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HalcoAZofDrilling PDF
HalcoAZofDrilling PDF
OF DRILLING
halcorocktools.com
1
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION 3 HAMMER AND DRILL BIT
DEVELOPMENT
2 COMPRESSED AIR 17 APPLICATIONS
5 TROUBLESHOOTING 55
7 APPENDICES 73
2 3
HAMMER DEVELOPMENT
The Down-the-hole or DTH hammer is The DTH hammer concept proved so Modern hammers are generally valveless The immediate opportunity for DTH
used for drilling holes through a wide popular that established manufacturers in design with fewer internal parts hammers is in developing their use
range of rocks and associated materials of drifter steels, bits and accessories, requiring little maintenance. The removal for applications normally drilled using
and the variety of applications to which it followed Halco’s lead and developed their of the valve has eliminated the operational other methods, for example shallow
can be put has extended and continues own range of DTH hammers and bits. problems previously experienced. oil and gas field development, shallow
to extend well beyond the original wide hole piling, continuous drilling and
conception of primary blast hole drilling. “Down the hole” refers to where the Modern hammers are also of a rigid casing systems, reverse circulation chip
Andre Stenuick of Stenuick Freres hammer action occurs when compared to construction enabling them to withstand sampling, mole drilling and applications
Belgium was first to start commercialising drifter hammers, which hammer on top of air pressures as high as 28 bar (400 psi). where holes in excess of 900 mm
the product in 1950. the drill string. The DTH hammer piston (36”) diameter are required in mining,
always makes direct contact with the drill The further development of DTH hammers civil engineering and construction
Halco in close co-operation with Stenuick bit and there is generally no loss will be in terms of their design related to applications.
Freres actually pioneered the development of transmitted energy as the hammer drills achieving lower drilling costs for the user
and distribution of the down-the-hole deeper, as is the case with drifter by increasing rates of penetration with Although DTH hammers started life
hammer, primarily throughout the UK, (top hammer) rigs. longer life in the hole. in quarries, they are now appreciated
Australia, New Zealand, Africa and India in throughout the drilling industry where they
the 1950’s. Penetration rates with DTH hammers are Increases in penetration rates will have become the preferred option due
almost directly proportional to air pressure require the investigation of delivering yet to their significant advantages over other
Prior to their introduction in the early therefore doubling the air pressure, higher air pressures to the hammer as systems, in particular -
1950’s blast hole drilling was normally will result in approximately double the in conventional designs, or the use of
carried out with drifter equipment whilst penetration. alternative power sources such as water
water well drilling in hard formations was or oil. • Capable of drilling in almost all
done by cable tool rigs or rotary rigs using The first ever hammers were of “valved” rocks, hard, medium to soft.
rock roller bits (Tricones). design. and had an internal liner. This To achieve longer life of the components
valved technology, together with, of the hammer, research of wear and • Penetration rates that can outstrip
However, because drifter drilling becomes compressor availability limited the air impact resistant materials not normally other systems.
progressively slower with increasing pressure capability of the early hammers associated with traditional hammer
depth, unlike DTH hammers, and because which were incapable of withstanding air manufacture, will be essential. • Reduced costs.
the latter can drill in one day what a cable pressures above 12 bar (170 psi).
tool rig takes weeks to complete, the Water powered hammers are being • Straighter/cleaner holes.
quarrying, water well, site investigation, The valve itself had operational problems developed for use in underground mines.
civil engineering and mining industries because hammer malfunction occurred • Wide range of hole sizes available,
throughout the world have become more when large volumes of water were passed Although performance results are without high expenditure.
and more aware of the advantages to be through the hammers or if grit entered the encouraging, the design of the hammer
gained from using DTH hammers, not only hammer. is limited to use on sites where large • Quieter than other percussive
as an alternative to drifters but because of amounts of water are available and systems.
the higher performances when compared can be tolerated and most importantly
to conventional rotary drilling. handled and cleaned for return to the
hammer.
4 5
APPLICATIONS OVERBURDENS REVERSE CIRCULATION
SYSTEMS Reverse circulation hammers can in most 1960’S DESIGN
instances carry out continuous sample collection CROSS BIT
in a fraction of the time necessary with
Soft soil is normally drilled with augers or The systems achieve this by enabling the
conventional or wireline coring.
by the rotary method but DTH hammers down the hole bit string and casing to be
have adapted to soft conditions by lowered simultaneously. CONVENTIONAL HAMMERS
being able to drill and case the hole
simultaneously using an eccentric bit A down the hole hammer is used to which Some applications for conventional DTH
which can be withdrawn on completion of is fitted a driver and eccentric bit. hammers include blast hole drilling, water well
the bore hole, leaving the case in situ, thus and geothermal drilling, mineral exploration,
preventing the hole collapse. seismic investigation, intermittent sampling
and a wide variety of civil engineering
and underground mining applications.
Drilling into the ground, After reaching the required cased
1 the eccentric bit rotates
2 depth the drill string is rotated Civil engineering applications include piling,
outwards to drill a larger in the opposite Direction, the site investigation, ground consolidation and
diameter hole than the eccentric bit is then withdrawn anchoring, post holes, de-watering, earthing rod
following casing. into the Casing. installation, micro-piling and monitoring ground 1960’S DESIGN
movement and ground contamination. BUTTON BIT
6 7
COMPARATIVE VERSATILITY
DRILL BIT DEVELOPMENT CONT.
‘Rotary’ systems are more affected as the ‘D.T.H.’ systems are at the peak of
In the late 1960’s however, the button bit efficiently than cross bit inserts by rock hardens. efficiency being less affected than other
was introduced and this was a landmark providing more cutting power where it is systems in these condition.
in the progress of DTH equipment which needed at the outer edge of the drill ‘Drifter’ systems work well in solid
led to bit lives previously unheard of. bit face. conditions with high drilling rates on
shallow holes.
The button bit design eliminated the In many cases, the need to sharpen the
primary shortcomings of the cross bit. drill bit was eliminated with the arrival of
the button bit and the improved cutting
Cylindrical button inserts are precision action provided increased drilling rates
ground to extremely close tolerances and particularly in hard rocks.
pressed into the drill bit as an interference
fit. This resulted in improved carbide Whilst the cross bit design is still used in
insert retention by eliminating brazing some rotary and drifter applications where
stresses and other defects associated the rock is very soft, the button bit is now
with brazing and braze materials. used in virtually every DTH application.
Button inserts are distributed more
COMPARATIVE VERSATILITY
‘Rotary’ systems work well in soft ‘D.T.H.’ systems are less efficient at the
conditions, the rate decreasing as lower end of the scale but work extremely
hardness increases. well at a consistent level in all other
conditions.
‘Drifter’ systems do not drill well in soft
conditions but drill better as the rock
hardens and becomes more solