that used for transporting chickpeas from one place
form a part of milling Flour mill to make chickpea
form a part of milling Flour mill to make chickpea to another ranging from loading tricycle rick-
activity and are carried flour (second stage processing)
activity and are carried flour (second stage processing) shaws to heavy trucks. The distance trans-
out in the same machinery. Drying is done to reduce the Small scale transportation
out in the same machinery. Drying is done to reduce the ported varies from 5 km to hundreds of kilo-
moisture content of the grains and is achieved by heating
moisture content of the grains and is achieved by heating metres. In all the cases, the losses reported are quite insignificant and the reason being that chickpeas
the grains to a specific temperature using the dryer. De-
the grains to a specific temperature using the dryer. De- are tough grains and do not get damaged due to rough handling. Also, proper care is taken to prevent
husking involves removal of husk (top layer) from the
husking involves removal of husk (top layer) from the any quality losses due to rains. In the majority of the cases, the grains are not transported during rainy
grain. This is achieved through 2 steps. First, the husk is
grain. This is achieved through 2 steps. First, the husk is days and in the case of long distance transport, the grains are properly covered on all sides using tar-
loosened by suddenly cooling the heated grain by sprin-
loosened by suddenly cooling the heated grain by sprin- paulin sheets thus ensuring lower losses.
kling water on it. Later it is removed from the grain at the
kling water on it. Later it is removed from the grain at the
roller where the grains are split into two halves. Winnow-
roller where the grains are split into two halves. Winnow-
ing involves separating husk from grain and is achieved
Chickpea split dal making factory ing involves separating husk from grain and is achieved
Chickpea split dal making factory through a series of fans installed in the machinery which
through a series of fans installed in the machinery which

17
Agmarknet http://agmarknet.dac.gov.in/SearchCmmMkt.aspx 2015 mandi arrivals is 28k tons of total 390k
17
Agmarknet http://agmarknet.dac.gov.in/SearchCmmMkt.aspx 2015 mandi arrivals is 28k tons of total 390k
tons 19
Only applicable for processes that are determined by a length of time independent of the quantity of product
tons
18 Sathguru estimate from primary survey and other secondary data analysis
18
Sathguru estimate from primary survey and other secondary data analysis and the amount of labour, such as drying, fermenting, ripening, storage, transportation.
16 | P a g e 17 | Page
P a g| 17
e
Page | 16 16 | P a g e
 19 | P a g e
Page | 19

loss;
~600
moisture flour trict)
2% chana dal Continuous Continuous Flour milling
processing; Chickpea (Prakasam dis-
98% of
dust lost in Ongole
dal
chickpea
Roasted
~1500 Continuous Continuous split dal; Retail
Chickpea trict)
chickpea; (Prakasam dis-
Whole Ongole
dal
chickpea
Roasted
~1500 Continuous Continuous split dal; ters) Wholesale
Chickpea trict headquar-
chickpea; (Prakasam dis-
Whole Ongole
~900
dal
dal 3% gram dal
Chickpea
Broken 74% roasted Broken dal ters)
Processing Continuous Continuous Roasted Dal Processing
18% ~2700 Husk trict headquar-
split dal;
Husk dal; (Prakasam dis-
Chickpea
78% chana Ongole
other state
ported to roasted dal
and ex- split/ ters)
Continuous Continuous 15,000 Transportation
is intra city Chickpea trict headquar-
because it Chickpea/ (Prakasam dis-
Big range, Ongole
controls From to
(tonne) Distance 24 ucts Products 23 (tonne) Location
and quality Services FSC stage 20
Quantity Duration/ By-prod- Main Quantity Geographical 21 Months of the year
Food safety 22
OUTPUT II-3b: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN – BASICS
OUTPUT II-3b:II-3b:
OUTPUT DETAILED
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTIONOF THEOF THEFOOD FOODSUPPLY
SUPPLYCHAIN – BASICS
CHAIN – BASICS
The below table is filled considering Prakasam district. It will be same for Kurnool also except for change in quantity.
The below tabletable
The below is filled considering
is filled Prakasam
considering district.
Prakasam It will
district. be same
It will for Kurnool
be same also also
for Kurnool except for change
except in quantity.
for change in quantity.
Food safety
Geographical 21 Months of the year22 22Main
22
Months of the year Quantity By-prod- Quantity Duration/ Food safety
Food safety
FSC stage2020
Geographical Months of the year Main Main23 Quantity
QuantityBy-prod- 24 Services and quality
uctsBy-prod-Quantity Duration/
21
FSC FSC
stagestage Geographical
20 Location
21
Products (tonne) Quantity
(tonne) Duration/
Distance
From to 24 Services
24 Services
and quality
and
controlsquality
Location
Location From Products 23
Products (tonne)
23
(tonne) uctsucts (tonne)
(tonne)Distance
Distance
From to to controls
controls
Prakasam dis-
Prakasam dis- dis-
trict Prakasam
(Villages
Primary trict (Villages
trict (Villages Chickpea Seeding, spray-
Primary
Primary Kandukur, Tan- Oct Mar Chickpea
Chickpea 15,000+ - - Seeding, spray-NA
spray-
Production Kandukur, Tan-Tan-
Kandukur, Oct Oct Mar Mar plants 15,000+
15,000+ - - - - ing,Seeding,
weeding, NA NA
Production gutur, Inkollu,
Production plants
plants ing, ing,
weeding,
weeding,
gutur,gutur,
Ongole) Inkollu,
Inkollu,
Ongole)
Ongole)
Chickpea Manual harvest-
Harvest Same as above Oct Mar Chickpea15,000+
Chickpea - - Manual harvest-NA
harvest-
Harvest
Harvest SameSameas above
as aboveOct Oct Mar Mar plants 15,000+
15,000+ - - - - ing Manual NA NA
plants
plants ing ing
Stalks, Mechanical
Threshing Same as above Mar Mar Chickpea 15,000 Stalks,
Stalks, - Mechanical
Mechanical NA
Threshing
Threshing SameSame
as above Mar Mar
as above Mar Mar Chickpea
Chickpea15,000
15,000 leaves - - Threshing NA NA
leaves
leaves Threshing
Threshing
Same as above Loading, offload-
Transportation SameSame Mar
as above Mar Chickpea 15,000 - 20km NA
Transportation
Transportation
as above
Mar Mar Mar Mar Chickpea15,000
Chickpea 15,000 - - 20km
20km ing,Loading,
Loading, offload-
offload-
trucking NA NA
ing, ing, trucking
trucking
Ongole 0 – 1
Storage OngoleOngoledis- 0month
(Prakasam –1 1 1month to Chickpea 15,000
0– after None - - Fumigation NA
1 month
1 month
1 year to to
Storage
Storage trict (Prakasam
hq) dis- dis-
(Prakasam monthmonth
harvestafterafter Chickpea15,000
Chickpea 15,000 NoneNone - - - - Fumigation
Fumigation NA NA
1 year
1 year
trict hq)
trict hq) harvest
harvest
Ongole
OngoleOngoledis- Mar 1 month to Collateral man-
Cold Storage (Prakasam 1 to Chickpea
1 month
month to 15,000 None - - Collateral
Collateral man-NA
man-
ColdCold Storage(Prakasam 3 years agement services
Storage trict (Prakasam
hq) dis- dis-
Mar Mar Chickpea 15,000
3 years Chickpea 15,000
3 years
NoneNone - - - -
agement
agement
NA NA
services
services
trict hq)
trict hq)
20
If one
20 stage in the FSC has two different features, another row should be inserted. E.g. if in the same FSC both crib storage and warehouse storage exist.
20
21 If one If one
stage
Village/town stage
in the
wherein the
FSCthe FSC
has
FSC has
two two
is different
different
stage features,
features,
located. another
another row should
row should be inserted.
be inserted. E.g.
E.g. if in if
theinsame
the same
FSC FSC
bothboth
crib crib storage
storage and and warehouse
warehouse storage
storage exist.exist.
21
Village/town
22 Village/town where the stage
FSC stage is located.
of the where thethe
FSC is located.
21
Timing stage of FSC.
22 22
23Timing Timing
of theofstage
the stage
of theofbythe
FSC. FSC.
“final” product produced stage of the FSC.

Page | 18
23 23
24 “final”“final” product
product producedproduced by stage
by stage of theofFSC.
the FSC.
How 24 long does the process in the FSC stage take / what is the distance (and duration) of transportation.
24 How long does the process in the FSC stage take / what is the distance (and duration) of transportation.
How long does the process in the FSC stage take / what is the distance (and duration) of transportation.
18 | P a g e
18 | 18
P a| P
g ea g e
b. Description of the existing marketing systems of the selected subsector supply chain, for small-scale Farmer: Chickpea is a rabi crop sown between
producers (formal and informal). the end of October to end of November depend-
OUTPUT I-3a: FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE SELECTED FSC ing on the weather conditions prevailing at the
time. It is 90-110 days crop and is generally har-
vested in the month of February. Land prepara-
tions start from September and the seeds are
Inputs
and
FSC activities
Actors planted either manually or using seed drills.
(Products) Some subsidized seeds are supplied to the farm-
Services
ers by the government. Weeding is done manu-
ally employing female labourers. Around 2 bags Farmers meeting in Rangapuram, Kurnool
Farming of DAP and 1 bag of Urea per acre are applied as
Seed, (Chickpea plants) fertilizer to the soil and around 3-4 sprayings of
fertilizer, pesticides or insecticides are done in a season to
pesticides,
control the pest/insect damages to the crop. Dur-
mechanized
farming Harvesting Farmers ing harvest, the plants are manually cut by fe-
(Chickpea plants) male labourers and are left on the field to dry for
3-4 days. Later the plants are collected, and
threshing of chickpea is done through mechani-
Threshing
Thresher cal multi-crop threshers.
(Whole chickpea)
These threshers can be used for multiple crops and
are powered using an external source of power
Cold Farmers & which can be a tractor (30-45 HP) or an electrical/
storages/ dry Storage Warehouse Farmer explaining a thresher in Inkollu, Prakasam
diesel motor. In the majority of the cases, tractor
warehouses (Whole chickpea) owners is used for powering the threshers. The threshing
process in these threshers is mainly achieved by three parts, threshing cylinder, outer cylinder and a blower.
Brokers
The threshing cylinder contains rigid tines placed at regular spacing and rotates inside the outer cylinder at
Flour
600-800 RPM while the outer cylinder remains stationary. The dried chickpea plants which are fed into the
Dal milling Dal
Mills, fuel, milling thresher through a hopper gets caught between the tines of inner cylinder and due to the rotation of threshing
(Roasted milling* Processors
power (Bengal cylinder the plants move across the length of the thresher from one side to the other. During this process,
gram dal) (Chana dal) gram flour) the plants strike the outer cylinder as well as experience shearing forces due to lateral movement. These
Brokers,
forces help in breaking the pods releasing the grains. A strong blower blows away the chaff and broken
Traders pods which are lighter through a separate outlet while the grains comes out through a different outlet. Pods
are left in the field along with the chaff and waste and are grazed by cattle. The seeds are then filled into
Transport, Wholesaling gunny bags and sealed.
Wholesalers
Market (Whole chana, Chana dal, Roasted gram dal)
On an average farmers spend around ₹ 15,000/acre (USD 576/hectare) on the whole farming activities and
facilities
depending upon the climate, soil and other factors, harvests around 4-10 quintals/acre (1-2.5 tons/hectare)
Retailing
Retailers
of produce resulting in a profit of about ₹ 27,000/acre (~ USD 1000/hectare) which is equivalent to a profit
(Whole chana, Chana dal, Roasted gram dal, Bengal gram flour) of ~USD 510 per ton .
Storage: Depending upon the availability of storage spaces and capacity of the farmer to withhold the
*De-husking, winnowing, drying and roasting are all part of the milling activity. Please note, gram flour is
made from split gram not from the roasted gram.
grain for some time to trade for better prices, farmers either store the produce in cold storages/ dry ware-
houses or sell them to the commission agents in the villages. Some small farmers might store the produce
at their homes but that is only for a limited period (2-3 weeks). In Prakasam district, farmers use cold
Description of the supply chain and the various actors. For each actor we provide the general obser- storages for storage of their produce owing to easy access and availability, however, in Kurnool district,
vations with photos. This section should be read in conjunction with details provided under 2a (ra- the majority of the farmers use dry warehouses for storage. Dry warehouses are normal buildings with no
tionale for selection of FSC). This section also has a couple of case studies. temperature control or technology involved whereas cold storages are warehouses with temperatures con-
De-husking, winnowing, drying and roasting are all part of the milling activity. Gram flour is made from trolled at 10-15ºC and most use ammonia as the refrigerant. Post harvesting and bagging the produce, farm-
split gram not from the roasted gram. ers transport it to the nearby storage spaces either in trucks/ mini vans/ tractors. Upon receipt of goods,

20 | P a g e 21 | P a g e

Page | 20 Page | 21
random samples of chickpeas from different bags are collected
and checked for the presence of pest and for moisture content.
Based on the checks, the bags are either sent into storage or for
fumigation and in extreme cases, they are rejected. Post ac-
ceptance, the farmer is given a receipt using which he can also
procure a loan from different banks through collateral manage-
ment service providers who are present in the storage location it-
self. Regular quality checks and stock maintenance activities are
conducted in the storages. The rentals for cold storage are around
₹ 120-150 per quintal/year (USD 21/t/year) while the same for the
dry warehouses is around ₹70 per year/quintal (USD 10.5/t/year).
Processors: Processors procure chickpeas from the farmers
through traders. Processing happens throughout the year while
procurement happens as and when required since stocks are also
available throughout the year. As a result a small amount of stock
is kept in the plant. Two types of processed products are produced
from the chickpeas, which are split gram and roasted gram. De- Warehouse in charge sampling stock peri-
odically
pending
upon the quality, the chickpeas are processed into
either of the two. Better quality chickpeas are sent
for the preparation of roasted gram while the lower
quality chickpeas are converted into split gram. The
procedure, plants and machinery are different and
the procedure is explained in the following sections.
Preparation of roasted gram: Chickpeas selected
for processing into roasted gram are initially put
into sieves to separate the debris and other un-
wanted material. They are then dried using a drier
around 50OC to decrease the moisture content and
then roasted at 110OC and filled into bags and left
Trader sampling while a labor is loading a truck to cool for a day. On next day, they are mixed with
small amount of water and are once again fed to the
roaster, this time at 270OC and the grains are split
using rollers. The husk is then separated and the
grains are once again passed through sieves to sep-
arate full roasted gram, split roasted gram, broken
gram. The husk is used as an animal feed and is sold
at ₹ 10 per kg (USD 153/t). The broken gram is sold
at ₹ 20 – 40 per kg (USD 300-600/t) per for flour
production or cattle feed depending on quality. The
split roasted gram and full roasted gram are sold at
₹ 80 per kg (USD 1,230/t). The realization of
roasted gram from the process is around 74%.
Various products in roasted chickpea production
22 | P a g e
Page | 22
Preparation of split gram: Similar to the roasted
gram processing, the chickpeas selected for processing
into split gram are put into sieves to separate the sticks,
mud and other unwanted material. The cleaned grain
heated to a temperature of around 80OC and then is
passed through an elevator where water is sprayed onto
the grain. This helps in loosening of the seed coat. The
grain is then passed through a roller which split the
grain into two. The grain is once again passed through
sieves where the un-split grain is separated and is once
again taken through the process. The husk is separated
using fans into a separate chamber and the husk thus
collected is used as an animal feed and is sold at ₹ 10 Double layered packaging commonly used with inner
plastic layer
per kg (USD 153/t). Some processors mix food grade
artificial colours to the split gram to enhance the col-
our. The realization of split gram from the process is around 78%.
We present below case studies of selected actors met by us in the case study field visits.
Case study of A Farmer: Mr. Koonam Sunder Rami
Reddy is a farmer in the Kandukur mandal of Prakasam
District. He owns 4 acres (1.6 ha) of land and in last sea-
son (Rabi of 2015) he chose to grow chickpea in his field.
People in the region grow alternate crops like tobacco and
cotton, but he preferred grow chickpea as it is a relatively
easy to grow and maintain crop. He went for JG11 (desi)
as well as KAK2 (Kabuli) varieties of chickpea this year
as he was uncertain of the weather as well as prices for
the varieties. He invested around ₹ 20,000 per acre (USD
769/ha) and the yield he observed was 8 quintals per acre
(2 tonne/ha). Like other small famers in the village, he
too sold his produce after harvesting to the middlemen.
He received ₹ 7,600 per quintal (USD 1169/ton) for JG11 Koonam Sunder Rami Reddy being interviewed
variety chickpea is and received ₹ 9,000 per quintal (USD with his inputs trader
1384/ton) for the KAK2 variety chickpea. . He received
information on price trends from other farmers in the village who already sold their produce and various
other middlemen. According to him, the only loss that occurs in chickpea is when they are on the field and
it rains during the harvesting period. Because of the rains, the seed coat of ripe yet unharvested chickpeas
becomes dark in colour (qualitative loss) and such chickpeas are not preferred in the market and hence fetch
lower prices.
Case study Commission Agent: Mr. Shiva Reddy works as a commission agent for chickpeas and operates
through a small outlet in the Nandyal Region of Kurnool District. Apart from chickpea he also deals in red
gram and sorghum. He procures chickpea through middlemen from different villages which are in the vi-
cinity of 50-100 km radius from Nandyal region and connects the produce to either local processors or to
traders engaged in cross state transport (Primarily to states of Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra). The majority
of his business from chickpea is in the months of July and August. He regularly gets updates about the
prices that are prevailing in the NCDEX futures market through SMS messages on his mobile phone and
accordingly decides the maximum / minimum price for purchase/ sale of chickpea. According to him, there
is only quality loss that is observed in the chickpeas that too either due to rains during harvest season or
due to improper handling in the warehouses. He never observed a major quality loss due to pest attacks in
23 | P a g e
Page | 23
warehouses as all the warehouses in the region adopt best practices to keep pest under control. The produce Detailed standards are also published by Chemical Hazards Sectional Committee on the handling of Am-
of lower quality can fetch around ₹ 300/quintal (USD 46/ tonne) less than ongoing market prices. monia.
Case study warehouse: Mr. Anand is currently working as a manager in Kisan Warehouse which is The average storage period for the chickpeas is around 9 months while some stocks are stored even for 3-4
located in Nandyal of Kurnool District. He is a graduate in agricultural sciences and has been working years without much deterioration in the quality. The peak arrivals season is between mid of February to
for the warehouse from past 4 years. The capacity of the warehouse is 5,400t and it handles a variety mid of April. According to him, major losses occur in the chickpeas only in case of an attack of Sitophilus
of produce such as sorghum, paddy, maize, black gram, green gram and fox tail millets apart from also known as grain weevil which bores holes into the grain and the only way to control the damage is by
fumigation. No other treatment is required for stocks when stored in a cold storage.
chickpeas. At the time of our visit, around 300t of chickpeas were stored in the warehouse. As the
warehouse is well reputed in the market, farmers from different villages which are in the vicinity of Case Study for Processor: Mr. Hari Babu is the
50kms bring their produce for storage in the warehouse. He checks the goods upon receipt by taking owner of A1 dal mills in Nandyal town of Kurnool
random samples; if accepted he raises the documents for receipt and sends to goods for storage to district. The plant contains a roasted gram mill as
allotted area in the warehouse. He also collaborates with collateral management service providers to well as a split gram mill. He employs around 10-12
provide documents that help farmers to secure loans with the stock as collateral. He does regular peri- people, including daily labour, who takes care of
odic quality checks and fumigation. According to Mr. Anand, there is no quantitative or qualitative loss the operations of both the plants. These plants are
operational throughout the year and the stocks for
that occurs in the warehouses as the produce stored is well maintained. Some minor changes in the
the processing plants are procured from the farmers
weight of the produce are observed due to the moisture content present in the outside atmosphere. who store their produce in the nearby warehouses.
This procurement activity is carried out once in a
Case study cold storage: Mr. Nageshwar week and the stocks thus procured are placed in the
Rao is the owner of Ongole Cold Storage plant itself. The finished goods after processing are
which is in the Ongole town of Prakasam also kept in the same location. The machinery in the
District and is also a pioneer for the cold facility is assembled from different vendors and is Roasted chickpea dal processing mill
storages in the region. The Ongole cold stor- more than 10 years old. The split gram and the
age was the first one to be constructed in the roasted gram that is processed from his facility is sold to traders from
region and has a capacity of 7,000t with 5 Vijayawada region who in turn transports them to different states.
levels of storage space. The cold storage Case study wholesalers: Mr. Chebrolu Narayan Rao is a wholesaler
was mainly constructed for the storage of of chickpea operating from a small outlet in the shopping complex
dry chillies, however in 2002-03 Mr. area near Ongole bus stand. He handles both split gram as well as
Nageshwar Rao carried out a pilot study by roasted gram. He procures processed chickpea from 3-4 local proces-
keeping 47 quintals (4.7t) of chickpeas in sors and sells to local retailers in packs of 50kg and 25kg. For quality
the cold storage which was mainly aimed at he trusts the millers who assure him of quality while for price he reg-
improving the capacity utilization of the Inside Ongole cold storage ularly gets updates from NCDEX. While other wholesalers maintain
storage. The chickpea thus stored did not deteriorate in quality and the same was advised to the other different qualities of split gram
and roasted gram, he maintains
farmers in the region through a small press conference. The cold storages have become a popular
only the highest quality pro-
method of storage for chickpeas in the district. The cold storage uses industrial refrigeration technology
duce. He trades around 30-40
using Ammonia. Ammonia systems are a safe and sustainable choice. Due to energy efficiency and quintals (3-4t) of split and
lower capital costs of ammonia based cold storages compared to that of freons, all the cold storages roasted gram every month and
installed in the surveyed area are ammonia based ones. Ammonia is the most environmentally friendly for containing the losses of the
refrigerant. It belongs to the group of so called “natural” refrigerants, and it has both GWP (Global stock in his outlet, he maintains
Warming Potential) and ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) equal to zero. However, Ammonia is a toxic the outlet neat and clean and
refrigerant, and it is also flammable at certain concentrations. However, unlike most other refrigerants, Wholesale market complex - free from rodents. According to
it has a characteristic odour that can be detected by humans even at very low concentrations which help Prakasam him, the transport losses are to
as a warning sign even in the case of minor ammonia leakages. For ammonia based storage systems the tune of 1-2 kg per truck which is mainly due to spillage while
several safety measures are recommended by the regulations which include another 1-2 kg is lost due to rodents. According to him, the key to
• Installation of ammonia chambers in the cold rooms and machine rooms contain the losses is to order as per demand and maintain low stock
levels in the outlet.
• Emergency ventilation systems for machine rooms
• Safety release of refrigerant to water pump Case study of Retailer: Mr. Venkataramaiah is a retailer operating
• Keeping ammonia masks, first aid kits and instruction manuals for handling emergency situations. from a small store in the market area of Kurnool. Through his store,
he sells a number of products like rice, wheat flour, red gram, split Retailer storing in metal containers

24 | P a g e 25 | P a g e

Page | 24 Page | 25
Page | 26
this in ways contain the losses at retailer end.

data of the FSC; environment-related inputs and factors of the FSC

c. FSC actors’ involvement and their benefit, including job creation and income generation; economic

chickpea FSC was observed to be more a cultural aspect. The table below gives further details step wise.

26 | P a g e
gram, roasted gram and chick pea floor along with various FMCG products. He procures split gram and
roasted gram from the local wholesalers while for flour he converts the procured split gram to flour from

where some of the traditional retail stores are family owned and there is an equal representation of the men
of the farm lands where chickpea is cultivated are owned by women, however, the men of the household

and women of the family running the store. The cause for the lesser involvement of women across the
at processing level especially for activities such as winnowing and grading the chickpea in flour mills. Some

are responsible for the farm’s overall management. Involvement of women was observed at the retail level
cording to him, depending upon the capacity to sell, different shops maintain different levels of stock and
local flour mill. He stores these pulses in iron containers to protect them from rodent attacks and sells the

Chickpea is a male dominated FSC. Women are generally employed as farm labour and in some instances
pulses in loose form without any packaging while the supermarkets in the region pack and sell them. Ac-

OUTPUT
OUTPUT II-4:
II-4: DETAILED
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF OF THE
THE FOOD
FOOD SUPPLY
SUPPLY CHAIN
CHAIN –– SOCIAL
SOCIAL STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
OUTPUT II-4: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN – SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Involvement
Involvement Involvement
Involvement WhoWho is
is Organization
Organization Gender Gender // social
social patterns
patterns
of
of Women
Women of
of Men
InvolvementMenInvolvement
mainly in-
in- level
mainlyWho level
isof FSC
FSC ac-
ac- Observations
Observations
ofOrganization Genderand and remarks
remarks
/ social that
that explain
patterns explain the the chosen
chosen qualifiers
qualifiers and/or
and/or give
give addi-
addi-
FSC
FSC STEPS
STEPS of Women of Men volved: 25
25
volved:mainlytors
tors
in- level of FSCtional
tional
ac- information
Observations
information and remarks that explain the chosen qualifiers and/or give addi-
Girls
Girls Adult
FSC STEPS Adult Boys
Boys Adult
Adult volved: tors 25 tional information
Girls Adult2626 Boys Adult
Qualifier
Qualifier
Qualifier 26 Women
Women labour
labour for
for weeding
weeding while
while the
the rest
rest of
of the
the activities
activities are
are majorly
majorly done
done by
by men.
men.
There
There is aa wage
isWomen difference
difference
wagelabour of
of 40%
for weeding in
40% whilein the payments
payments
thethe that
rest of the are
are made
thatactivities
madeare to the
the female
female
tomajorly donelabour
labour vs
by men.vs
male
male labour.
labour. Females
ThereFemales
is a wage are paid
paid @@ 180-200
aredifference 180-200 rupees/day,
of 40%rupees/day,
in the paymentsmales
malesthatare
are paid
are @@ 350-380
paidmade 350-380 /day.
to the female
/day. labour vs
Primary
Primary
11 33 Men
Men Individual
Individual Men
Men are
are involved
maleinvolved
labour.in tasks
tasks such
inFemales such
are asas loading,
paidloading,
@ 180-200ploughing,
ploughing, threshing,
rupees/day,threshing, etc,
malesetc, and
areand women
paidwomen
@ 350-380are
are in-
in-
/day.
production
production
Primary volved inin weeding,
weeding, cleaning.
cleaning. involvement
involvement is
is more
more of
of cultural
cultural construct
construct of masculinity
masculinity
1 3 Men Individual volved Men are involved in Work
tasks
Worksuch as loading, ploughing, threshing, etc,
of and women are in-
production and
and femininity.The
femininity.The qualifier
qualifier
volved in weeding, in
in the
the case
cleaning. case
Work of men
men is
is 33 as
of involvement as the
the works
works
is more that
ofthat are
are being
cultural being handled
handled
construct by
by
of masculinity
men
men involves
involves machinery.
machinery.
and femininity.The qualifier in the case of men is 3 as the works that are being handled by
Harvesting
Harvesting
menis involves
is done machinery.
done manually
manually using
using sickles
sickles andand other
other similar
similar equipment.
equipment. Only Only women
women la- la-
bourers
bourers are
are employed
employed for
for harvesting
harvesting the
the crop
crop as
as they
they have
have to
to be
be paid
paid less
less compared
Harvesting is done manually using sickles and other similar equipment. Only women la- compared to
to their
their
Harvest
Harvest 22 Women
Women Individual
Individual male
male counterparts.
counterparts. The
The qualifier,
qualifier, in
in this
this case,
case, is 22 due
due to
to the
the availability
availability of satisfactory
satisfactory
bourers are employed for harvesting the is
crop as they have to be paid of
less compared to their
Harvest 2 Women Individual equipment.
equipment.
male counterparts. The qualifier, in this case, is 2 due to the availability of satisfactory
equipment.
Post-harvest
Post-harvest handling
handling activities
activities involved
involved includes
includes threshing
threshing and and filling
filling the
the grains
grains into
into bags.
bags.
Post-harvest,
Post-harvest, Men
Men and
and Women collect
collect the
WomenPost-harvest the harvested
harvested
handling bundles
bundles from
activities from the
the field
involved field and
and bring
includes bring those
threshing to
thoseandto thresher
thresher
filling while
while
the men
men
grains into bags.
11 33 Individual
Individual operate the
the thresher
thresher and
and fill the
the bags.
bags. A
A collection
collection bundles
bundles is
is done
done manually
manually and no
handling
handling
Post-harvest, Women
WomenMen and operateWomen collect thefill
harvested bundles from theof offield and bring those to thresher
and while
no men
1 3 Individual equipment
equipment is
is used
operate used while
thewhile threshing
threshing
thresher and fillis
is done
the using
donebags. thresher
usingAaacollection
thresher.. of bundles is done manually and no
handling Women
equipment
According
According to to the is used
the warehouse/ while
warehouse/ cold threshing
cold storage is done
storage operators, using
operators, itit ais
isthresher
considered
considered
. as as aa difficult
difficult job
job for
for
as
as they
they have
womenAccording have to
to theto deal
deal with
with males
warehouse/ males
coldatat all
all the
storage levels
levels and
theoperators, the
andit the cultural
cultural barriers
is considered barriers inhibit
as a difficult
inhibit job for
Collectively
Collectively in
in women
interactions.
interactions. Hence
Hence none
none of
of the
the warehouses
warehouses employed
employed any
any females
females
women as they have to deal with males at all the levels and the cultural barriers in
in their
their operation/
operation/ any
any inhibit
Storage
Storage 33 Men
Men warehouses/
warehouses/
Collectively
other
other
in role.
role. Also,
Also, it
it is
is the
the male
male head
head of
of the
the farming
farming household
household that
that is
is involved
involved in
in this
this activity.
activity.
interactions. Hence none of the warehouses employed any females their operation/ any
Storage 3 cold storages
Men cold storages
warehouses/The
The qualifier
qualifier is due
due to the availability
availability of good equipment
equipment and
and excellent
excellent sanitary condi-
other role.
is 33 Also, toit the
is the male headof ofgood
the farming household that is involved
sanitaryincondi-
this activity.
cold storages
tions.
tions. The qualifier is 3 due to the availability of good equipment and excellent sanitary condi-
tions.

25
25
f.i.
f.i. Individual/Household
Individual/Household level/Cooperative
level/Cooperative
26
26
Qualify
Qualify25 the
f.i. equipment,
equipment, conditions,
conditions,
theIndividual/Household access
access to
to services
services and
level/Cooperative and training,
training, 4:
4: excellent,
excellent, 3:
3: good,
good, 2:
2: moderately
moderately good,
good, 1:
1: bad.
bad.
26
Qualify the equipment, conditions, access to services and training, 4: excellent, 3: good, 2: moderately good, 1: bad.
Page | 27

27
27 || PP aa gg ee
27 | P a g e
 OUTPUT
OUTPUTII-5: II-5:DETAILED
DETAILEDDESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTIONOF OFTHE THEFOODFOODSUPPLY SUPPLY CHAIN CHAIN –– ECONOMICS
ECONOMICS

cessing
Retail

Wholesale

tion
Transporta-

Storage

Agro-pro-

Market sales

tion
Transporta-

FSC STEPS
At
Atthe
thefarming
farminglevel,level,the
thecost
costof ofcultivation
cultivationinvolves
involves the the general
general farming
farming costs
costs of
of land
land preparation,
preparation, inputs,
inputs, weeding,
weeding, har-
har-
vesting.
vesting.When
Whenthe theland
landisisnot
notowned
ownedby bythe
thefarmer,
farmer,there
thereisisadditional
additional land
land lease
lease cost.
cost. The
The farmer
farmer depending
depending on on his
his capacity
capacity
stores
storesthe
thechickpea
chickpeafor foraafew
fewmonths
monthsbefore
before selling
selling itit to
to agents/
agents/ traders.
traders. The
The agents/
agents/ traders
traders play
play anan aggregation
aggregation role
role and
and
counterparty
counterpartyrisk riskreduction
reductionrole.
role.However,
However,they
theytend
tendtotoappropriate
appropriate moremore value
value of
of the
the product
product byby information
information arbitrage
arbitrage and
and
price
priceplay.
play.TheTheprocessors
processorsincur
incurcosts
costsofofelectricity,
electricity,labour
labour and and packing
packing material.
material. The
The processors
processors sell
sell to
to wholesalers
wholesalers over
over aa
period of time through agents. The wholesalers and retailers rotate their business
period of time through agents. The wholesalers and retailers rotate their business with small quantities.with small quantities. They adjust prices

Girls Adult Boys

of Women
Involvement Involvement
quite
quiterapidly
rapidlydepending
dependingon onthethemarket.
market.Using
Usingthethe various
various price
price points
points at
at different
different levels
levels of
of the
the supply
supply chain as of survey
done
doneininsecond
secondhalf halfofofMay
May2016,2016,aadetailed
detailedreconstruction
reconstruction of of the
the various
various costs
costs and
and margins
margins atat each
each actor level was done,
the
thesame
sameisisattached
attachedininAnnexure
Annexure1.1.The Theanalysis
analysis has
has left
left out
out tax
tax implications
implications andand payments
payments at at the
the various stages – VAT

Qualifier 26
and
andmandi
manditax tax––because
becauseititisisnot
notclear
clearwhich
whichall
allplayers
playersactually
actuallypay paythe
the taxes
taxes and
and toto what
what extent.
extent. Highlights
Highlights of the detailed
2

2
Annexure 1 is presented
Annexure 1 is presented below: below:

of Men
- - Farmer
Farmerincurs
incursvarious
variouscosts
costslike
like land
land preparation,
preparation, irrigation,
irrigation, inputs,
inputs, harvesting
harvesting and
and threshing;
threshing; and land lease
cost
cost if applicable; and storage and broker commission costs. At a price of 846 USD/t he makes a profit of about
if applicable; and storage and broker commission costs. At a price of 846 USD/t he
1000
1000USD/ha
USD/haififthe
theland
landisishis
hisown.
own.

Adult
- - The
Thecosts
costsinvolved
involvedininthe
thestorage
storageactivity
activityare
arealready
alreadyincluded
included in in the
the farmer
farmer costing.
costing. The
The storage costs assumed
are
are23.077USD/t
23.077USD/tof ofwhole
wholechickpea
chickpeafor for one
one year.
year. Warehouses
Warehouses charge charge storage
storage costs
costs for
for one whole season (12
2

2
months).
months).
- - The
Thesupply
supplychain
chainhas
hastraders/
traders/commission
commissionagents/
agents/brokers
brokers in in transactions
transactions between
between farmers
farmers and processors/ big-
Women
Men and

Men

Men

women
Men and

Men

Men

volved:
mainly in- level of FSC ac- Observations and remarks that explain the chosen qualifiers and/or give addi-
Who
Men

ger
ger traders or between processors and wholesalers. They usually do not incur direct costs
traders or between processors and wholesalers. They usually do not incur direct costs as they are charged
totothe
theplayers
playersononeither
eitherside
sideofofthe
thetransaction.
transaction.Their
Their margin
margin isis 1.5 1.5 USD/t
USD/t on on both
both actors
actors of the transaction
- - The
Theprocessors
processorsbuybuythethewhole
whole chickpea
chickpea in in quantities
quantities that
that suit
suit their
their working
working capital
capital and
and processing capacity.

is Organization Gender / social patterns

28 | P a g e They
Theyincur
incurpower,
power,fuel
fuelfor
fordryer
dryer and
and labour
labour charges
charges in in the
the processing.
processing. TheyThey further
further sell
sell to wholesalers after
including
includingtheir
theirmargin.
margin.Their
Theireconomics
economicscalculation
calculation isis affected
affected by by the
the outturns
outturns that
that they
they eventually get for the

Individually

Individually

tors 25
Collective

Collective

Collective

Collectively

processed
processeddal daland
andthe
thesales
salesprice
priceof ofby-products
by-productslike
like husk
husk and and broken
broken
- - The
Thewholesalers
wholesalersandand retailers
retailers incur
incur charges
charges mainly
mainly forfor transportation
transportation and and labour
labour as
as direct
direct costs. Rest is the
markup
markupfor fortheir
theirmargin
margin
may be due to the family culture.
males. The interference of the females in these decision making subjects is limited which is
how much stock to maintain, what price to sell, where to procure from etc. are taken by the Women
2 2 Retail Costof
Cost of Value-
are occupied in other work. However the decision making on what commodities to keep, Men and Cumulative
Cumulative Value
Value
Main
Main opera-
opera- added
FSCstage
FSC stage Cost
Cost USD/kg final
USD/kg final prod-
prod-
uting the goods. The females run the shop on par with males when male family members
Products
Products tion
tion / Margins
may be due to the family culture.
males. The interference of the females in these decision making subjects is limited which is
how much stock to maintain, what price to sell, where to procure from etc. are taken by the
are occupied in other work. However the decision making on what commodities to keep,
uting the goods. The females run the shop on par with males when male family members
We observed women helping their male family members in running the shops and distrib-

in the study region.

right times. At this stage as well, no women are involved, there are no female wholesalers
cient stocks are there in the inventory and the stocks are moving to the designated places at
This process involves negotiating on prices with traders as well as retailers, ensuring suffi-

Male dominated as women are not involved in transportation.

a week and the sanitary conditions in the storage area are satisfactory.
The processor stores the processed produce in the plant itself. The storage period is less than
lower paid jobs like cleaning the plant and grading the produce are handled by women.
operation, maintenance and monitoring of the machinery are handled by men while other
mission agents. Activities like unloading the bags, filling the bags with processed produce,
The processors buy the produce of different farmers for processing through traders/ com-
mobile phones.
as the parties on both sides of the sales activity have good access to the prices through their
cessors. All the traders/ commission agents in the surveyed area are men. The qualifier is 4
The produce is sold to the traders/ commission agents who connect farmers with the pro-
hooks.
qualifier is 2 as the loading into these vehicles is done manually, sometimes also using
transport like autos (3 wheelers), mini trucks and trucks depending upon the quantity. The
The produce is transported from the farm to the storage spaces using different means of

tional information
USD/kg
USD/kg uct
uct
We observed women helping their male family members in running the shops and distrib-
USD/kg
USD/kg USD/kg
in the study region. Farming, harvesting,
Farming, harvesting, threshing,
threshing, storage
storage by
by Whole
Whole chick-
chick-
0.619
0.619 0.619
0.619 0.846
0.846 NA
Farmers
Farmers pea
pea
right times. At this stage as well, no women are involved, there are no female wholesalers Collective Men 3 Wholesale
cient stocks are there in the inventory and the stocks are moving to the designated places at
This process involves negotiating on prices with traders as well as retailers, ensuring suffi- Whole chick-
Whole chick-
Traders/Brokers
Traders/ Brokers 0.001
0.001 0.620
0.620 0.847
0.847 NA
tion pea
pea
Male dominated as women are not involved in transportation. Collective Men 3
Transporta-
Processor
Processor Chanadal
Chana dal 0.224
0.224 0.844
0.844 1.11
1.11 0.263
a week and the sanitary conditions in the storage area are satisfactory.
Collective Men 3 Storage
The processor stores the processed produce in the plant itself. The storage period is less than
Traders/Brokers
Traders/ Brokers Chanadal
Chana dal 0.001
0.001 0.845
0.845 1.111
1.111 NA
lower paid jobs like cleaning the plant and grading the produce are handled by women.
operation, maintenance and monitoring of the machinery are handled by men while other women cessing
mission agents. Activities like unloading the bags, filling the bags with processed produce, Men and
Collectively 2 2
Agro-pro- Wholesaler
Wholesaler Chanadal
Chana dal 0.007
0.007 0.852
0.852 1.202
1.202 0.091
The processors buy the produce of different farmers for processing through traders/ com-
mobile phones. Retailer
Retailer Chanadal
Chana dal 0.007
0.007 0.859
0.859 1.287
1.287 0.085
as the parties on both sides of the sales activity have good access to the prices through their
Individually Men 4 Market sales
cessors. All the traders/ commission agents in the surveyed area are men. The qualifier is 4
The produce is sold to the traders/ commission agents who connect farmers with the pro-
hooks.
qualifier is 2 as the loading into these vehicles is done manually, sometimes also using tion
Individually Men 2
transport like autos (3 wheelers), mini trucks and trucks depending upon the quantity. The Transporta-
The produce is transported from the farm to the storage spaces using different means of
Qualifier 26 29 || P
29 P aa gg ee
Adult Girls Adult Boys
volved: tors 25 tional information FSC STEPS
mainly in- level of FSC ac- Observations and remarks that explain the chosen qualifiers and/or give addi- of Women of Men
Who is Organization Gender / social patterns Involvement Involvement
28 | P a g e

Page | 28 Page | 29
 OUTPUT II-6a:
OUTPUT II-6a: DETAILED
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTIONOF OFTHE
THEFOOD
FOODSUPPLY
SUPPLYCHAIN
CHAIN– –ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT OUTPUT II-6b: FACTORS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT.
The chickpea supply chain’s impact on the environment is very much in line with any farming activity and is quite Factors Description
The chickpea supply chain’s impact on the environment is very much in line with any farming activity and is quite
environment friendly compared to other crops. The crop itself is nitrogen fixing and therefore adds to the nitrogen to the Chemical sprays done on prevention basis. This can be controlled proactively. Experts suggested
environment friendly compared to other crops. The crop itself is nitrogen fixing and therefore adds to the nitrogen to the
soil. The biomass from threshing is ploughed back in the field. The chemicals used in storage and fumigation are predomi- IPM and biological controls are not widely used even though results seen in demonstration forms.
soil. The biomass from threshing is ploughed back in the field. The chemicals used in storage and fumigation are predomi-
nantly Aluminium Phosphide which is accepted worldwide for storage practices. In addition to chemicals, fertilizer use also has an impact on the environment. Fertilizer runoff
nantly Aluminium Phosphide which is accepted worldwide for storage practices.
PRODUCTION Quantity Unit has significant impacts on the environment. The fertilizer run-off into streams, canals or ponds
PRODUCTION Quantity Unit Production stage
Tools, Equipment, Facili- Tractors/ power tillers (30-50 hp) 1 - results in excessive growth of algae resulting in the choking or reduced capacity of such struc-
ties Equipment, Facili- Tractors/ power tillers (30-50 hp)
Tools, 1 - tures which is a major problem in India. In the case of chickpeas, since it is a nitrogen fixing
ties Ploughs, cultivators (primary and secondary tillage) 1 - crop, the overall usage of fertilizers is less compared to other crops. Also since the chickpeas are
Ploughs, cultivators (primary and secondary tillage) 1 -
Knapsack sprayers, tractor mounted sprayers 1 - grown in the dry season of the year, due to limited rainfall, the fertilizer run off is limited.
Knapsack sprayers, tractor mounted sprayers 1 -
Diesel/ electric pumps for irrigation – (7.5 hp/ha) 1 Per ha Bio mass from the chickpea is left for cattle and mulched into soil. This helps in improving soil
Diesel/ and
electric Land preparation practices
Sickles hoespumps for irrigation – (7.5 hp/ha) 1
10-15 PerPer
ha ha quality
Sickles and hoes bag stitching machines
Threshers, gunny 1 10-15 - Per ha
Soil quality and land degra- Single cropping system, so benefit of nitrogen fixation not efficiently used. The land is left fallow
Threshers, gunny bag stitching machines 1 - dation for the remainder of the year after chickpea harvest.
Materials, Urea, Phosphorous and Potassium fertilizers 100-150 kg/ha of DAP
Materials,
Chemicals Urea, Phosphorous and Potassium fertilizers 100-150 kg/ha of DAP Water regime A mix of rain fed and irrigation. Irrigation is from nearby water canals.
Pesticides 1-1.5 kg Kg/ha
Chemicals
Pesticides
Crop residues - 1-1.5 kg - Kg/ha All by products from the mill are efficiently used. So there is no solid or liquid waste that causes
Crop residues - - Ecosystem impacts
Gunny bags 1 No/60kg damage to the environment. However, there are emissions of smoke from the dryer furnace.
Gunny bags
Diesel (depending on using tractors)
1
40-50 L
No/60kg
Per ha Storage practices involve frequent monitoring and spraying on weekly/ monthly basis. This has
Energy
Energy Diesel (depending
Animal traction on using tractors) - 40-50 L - Per ha an impact on the warehouse environment. And also downstream impacts on consumers and cattle.
Animal traction - - Chemicals -There have been instances of food poisoning due to consumption of chickpeas without cleaning
Electricity 250-280 Kwh/season and pesticide affecting the consumers
Water Electricity
Canal water 250-280
300 Kwh/season
mm -The seed coat has pesticides that enter the food chain through cattle feed.
Water
STORAGE Canal water 300
Quantity mm
Unit All farm implements run on fuel and result in normal vehicular emissions.
STORAGE Quantity Unit Processing mills use dryer which has furnace that runs on wood, husk and emits smoke.
Tools, Equipment, Facili- Warehouses, closed rooms 3.6 Tons/sq.m
Fertilizers also significantly contribute to greenhouse gases as they emit N2O. However, this
ties Equipment, Facili- Warehouses, closed rooms
Tools, Cold storages, refrigeration systems - 3.6 - Tons/sq.m release of N20 is higher during rains. Since chickpeas are grown in dry season, the emissions are
ties Sources of GHG emissions
Cold storages, refrigeration systems also limited.
Materials, Storage pesticides and chemicals 3- - bag
gm/
Chemicals
Cold storage facilities are run using electricity from the grid which in turn is majorly powered
Materials, Storage pesticides and chemicals
Insecticides 23 L/ gm/
weekbag through non-renewable sources. Hence cold storages also significantly contribute to emission of
Chemicals GHGs. The same has been updated in the report.
Energy Insecticides
Electricity 2
0.12-0.25 L/ week
mn Kwh/year
Energy Electricity 0.12-0.25 mnUnit
Kwh/year Due to climate change, more drought resistant, short duration, high temperature resistant crop
TRANSPORTATION Quantity
Climatic factors varieties are being sought. Seed research organizations like ICRISAT, AICRP and IIPR are ac-
Tools, Equipment, Facil.
TRANSPORTATION Auto (3 Wheelers), mini trucks, trucks 10`
Quantity Tonnes/truck
Unit tive.
EnergyEquipment, Facil.
Tools, Diesel
Auto (3 Wheelers), mini trucks, trucks 3 10`
l PerTonnes/truck
ton All by-products from the mill are efficiently used. So there are no effluents. However, there are
PROCESSING
Energy Diesel Quantity
3l Unit
Per ton Utilization of residues in the emissions of smoke from the dryer furnace. Brokens and husk are sold for cattle feed. The foreign
supply chain matter and dust are what is discarded but that forms very small negligible percentage. The bigger
Tools, Equipment, Facili- Plant/ shed
PROCESSING 100
Quantity Sq.Unit
m brokens are even used for Bengal gram flour making.
Materials,
Tools, Facili- HDPE
Chemicals
Equipment, lined gunny bags
Plant/ shed 1 100 No/50
Sq. mkg
The losses if any, from harvest/ threshing stage, are ploughed back into the field as bio mass. The
Re-use of food losses
Energy Chemicals
Materials, Electricity
HDPE lined gunny bags 0.12-0.15
1 mn kWh/year
No/50 kg by-products from the processing stage are used for cattle feed.
Fire wood (for 25 quintals of chickpea processing) 1 tonne
Energy Electricity 0.12-0.15 mn kWh/year
WHOLESALE, RETAIL Quantity Unit
Fire wood (for 25 quintals of chickpea processing) 1 tonne
Tools, Equipment, Facili- Shops/outlets, storage containers 10-15 Sq. m
WHOLESALE, RETAIL Quantity Unit
ties
Storage rooms 10-15 Sq. m
Tools, Equipment, Facili- Shops/outlets, storage containers 10-15 Sq. m
ties
Energy Electricity 150 kWh/year
Storage rooms 10-15 Sq. m
Energy Electricity 150 kWh/year
30 | P a g e

30 | P a g e
31 | P a g e

Page | 30 Page | 31
3. THE FOOD LOSSES - Study findings and results. detailed AGMARK quality standards schedule maybe referred from the link provided 27. The important parameters of AG-
MARK standard grade whole desi chana are:
a. Description of the FSC: risk factors
The risk factors that can cause food loss at various stages are observed as follows: - Max. 12% moisture,
- Max. 0.1% foreign matter by weight;
- Farming stage: the major risk factor reported by farmers is the probable occurrence of untimely rains during harvest - Max. 2% other edible grains by weight;
- Storage stage: the major risk reported by warehouse personnel are the pests especially bruchids in dry warehouses - Max. 2% damaged grains by weight;
and sitophilus in cold storage. These are generally controlled by fumigation and frequent monitoring - Max. 6% weevilled grains by count;
- Processing stage: the major factors resulting in processing loss is the non-uniformity in size of grains and one of
the main reasons attributed for the same is the different varieties. However, in Andhra, the JG11 is widely adopted In addition to AGMARK, the other relevant standards are that of NCDEX since NCDEX is the body regulating Chana
(Chickpea) futures. The NCDEX 28 contract quality specifications are as below:
by farmers and currently is not a major challenge.
- Good practices are being followed at the farming and processing stages. The lack of following the same by a few Desi Chana Quality Specification for NCDEX contract
actors is likely to result in losses of quantity and quality, for e.g. improper storage at farmer’s house without fumi- The material should be free of Mathara and Kesari (types of pulses consid-
gation detailed AGMARK quality eredstandards
to be harmful for human
schedule maybeconsumption)
referred from and
the live
link infestation
provided 27. The important parameters of AG-
MARK standard grade whole desi
Foreign chana(Other
Matter are: than Varietal admixture) 1% max. by weight
OUTPUT II-7: FOOD LOSS RISK FACTORS.
- Max. 12% moisture, Green (Cotyledon colour), Immature, Shrunken, 3% basis
The below table lists the various factors that we found to be important factors affecting the food supply chain losses. Shriveled Seeds
- Max. 0.1% foreign matter by weight;
- Max. 2% other edibleBroken, Splits;
grains by weight; 2% basis
Parameter – relation to food Value of variable (observed in Damaged 3% basis
Variable Unit - Max. 2% damaged grains by weight;
losses the case study)
Weeviled
- Max. 6% weevilled grains by count; 1% max.
Rains during Feb-Mar There should be nil rainfall during Moisture 10% basis
mm NA In addition to AGMARK, the other relevant standards are that of NCDEX 3% since NCDEX is the body regulating Chana
(harvest period) harvest. Varietal admixture max.
(Chickpea) futures. The NCDEX 28 contract quality specifications are as below:
Ideally, there should be uniform For parameters with basis, there are further guidelines on discounting up to certain acceptable percentages.
No. of varieties Count JG11 observed predominantly Desi Chana Quality Specification for NCDEX contract
single variety for uniform sizes
The actors present in theThechickpea
materialvalue chain
should follow
be free neither AGMARK
of Mathara and Kesari nor NCDEX
(types standards.
of pulses consid- Instead, they check the
Good agricultural and products for their qualityered
based only
to be on three
harmful formain
human parameters as follows:
consumption) and live infestation
Y/N Yes Yes
harvest practices Foreign
1. Kernel counts (count perMatter
100gm).(Other than
Count Varietal
is used admixture)
majorly 1%Kabuli
for trading of max. by weight
chana.
Good storage practices Y/N Yes Yes 2. Moisture (measured Greenby(Cotyledon colour),
normal moisture Immature, Shrunken, 3% basis
meters)
3. Weevilled bean Shriveled Seedsby count)
% (percentage
All actors inherently know to in-
Broken, Splits; 2% basis
spect quality and value. How- For our load tracking exercise, we have followed NCDEX standards as they are comprehensive and more practical.
Knowledge of FSC ac- Damaged 3% basis
Y/N Yes ever, there is absence of quanti- Output III-8b, the quality analysis of sampled units, is presented after Output III-9.
tors Weeviled 1% max.
tative measurements of quality
parameters Moisture 10% basis
OUTPUT III-9: PRESENTATIONVarietal admixture
OF LOAD TRACKING AND SAMPLING RESULTS. 3% max.
b. Critical Loss Points: type and level of food losses in the selected subsector chains, including both quantitative and qual- Selection
For of load
parameters tracking
with stageare
basis, there in the supply
further chain: on
guidelines There are threeup
discounting main stages in
to certain which load
acceptable tracking should be carried
percentages.
itative losses out – threshing, storage and processing. However, it was not possible to pursue load tracking at the threshing stage as
The actors present in the chickpea value chain follow neither AGMARK nor NCDEX standards. Instead, they check the
In this sub-section, firstly quality standards used in the industry and in our load tracking exercise are reported in III-8a. threshing was already completed before beginning of field study for food loss. It was not possible to pursue load tracking
products for their quality based only on three main parameters as follows:
Following that, in III-9, the load tracking exercise is presented. Then, III-8b shows the quality analysis of the samples taken. at processing stage because the processors follow a continuous system of processing and the processors would have to clean
And finally, III-10 presents the summary of the losses found in the study with pertinent observations. 1. Kernel
the whole systemcounts
to do(count
a properperload
100gm). Count
tracking is usedLoad
exercise. majorly for trading
tracking of Kabuli
exercise chana. during storage stage and the
was conducted
2. ofMoisture
results the same(measured
are providedby normal
below. moisture meters)
3. Weevilled bean % (percentage by count)
OUTPUT III-8a: QUALITY SCORING OF FOOD PRODUCTS Load tracking in storage stage: Load tracking was done at a dry warehouse storage (Kisan Rural Warehouse, Nandyal,
For our load
Kurnool)in twotracking
ways –exercise,
documentarywe have
loadfollowed
tracking NCDEX standards
by comparing input as they
and are comprehensive
output andlot
documents of same more practical.
of stock; and
Quality standards for chickpea sector is governed by AGMARK. Output
physicalIII-8b, the quality
load tracking analysis the
by comparing of sampled
same lot units, is presented
of stock after
over a period Output III-9.
of storage.
AGMARK is the national body that sets the quality standards. The AGMARK standards for chickpea both whole and split
are set as per Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act, 1937 and Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954. The OUTPUT III-9: PRESENTATION OF LOAD TRACKING AND SAMPLING RESULTS.
Selection of load tracking stage in the supply chain: There are three main stages in which load tracking should be carried
out – threshing, storage and processing. However, it was not possible to pursue load tracking at the threshing stage as
threshing
27
AGMARK wasstandards
alreadyhttp://agmarknet.nic.in/bengal-gram-profile.pdf
completed before beginning of field study for food loss. It was not possible to pursue load tracking
at NCDEX
28 processing stage because
standards the processors follow a continuous system of processing and the processors would have to clean
http://www.ncdex.com/Downloads/ContractSpace/Chana10MT_CS_19012015.pdf
the whole system to do a proper load tracking exercise. Load tracking exercise was conducted during storage stage and the
32 | P a g e 33 | P a g e
results of the same are provided below.
Load tracking in storage stage: Load tracking was done at a dry warehouse storage (Kisan Rural Warehouse, Nandyal,
Kurnool)in two ways – documentary load tracking by comparing input and output documents of same lot of stock; and
physical load tracking by comparing the same lot of stock over a period of storage.

27
AGMARK standards http://agmarknet.nic.in/bengal-gram-profile.pdf
28
NCDEX standards http://www.ncdex.com/Downloads/ContractSpace/Chana10MT_CS_19012015.pdf
33 | P a g e

Page | 32 Page | 33
 1. Documentary
1. Documentary loadload tracking:
tracking: The The warehouse
warehouse in charges
in charges reported
reported that that
therethere is very
is very rare rare occurrence
occurrence of loss
of loss in quality
in quality
or or quantity
quantity between
between the the
inputinput
and and output
output of of
stockstock
in in warehouses.
warehouses. We We
askedasked
for for documentary
documentary evidence
evidence of of
the the same
same A Product Desi chickpea
1. Documentary load tracking: The warehouse in charges reported that there is very rare occurrence of loss in quality
and
and or
werewere
shownshown documents
documents suchsuch
as as below.
below. ThereThere
was was absolutely
absolutely no no variation
variation shownshown
in in weight
weight or or quality.
quality.
quantity between the input and output of stock in warehouses. We asked for documentary evidence of the same The The B Event Storage
and were shown documents such as below. There was absolutely no variation shown in weight or quality. The
C Duration of the event 1 month
D Location Nandyal, Kurnool
Experimental
Before the event Weight of unit Nr of units Total weight
Unit
E Bag weight is
Load Bag 50 bags 3000kg
50-60kg
F 1st-stage sample Bag 50-60kg 5 bags 250-300kg
G 2nd-stage sample Gm 100gm 1 100gm
Value (score / %) Observations / Causes
Warehouse
Warehouse
documents
documents
picture
picture shows
shows a receipt
a receipt of 82ofbags
82 bags
of 50kg Warehouse
of 50kg Bengal
Bengal gramdocuments
gram
fromfrom farmer
farmer SivaSiva Reddy
Reddy stored
stored in Lot
in Lot no. A6/10
no. A6/10 on 20
on 20 H 100gm Clean, good (detailed quality analysis presented
May,picture
May,
2016. shows
2016.
AndAnd a receipt
shows
shows ofa delivery
82 bags
a delivery of 50kg
of same
of the Bengal
the same gram
quantity
quantity on 8onfrom farmer
8 June,
June, 20162016 Sivawith
with Reddy
no stored
no change
change in
in Lot no. A6/10 on 20
quality.
in quality. Sample size 2nd-stage
May, 2016. And shows a delivery of the same quantity on 8 June, 2016 with no change in quality.
in the following table)
2. Physical
2. Physical loadload tracking:
tracking: Samples
Samples werewere
takentaken
fromfrom the same
the same lot inlottwo
in two
visitsvisits separated
separated by aby a time
time gap1 of
gap of 1 month.
month. The The I Average quality score (0 – Fit for trade –
2. Physical
quality
quality of theload
of thetracking:
samples wasSamples
samples was were
andtaken
measured
measured and from
no the same
significant
no significant lot inintwo
variation
variation invisits separated
quality
quality was was by a Below
timeBelow
observed.
observed. gap of tables
tables1 month. The
present
present the the No discounts applicable
quality of the samples was measured and no significant variation in quality was observed. Below tables present the 10) 100%
loadload tracking
tracking results:
results:
load tracking results:
J %age unfit (< 2) 0
OUTPUT
OUTPUT III-8b:
III-8b:
QUALITY
QUALITY
ANALYSIS
ANALYSISOF SAMPLED
OF SAMPLED UNITS.
UNITS. K %age low quality (2-6) 0
OUTPUT III-8b: QUALITY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLED UNITS.
Quality
Quality
Parameter
Quality Parameter
Parameter Observation
Observation
Observationof of
sample
of sample
sample taken
taken
onon
taken 5on
5 Observation
5Observation
Observationofof ofsample
sample
sample Experimental
May,May,
20162016 taken
taken
on 8on
June,
8 June,
2016 2016 After the event Weight of unit Nr of units Total weight
May, 2016 taken on 8 June, 2016 Unit
Visual
Visual
appearance
Visual appearance
appearance GoodGood
Good GoodGood
Good
Foreign
Foreign
matter
matter
Foreign matter 0.1%0.1%
0.1% 0%0%0%
L Load bag 50-60kg 50 bags* 3000kg*
GreenGreen
immature
immatureshrunken
shrunken
shriv-
shriv-
Green immature shrunken shriv- NoneNoneNone NoneNone
None M 1st-stage sample Bag 50-60kg 5 bags 250-300kg
elledelled
elled
Broken/
Broken/
splits
Broken/ splits
splits NoneNone
None NoneNone
None N 2nd-stage sample Gm 100gm 1 100gm
Damaged
Damaged
Damaged NoneNone
None NoneNone
None
Weeviled
Weeviled
Weeviled NoneNone
None NoneNone
None Value (score / %) Observations / Causes
Moisture
Moisture
Moisture Manual
Manual
(well
Manual (well
dried)
(well dried)
dried) Manual
Manual
Manual(well
(well
(welldried)
dried)
dried) O 100gm Clean, good (detailed quality analysis presented
Varietal
Varietal
admixture
Varietal admixture
admixture 0%0%0% 0%0%0% Sample size 2nd-stage
in following table)
Observation
Observation
from
Observation from
loadload
from load
tracking
tracking
exercise
tracking exercise
in in
exercise storage
instorage
storage
stage:
stage:
From
stage: From
Fromthetheload
the load
loadtracking
tracking
trackingexercise,
exercise,
exercise,ititwas
it was
was observed
observed
observed that
thatthat
there
therethere
is is
veryvery
very
minimal
minimal
variation
minimal variation
in quality
variation ininquality
quality
during
during
thethe
during storage
thestorage
storage
stage.
stage.
stage. P Average quality score (0 – Fit for trade –
No discounts applicable
10) 100%
Q %age unfit (< 2) 0
R %age low quality (2-6) 0
Quantity loss Value (%) Observations / Causes
S %age lost (E-L)/E 0
Quality loss Value (%) Observations / Causes
T %age lost (Q-J) 0
34 || 34
34 PP aa| ggP eea g e

35 |

Page | 34 Page | 35
37 | P a g e
Page | 37

# - The percentages will be slightly lower if we take into account losses in previous stages. This has been ignored because the impact is negligible.
1.8% Total
again collected.
loading which is
loading and un-
of the grain while
transported are due to spillage
as high loss for same quantity followed. Losses
Traders None LLP NA 0.1% 100% NA 0.1% QNT Transport
Not considered carbon footprint paulin sheets are
More diesel and the bags with tar-
tices like covering
tion of good prac-
travel and adop-
Short distances of
# in this step Quant
women) resources
(men / women) # this stage quality loss cess .
(men / change/natural value loss process
FSC actors of food loss LLP FSC through curred pro- Qn./Ql
fected mate market Reason for low stage/
tion of Destination CLP / in the that goes that in- this of loss
actors af- environment/cli- Reduced Cause of loss/ FSC
Loss percep- %age loss product product lost in Type
Impact/ FSC Impacts on the
%age of %age of %age
different points of the value chain are analyzed in the subsequent section.
are an estimation from our secondary and primary research and analysis. The reason for the low loss points and good practices that are leading to low food losses at
in the chickpea value chain. The same was reported by different actors in the value chain and was also corroborated by several recent studies. The loss percentages
observed at different points were minimal and hence the respective points were identified as Low Loss Points (LLPs). No Critical Loss Points (CLPs) were observed
The following table provides a summary of the different losses that were observed in the chickpea value chain along with comments on the loss points. The losses
OUTPUT III-10: SUMMARY RESULT MATRIX OF FOOD LOSSES
Processing

Storage

ing
& Thresh- QNT
Harvesting

process
stage/
FSC
QLT

QNT

QLT

QNT

.
Qn./Ql
of loss
Type
OUTPUT III-10: SUMMARY RESULT MATRIX OF FOOD LOSSES
The following table provides a summary of the different losses that were observed in the chickpea value chain along with comments on the loss points. The losses
observed at different points were minimal and hence the respective points were identified as Low Loss Points (LLPs). No Critical Loss Points (CLPs) were observed
NA

0.25% NA

NA

0.1%

0.1%

Quant
cess
pro-
this
lost in
%age
in the chickpea value chain. The same was reported by different actors in the value chain and was also corroborated by several recent studies. The loss percentages
are an estimation from our secondary and primary research and analysis. The reason for the low loss points and good practices that are leading to low food losses at
0.25%

1.0%

NA

NA

in this step
quality loss
curred
that in-
product
%age of
different points of the value chain are analyzed in the subsequent section.
%age %age of %age of
>95%

>95%

>60%

>60%

100%

#
this stage
through
that goes
product
%age of
Impacts on the Impact/ FSC
Type lost in product product %age loss Loss percep-
FSC Cause of loss/ Reduced environment/cli- actors af-
of loss this that in- that goes in the CLP / Destination tion of
stage/ Reason for low market mate fected
Qn./Ql pro- curred through FSC LLP of food loss FSC actors
process loss value change/natural (men /
0.25%

0.25%

1.0%

0.1%

0.1%

#
FSC
in the
%age loss
. cess quality loss this stage # (men / women)
resources women)
Quant in this step #
Harvesting Increase of bio-

loss
Reason for low
Cause of loss/
Discarded in Not considered
& Thresh- QNT 0.1% NA 100% 0.1% NA LLP mass on field, Farmers
field as high loss
ing stray cattle
Heavy pest in-
festation is rare
Farmers and as the grain is

value
duction in LLP
90% re-

NA

basis
the quality
duction on LLP
max. re-
0.5%

NA

NA

value
market
Reduced
QNT 0.1% NA >60% 0.1% NA LLP Cattle feed None warehouse fumigated regu-
owners larly. Not con-
sidered as high

LLP

LLP

LLP

LLP
CLP /
loss
Storage
The quality of
Chemical sprays

channels
through lower Negligible
Traded

Cattle feed

discount
Traded with

Cattle feed

field
Discarded in

of food loss
Destination
0.5% the grain is
are used in the
max. re- Farmers and checked by vis-
Traded with warehouses to
QLT NA 1.0% >60% 1.0% duction on LLP warehouse ual inspection
discount control pests/ in-
the quality owners only. So leeway
sects which affect
basis is given for

None

the environment
sects which affect
control pests/ in-
warehouses
are used in the
Chemical sprays

None

stray cattle
mass on field,
Increase of bio-

resources
change/natural
mate
environment/cli-
Impacts on the
the environment
small variation.
Not considered
QNT 0.25% NA >95% 0.25% NA LLP Cattle feed None Processors
as high loss

to
Processing

Processors

Processors

owners
warehouse
Farmers and

owners
warehouse
Farmers and

Farmers

women)
(men /
fected
actors af-
Impact/ FSC
90% re- Traded
Not considered
QLT NA 0.25% >95% 0.25% duction in LLP through lower Negligible Processors
as high loss
value channels

Page | 36
as high loss
Not considered

as high loss
Not considered

small variation.
is given for
only. So leeway
ual inspection
checked by vis-
the grain is
The quality of
loss
sidered as high
larly. Not con-
fumigated regu-
as the grain is
festation is rare
Heavy pest in-

as high loss

(men / women)
FSC actors
tion of
Loss percep-
36 | P a g e

Not considered
36 | P a g e
4.THE
4. THEFOOD
FOODLOSS
LOSSREDUCTION
REDUCTIONSTRATEGY
STRATEGY--Conclusions
Conclusionsand
andrecommendations
recommendations 2. Adoption of good agricultural practices: Chickpea farmers in the state of Andhra Pradesh are pro-
As
Asmentioned
mentionedin inthe
theearlier
earliersections,
sections,the
thelosses
lossesobserved
observedatatdifferent
differentpoints
pointsacross
acrossthetheChickpea
ChickpeaFoodFoodSup-
Sup- gressive in nature. They understand and appreciate the benefits of adopting good agricultural prac-
ply
ply Chain
Chain were
were minimal
minimal and
and hence
hence the
the respective
respective points
points were
were identified
identified as
as Low
Low Loss
Loss Points
Points (LLPs).
(LLPs). NoNo tices like using quality seeds, regular weeding, timing of harvest etc. and follow them regularly.
Critical
Critical Loss
Loss Points
Points (CLPs)
(CLPs) were
were observed
observed in in the
the chickpea
chickpea value
value chain.
chain. Thus,
Thus, inin this
this section,
section, we
we use
use the
the Also, in the case of chickpea, the deeper penetration of extension services and the support provided
cause
causefinding
findingdiagram
diagramforforanalysing
analysingthe
thereasons
reasonsfor forthe
thelow
lowlosses
lossesatatvarious
variousstages
stagesof ofthe
theFSC
FSCthat
thatmay
maybe be by agricultural officers in the dissemination of latest information about agricultural practices have
either
either due
due to
to good
good practices,
practices, adoption
adoption of
of latest
latest technologies,
technologies, availability
availability of
of infrastructure,
infrastructure, policy
policy support,
support, also helped the chickpea farmers in rapid adoption.
or
orother
otherfactors.
factors.
3. Commercial rental farm services: Most of the farming activities for chickpea, like pest management
OUTPUTIV-1:
OUTPUT IV-1:CAUSE
CAUSEFINDING
FINDINGDIAGRAM
DIAGRAMFOR
FORLOW
LOWLOSSES
LOSSES and threshing etc. are being offered as a service to the farmers. This helps in increasing the afford-
ability and adoptability of good practices for smallholder farmers. Dominance of chickpea as a
Thefactors
1.The
1. factorsfor
forthe
thelow
lowlosses
lossesare:
are:
winter crop in the region and availability of contiguous areas further help in offering such services.
FACTORS
FACTORSFOR FORLOW
LOWLOSSES
LOSSES
--Good
Goodresearch
researchleadership
leadership&&adoption
adoptionofoflat-
lat- EXPERTS/
EXPERTS/FSC
FSCACTORS
ACTORS LITERATURE
LITERATURE SKILLS/
SKILLS/PRACTICES
PRACTICES 4. Aggregated farming by farmer groups: Most chickpea farm activities are mechanized and available
est
esttechnologies
technologies for commercial hire. Secondly, in chickpea, while the season is spread out for the whole state,
-- Adoption
Adoptionofofgood
goodagricultural
agriculturalpractices
practices
--
within each particular locality, the window is small for carrying out the farm activities. This also
--Commercial
Commercialrental
rentalfarm
farmservices
services TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE encourages a faster pace of activities. Due to these characteristics, chickpea is especially suited for
--Aggregated
Aggregatedfarming
farmingby byfarmer
farmergroups
groups aggregated farming on large tracts of land. Such aggregated farming brings together farmers and
--Availability
Availabilityofofstorage
storagefacilities
facilities
--Transparent
Transparentsales
salessystem
system leads to better knowledge sharing, good agricultural practices and market linkages.
--Better
Bettersupport
supportinfrastructure
infrastructure
--Simple
Simpleprocessing
processingtechnologies
technologies
Storage, transportation & processing stages
5. Availability of storage facilities: A large number of cold, as well as dry warehouses, are available
2.The
2. underlyingreasons
Theunderlying reasonsfor
forthe
thecauses
causes in the districts of Andhra Pradesh for storage of different crops. Majority of the farmers use these
facilities and trade on better prices. Availability of financial support from both the state as well as
central governments helped in the establishment of the infrastructure. The transport distances from
INVESTMENT
INVESTMENT LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
CLIMATE
CLIMATE POLICY
POLICY
the site of produce to storage is shorter due to the availability of storage spaces at a closer proximity
UNDERLYING
UNDERLYING REASONS
REASONS FOR
FOR LOW
LOW
LOSSES
LOSSES
to the farmers. Particularly in Prakasam district, the cold storages are successful because it is used
RESEARCH
RESEARCHENVI-
ENVI- CULTURE
CULTURE for multiple crops resulting in higher utilization, the farmers are financially able to carry chickpea
RONMENT
RONMENT for a longer period of time and the humid climate necessitates cold storage for better storage.

As
Asillustrated
illustratedininthe
theabove
abovefigure,
figure,there
thereare
aremany
manyfactors
factorscontributing
contributingto tolower
lowerlosses
lossesatateach
eachstage
stageofofchick-
chick- 6. Transparent sales system: Since chickpea is listed on the commodity exchange, availability of price
pea
peavalue
valuechain
chainin inAndhra
AndhraPradesh.
Pradesh.Chickpea,
Chickpea,by bynature
naturebeing
beingaatough
toughcrop,
crop,encounters
encounterslower
lowerdamage
damageand and information from commodity markets has led to better price discovery at each level of the supply
less
less losses
losses in
in its
its value
value chain
chain than
than other
other crops.
crops. However
However somesome good
good practices
practices that
that are
are being
being followed
followed in in chain and the middlemen charging fair prices. This resulted in a number of traders taking up the
Andhra
Andhra Pradesh
Pradesh helphelp in
in further
further bringing
bringing down
down the
the losses
losses and
and can
can be
be aa lesson
lesson for
for other
other regions
regions as
as well
well as
as profession and the marketing of the produce has become easy.
other
othercommodity
commodityvalue valuechains.
chains.
7. Better support infrastructure: The roads situation in Prakasam and Kurnool, the two predominant
The
The different
different factors
factors for
for low
low losses
losses in
in the
the chickpea
chickpea value
value chain
chain and
and their
their underlying
underlying reasons
reasons are
are further
further districts for chickpea production in the state, is well developed. Successive governments in Andhra
discussed
discussedininfollowing
followingparagraphs.
paragraphs. Pradesh state have invested and developed quality rural roads because they realised the importance
Farming,harvesting
Farming, harvesting&
&threshing
threshingstages
stages of support infrastructure for the development of agriculture as an economic activity. This not only
reduces transportation losses but also brings down the transportation costs significantly. In addition
1. Research
1. Researchleadership
leadership& &adoption
adoptionof oflatest
latesttechnologies:
technologies:Proximity
Proximityto toresearch
researchinstitutions
institutionslike
likeICRI-
ICRI- to infrastructure, due to the inherent hardness of the grain, the losses are much lower in the case of
SAT, ANGRAU,
SAT, ANGRAU, RARS RARS and and SAU
SAU contributes
contributes to to the
the research
research and
and development
development as as well
well as as quick
quick chickpea.
dissemination of
dissemination ofrelevant
relevant technologies
technologies and and seed
seed varieties.
varieties.The
The research
research community
communityhas has been
been suc-
suc-
cessfulin
cessful incontinuously
continuouslyreleasing
releasingnewer
newerand andbetter
bettervarieties
varieties(e.g.
(e.g.harvestable
harvestableNBEG47
NBEG47isisalready
alreadyin in 8. Simple processing technologies: The processing technologies involved in the manufacturing of
pipelineand
pipeline andsuccessfully
successfullytested
testedinin2016).
2016).The Thechickpea
chickpeafarming
farmingcommunity
communityin inAndhra
AndhraPradesh
Pradeshisis value added products from chickpea are simple. This makes the maintenance of the machinery
also one
also one of
of the
the fastest
fastest to
to adopt
adopt latest
latest technologies
technologies be beititnew
newvarieties/
varieties/ traits
traits of
of seed
seed or
or latest
latest agri-
agri- cheap and easy which in turn leads to good efficiencies. Also, since the processors have low work-
cultural machinery
cultural machineryand and practices.
practices. Also,
Also, the
the adoption
adoptionisis probably
probablyhigh
high because
because chickpea
chickpea isis aarela-
rela- ing capital, the stock rotations are high and storage periods are short, resulting in lower losses.
tivelyaanew
tively newcrop
crop(since
(since1990s)
1990s)to tothe
thestate
stateand
andfarmers
farmersdo donot
notcarry
carryany
anylegacy
legacyideas
ideasofofpast
pasttradi-
tradi-
tionalpractices.
tional practices.

38
38| |PPaaggee 39 | P a g e

Page | 38 Page | 39
Recommendations for further improvements in the chickpea supply chain: male and one female) may be trained as master trainers. These two officers can then go together to each
and every village just before the harvest season to conduct farmer level trainings and farmer activity super-
Storage is the point where the crop faces qualitative losses due to pest/insect attack. Ensuring the practice vision. The training could cover in detail the different types of pest/ insect attacks that affect the quality of
of good storage practices would further reduce the losses present at this stage. This can be achieved by the chickpeas and how to identify and contain them, the methods of sampling and monitoring, maintenance
1. Capacity building of farmers on scientific storage practices: It is observed that a significant number of storage spaces etc. The cost-benefit analysis for such suggested capacity building efforts is shown in the
of farmers (especially
Recommendations for furthersmall farmers) who
improvements do not
in the have access
chickpea supply tochain:
warehouses/ cold storages in the table below.
vicinity, in order to trade on better prices, store their produce in special rooms in their house itself.
Storage However,
is the pointdue where the crop
to limited faces qualitative
understanding among losses due (in
farmers to pest/insect
certain cases) attack.
about Ensuring the practice
the scientific meth- item value unit calculation Remarks
of good ods
storage practices would further reduce the losses present at this stage. This
of storage, the produce in majority of the cases suffers qualitative losses due to pest/ insect can be achieved by
Average state chickpea pro-
attack.
1. Capacity Imparting
building training
of farmers to on
thescientific
farmers storage
on the methods
practices:ofIt storage
is observed can that
helpa in further bringing
significant number a Product quantity 530,000 ton/year duction on average 2010-
down the losses.
of farmers (especially small farmers) who do not have access to warehouses/ cold storages in the 2015
vicinity, in order to trade on better prices, store their produce in special rooms in their house itself. @5500 Rs. per quintal and
2. However,
Cold and dry duestorage
to limitedwarehouses:
understandingThe cold
among storages
farmers have
(in been observed
certain to be athe
cases) about positive interven-
scientific meth- b Product value 840 $/ton 65 Rs per USD exchange
tion that can further reduce the food loss in chickpea. The large scale
ods of storage, the produce in majority of the cases suffers qualitative losses due to pest/ insect availability of cold storage rate
facilitiesImparting
attack. in Prakasam district
training is afarmers
to the clear indication
on the methods of the advantages
of storage can of storing
help in chickpea in cold
further bringing
storages; Loss of 1.8% in whole sup-
down the especially
losses. in humid climates. Apart from Prakasam district, the presence of cold storages c Loss rate 1.1 % ply chain. And 1.1% in the
in other chickpea producing districts is limited probably because the dry storage warehouses work
storage
2. just
Coldasand well in storage
dry non-humid dry climates.
warehouses: The Increasing
cold storages thehave
availability and accessibility
been observed of storage
to be a positive ware-
interven-
houses will help in further reducing the losses.
tion that can further reduce the food loss in chickpea. The large scale availability of cold storage d Anticipated loss reduction 0.2 %
facilitiesare
These strategies in explored
Prakasamfurther
districtwith
is aaclear indication
cost-benefit of theinadvantages
analysis the subsequent of storing
section. chickpea in cold
e Cost of intervention 0 $
storages; especially in humid climates. Apart from Prakasam district, the presence of cold storages
In addition to above
in other chickpeatwo, producing
other recommendations that probably
districts is limited came up during
becausethe theexpert/ stakeholder
dry storage discussion
warehouses work f Depreciation 0 years
are: just as well in non-humid dry climates. Increasing the availability and accessibility of storage ware-
3. houses
Listing will
of the help in furtherin
commodity reducing
exchange:the This
losses.is believed to play a positive role in price discovery 29 g Yearly costs of investment 0 $/year e/f
and thus are
These strategies increase
exploredthe transparency
further with aincost-benefit
price info for all supply
analysis chain
in the actors. This
subsequent needs to be explored
section. @400USD per training of
further for implementation in other crops in other regions. The positive and negative impacts that trainer (one male and one fe-
In addition to abovecan
speculators two, other
bring recommendations
about on other supplythat chaincame up during
actors needs to thecarefully
expert/ studied.
stakeholder discussion male Agricultural officer in
are: h Yearly costs of operation 570,400 $/year
each mandal) and
4. Listing
3. Promotion of theof commodity
aggregated farming by farmer
in exchange: This isgroups:
believed Astomentioned earlier,
play a positive chickpea
role in priceisdiscovery
especially 29 @100USD per seasonal
suited for aggregated farming on large tracts of land. Aggregated farming brings together farmers training per village
and thus increase the transparency in price info for all supply chain actors. This needs to be explored
and leads
further fortoimplementation
better knowledge sharing,
in other good
crops in agricultural
other regions. practices and market
The positive linkages.impacts
and negative Thus, suchthat i Total yearly costs of solution 570,400 $/year g+h
aggregated farming by farmer groups may be actively promoted
speculators can bring about on other supply chain actors needs to carefully studied. by government and other con-
cerned stakeholders. j Client costs per ton product 1.07 $/ton i/a
4. Promotion of aggregated farming by farmer groups: As mentioned earlier, chickpea is especially
5. suited
Promotion of single variety peronlocality: Singleofvariety chickpea results in uniform k Food loss 5830 ton/year cxa
for aggregated farming large tracts land. Aggregated farming brings grain size,farmers
together which
lead to better processing efficiencies. While it is generally accepted
and leads to better knowledge sharing, good agricultural practices and market linkages. Thus, such that diversified varieties are l Economic loss 4,897,200 $/year kxb
better than mono-variety, the cultivation of single varieties could
aggregated farming by farmer groups may be actively promoted by government and other con- be promoted in smaller geograph-
ical areas
cerned in an organized planned manner. This will result in uniform variety and grain size for a
stakeholders. m Loss reduction 1060 ton/year kxd @0.2%
given processing mill from its catchment area of production.
n Loss reduction savings 890,400 $/year mxb
5. Promotion
Capacity building of ofsingle
farmers variety
(whoper uselocality: Single
their own varietyon
storage) chickpea results
scientific in uniform
storage grain size, which
practices:
lead to better processing efficiencies. While it is generally accepted that diversified varieties are o Total Client costs 570,400 $/year axj=i
Based onbetter
our survey, it is observed
than mono-variety, thethat the losses
cultivation of in the produce
single varietiesthat
could is be
stored at homes
promoted by some
in smaller farmers
geograph-
is relatively significant
ical areas due to limited
in an organized plannedunderstanding
manner. This among the farmers
will result aboutvariety
in uniform the scientific
and grain methods
size forofa p Profitability of solution 320,000 $/year n-o
storage. given
As a result, produce thus stored, suffer qualitative
processing mill from its catchment area of production. losses due to pest/ insect attack. Imparting train-
ing to such farmers who store produce in their own storages, on the methods of storage can help in further While the profitability from the capacity building is minuscule compared to the economy of chickpea sector
Capacitydown
bringing building
such of farmers
losses. (whobuilding
Capacity use theirexercise
own storage)
may be on donescientific
at mandal storage practices:
level where two officers (one in Andhra Pradesh, the capacity building helps bring other added benefits in the society. Capacity building
Based on our survey, it is observed that the losses in the produce that is stored at homes by some farmers exercises will promote interactions among farmers and trainers and creates a forum for problem discussion
is relatively significant due to limited understanding among the farmers about the scientific methods of and solution within the community. Capacity building could also be designed to address other crops with
storage. As a result, produce thus stored, suffer qualitative losses due to pest/ insect attack. Imparting train- similar storage requirements like other pulses. Further, since capacity building exercise is one which is long
29
Forward Markets Commission, Annual Report 2010-11 at http://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/commodi- lasting and brings about a sustained change in the society, it is always good to invest in such exercises.
ing to such farmers who store produce in their own storages, on the methods of storage can help in further
ties/AnnualReport/AR1011.pdf
bringing down such losses. Capacity building exercise may be done at mandal level where two officers (one
40 | P a g e 41 | P a g e

29
Forward Markets Commission, Annual Report 2010-11 at http://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/commodi-
ties/AnnualReport/AR1011.pdf

40 | P a g e
Page | 40 Page | 41
Imparting the training to the farmers requires support of government machinery. Agricultural officers and ScenarioDD- nor-
Scenario - nor-
farm extension officers need to be adequately trained before they impart trainings to the farmers. The risks Sce-
Sce- Scenario B - storage
storage
ScenarioCC- -
Scenario mal dry storage
mal dry storage
in implementation include the uncertainty of farmer utilizing the knowledge gained during training. nario
nario A at home with
with 1%
1%
coldstorage
cold storage with0.1%
with 0.1%quanti-
quanti-
Parameter
Parameter -- no
no quantitative losses
losses
withnil
with nillosses
losses tativelosses
tative lossesand
and
stor-
stor- and 10% quality
quality
inqty
in qtyor
orqlty
qlty 1%
1% qualitative
qualitative
Scenario D - nor-
Cold and dry storage warehouses: age
age
Sce- losses
Scenario B - storage
Scenario C - losses
losses
mal dry storage
Qtyloss
loss nario
0% A at home with
1% 1%
1% 0%
The price cycle of chickpea as illustrated in below graph shows that the prices tend to improve after the Qty 0% 0%
cold storage with 0.10%
0.10%
0.1% quanti-
harvest months of Jan-Mar, sometimes up to even 50% increases are seen. So it is in the best interest of Parameter
Qty(tons)
Qty (tons) - no
5.00
5.00 quantitative
4.95losses
4.95 5.00
5.00 5.00
5.00 and
with nil losses tative losses
farmers to be able to hold the crop and tap the best prices that they possibly can in their capacity. Qualitativeimpact
impacton
onprice
price stor- and 10%-10%
quality
Qualitative -10% in qty0%
0%
or qlty -1%
-1%
1% qualitative
Time impact on prices
Time impact on prices age losses +10%
+10% +10%
+10% +10%
losses +10%
Price trend of Desi Whole Chickpea (Rs/Quintal) Price
Price
Qty loss(USD/ton)
(USD/ton) 769
769
0% 762
762
1% 846
846
0% 838
838
0.10%
Additional
Additional storagecost
cost(USD)
(USD) 108 5454
7000 Qty (tons) storage 5.00 4.95 108
5.00 5.00
6000 Qualitative impact on price -10% 0% -1%
Totalfarmer
Total farmerrevenue
revenue(USD)(USD) 3,846
3,846 3,770
3,770 4,123
4,123 4,130
4,130
5000 Time impact on prices +10% +10% +10%
4000
The
Price dry storages
(USD/ton) work well in dry and769non-humid climates
762 of interior
The dry storages work well in dry and non-humid climates of interior districts. However, for humid districts. However,
846 for humid climates
838 climates
of coastal
Additional districts,
storage cost
of coastal districts, the cold
the (USD) storages work better than dry storages
cold storages work better than dry storages due to 108 due to controlled temperature
controlled temperature 54and
andhu-hu-
3000
midity environment.
midity environment.
2000
Tofurther
Total
To further
farmer bring
revenue
bring down(USD)
down the qualitative
the qualitative3,846 losses in
losses in the
the chickpeas,
3,770
chickpeas, adoption
adoptionof cold
coldstorages
of4,123 storagesisisrecommended.
4,130
recommended.
1000
While the dry warehouses allow the farmers to store their produce without deterioration only for 9-12
While
The drythe dry warehouses
storages work allow the non-humid
farmers to climates
store their producedistricts.
withoutHowever,
deterioration only for 9-12
0 months, chickpeas canwell in
be stored dryforand 3-4 years in cold of interior
storages without much deterioration. for humid
Thus climates
it can help
months,
of coastal chickpeas
districts, can
the be stored
cold for 3-4
storages workyears in cold
better than storages
dry without
storages due much
to deterioration.
controlled Thus it can
temperature and help
hu-
Jan

Sep

Sep

Sep

Sep
Nov
Jan

Nov
Jan

Nov
Jan

Nov
Jan
Mar
May

Mar
May

Mar
May

Mar
May

Mar
May
Jul

Jul

Jul

Jul

Jul
farmers in trading on better prices. In addition, storing chickpeas under cold storage also reduces the re-
farmersenvironment.
midity in trading on better prices. In addition, storing chickpeas under cold storage also reduces the re-
quirement for chemical sprayings to contain insects and pests to almost zero.
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 quirement for chemical sprayings to contain insects and pests to almost zero.
To further
Large bring down thecold
multi-commodity qualitative
storageslosseswith aincapacity
the chickpeas,
up to 5,000 adoption
MT can of cold storages isinrecommended.
be established the chickpea
Large
While
growing multi-commodity
the regions
dry warehouses cold storages
allow can
and the storage the be with
farmers a capacity
offeredtoasstore up to
their to
a service 5,000
produce MT can
without
the farmers be established
deterioration
in the inonly
the chickpea
region. Government for 9-12
of
growing
months, regions
chickpeas
India provides and the
can be to
a subsidy storage
stored
the tune can
for 3-4 be
of 40% offered
years as a service to the farmers in the region.
30 in cold storages without much deterioration. Thus it can help
of the capital investment under its capital Government
investment subsidy of
So we illustrate below a few scenarios to understand the farmers’ options of various storage practices. India
farmers provides a subsidy
infortrading toofthe
on better tune
prices. of 40% 30
In storages.
addition, of The
the capital
storing investment
chickpeas underunder
colditsstorage
capital investment
also reduces subsidy
the re-
scheme construction such cold government subsidy scheme is a significant incentive
Assumption: A farmer with 2 hectares of land produces 5tons of chickpea and has four scenarios of mar- scheme
quirement for construction
for chemical of such
sprayings cold
to storages.
contain The
insects government
and pests to subsidy
almost scheme
zero.
for various entities like agribusiness companies, individual entrepreneurs, farmers and their co-operatives. is a significant incentive
for
Thevarious entitiesoflike
continuation theagribusiness
incentive willcompanies,
be a boost individual entrepreneurs,Pro-active
for theupimplementation. farmers and theirfrom
support co-operatives.
keting his product. Let the harvest month prices be Rs. 5000/qtl (~2016 season prices). Let the prices in- Large
The multi-commodity
continuation of the cold
incentive storages
will with
be a a capacity
boost for the to 5,000 MT can
implementation. be established
Pro-active support thethe
infrom the
state
chickpea
state
crease by 10% in later months. government
growing regions for the
and clearances
the storage required
can be in such
offered a project
as a will
service be
to a boost.
the In
farmers addition
in the to the
region. financial
Government subsi- of
government
dies, methods forlike
the single
clearances
window required in such
clearances a project will be a boost. In addition to the financial subsi-
30 will boost the implementation.
a. Scenario A: The farmer does not have access to storage. He is forced to sell at market prices during India provideslike
dies, methods a subsidy
single to the tune
window of 40% will
clearances of the capital
boost the investment
implementation. under its capital investment subsidy
the harvest months. He faces no quality or quantity loss. scheme for construction
c. Follow-up action plan/ofconcept
such cold notestorages. The government subsidy scheme is a significant incentive
b. Scenario B: The farmer carries stock but without proper storage practices. He is expected to lose c. Follow-up
for actionlike
various entities plan/ concept note
agribusiness companies, individual entrepreneurs, farmers and their co-operatives.
The study estimated a total loss of 1.8% across different stages in the chickpea supply chain of Andhra
more than 10% due to quality discounts due to pest attack and 1% on quantity due to pest damages. The
The continuation
study Though
Pradesh. estimated of the incentive
thealosses
total are
lossnot will be aacross
of significant,
1.8% boostthey
for the implementation.
different stages in
can be further
Pro-active
the chickpea
brought down through
support
supply from
chain
proposed
the
ofrecom- state
Andhra
He is able to get 10% better market prices than during harvest months. government
Pradesh.
mendations.Thoughfor the
theclearances
Going losses are
further, therequired
not in such
significant,
proposed a project
they can be
recommendations will be abeboost.
further
can brought Indown
piloted addition
on to scale
through
a small theproposed
financial subsi-
recom-
in identified
c. Scenario C: The farmer stores in cold storage. He is expected to face nil quantity or quality loss. dies, methods
mendations.
villages in the like
Going single
statefurther,window
and thethe clearances
proposed
impact will boost
of therecommendations the implementation.
solutions can be analysed.can be piloted
Dependingon a upon
smallthe scale in identified
success of the
He pays Rs.140/qtl for cold storage facility per season (annual). He is able to get 10% better market villages
c.model, in
thethe
Follow-up state
same
actioncanand
be the
plan/ impact
rolled
concept inofother
outnote the solutions
chickpea can be analysed.
growing regions ofDepending
the state asupon
wellthe success
as on of the
a national
prices than during harvest months. model, the same can be rolled out in other chickpea growing regions of the state as well as on a national
level. For the model to succeed it is crucial for the government agencies and personnel, Agricultural Re-
d. Scenario D: The farmer stores in dry storage. He is expected to face negligible quantity loss (0.1%) The study
search
level. estimated
Institutes
For the model a total loss
andtoallsucceed of 1.8%
the stakeholders across
in the
it is crucial different
for chickpea stages in
value chain
the government the chickpea
to work
agencies supply
andinpersonnel,
tandem. The chain of Andhra
success will
Agricultural Re-
and 1% quality loss if stored for long period. He pays Rs.70/qtl for dry storage per season (annual). Pradesh.
certainly
search Though
Institutes the
help inand losses
all the are
employment not significant,
generation,
stakeholders thethey
ingender can bevalue
equity,
chickpea further
improved brought
chaineconomicdown
to work through
profile
in proposed
of the
tandem. TheFSC recom-
actors,
success will
He is able to get 10% better market prices than during harvest months. mendations.
especially
certainly help Going further,
smallholder thegeneration,
farmers
in employment proposed
and recommendations
qualitative and quantitative
gender can be piloted
improvement
equity, improved economiconthe
in aprofile
small scale
final of the in
products.FSCidentified
actors,
villages
especially smallholder farmers and qualitative and quantitative improvement in the final products. of the
in the state and the impact of the solutions can be analysed. Depending upon the success
As expected, the farmer gains by going for Scenario C or D where he accesses either the cold or dry storages model, the same can be rolled out in other chickpea growing regions of the state as well as on a national
and is able to tap a better price. level. For the model to succeed it is crucial for the government agencies and personnel, Agricultural Re-
search Institutes and all the stakeholders in the chickpea value chain to work in tandem. The success will
certainly help in employment generation, gender equity, improved economic profile of the FSC actors,
especially smallholder farmers and qualitative and quantitative improvement in the final products.
30
National Cooperative Development Council project profile for cold storage at http://www.ncdc.in/downloads/Pro-
jectProfile_coldstrg.doc
30
National Cooperative Development Council project profile for cold storage at http://www.ncdc.in/downloads/Pro-
jectProfile_coldstrg.doc 43 | P a g e
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30
National Cooperative Development Council project profile for cold storage at http://www.ncdc.in/downloads/Pro-
jectProfile_coldstrg.doc
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Page | 42 Page | 43
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Jha SN, Vish- ICAR - All India Coordinated 2015
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vakarma RK, Research Project on Post-Har-
05-May-16 Kurnool Government warehouse commodities in India Ahmad T, Rai vest Technology, ICAR-CI-
A and Dixit PHET, P.O.-PAU, Ludhiana-
05-May-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Kisan Rural Warehouse Manager - Nandyala: Mr Anand AK 141004.
Post-harvest management of pulses Rajiv Ratan Indian Institute of Pulses Re- 2007
05-May-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Cold storage Lal & Prasoon search (IIPR)
05-May-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Processor @ Nandyal A1 mill Verma
18-May-16 Prakasam Farmer Desu Satyanarayana Inclusiveness of Chickpea Value Chain in Shreya Kakkar International Crops Research 2014
18-May-16 Prakasam Farmer Gommadi Brahmaiah Andhra Pradesh Institute for the Semi-Arid
18-May-16 Prakasam Farmer Koonam Sunder Ram Reddy Tropics (ICRISAT)
19-May-16 Prakasam Central Warehouse Manager – Annu Srinivas Rao Chickpea production trends and marketing Jeevan Kumar International Crops Research 2010
19-May-16 Prakasam Trader Prasad value chain Institute for the Semi-Arid
19-May-16 Prakasam Retailer Venkateshwar P analysis in Andhra Pradesh Tropics (ICRISAT)
Nature, composition and utilization of grain Hulse, J.H. Siemens-Hulse International 1991
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legumes (pp. 11-27) Development Association
19-May-16 Prakasam Sri Lakshmi Venkata Balaji Fried Gram Mill
FAO Kenya food loss studies Food and Agriculture Organi- 2014
19-May-16 Prakasam Ongole Cold Storage - K Nageshwar Rao zation (FAO)
20-May-16 Prakasam Sri Lakshmi Dal Mill India’s Pulses Scenario National Council of Applied 2014
20-May-16 Prakasam Farmers from Inkollu Economic Research, New
Delhi
Dr. Jayalakshmi (principal breeder), S. Khayum Ahmed (plant
08-Jun-16 Nandyal, Kurnool pathologist - diseases), N. Kamakshi (entomologist – in-
sects/pests), RARS, Nandyal Experts name Title/ position Institution
08-Jun-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Farmers of Appalapuram Dr. Ranjit Kumar and Dr. Surjit Vikraman Principal Scien- ICRISAT
tist & Scientist
08-Jun-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Kisan Rural Warehouse Manager - Nandyala: Mr Anand Parthasarathy P Retired Principal ICRISAT
Scientist
09-Jun-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Commission Agent Sudhir Reddy
Dr. V. Jayalakshmi Principal Scien- AICRP on Chickpea
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09-Jun-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Retailer – Venkataramaiah tion
09-Jun-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Retailer – Y Satyanarayana Acharya N.G.Ranga Agriculrural
09-Jun-16 Nandyal, Kurnool Processor @ Nandyal A1 mill University
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10-Jun-16 Kurnool Market yard – Kurnool. Mr. Rajendra Prasad
02-Aug-16 Hyderabad Dr.Ranjit and Dr.Surjijt, ICRISAT

Misc By telephone/ Email IIPR scientist

Private sector professional who has worked with one of the
three largest exporters
Ex-ICRISAT scientist Dr. Parthasarathy P

44 | P a g e
45 | P a g e

Page | 44 Page | 45
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46 | P a g e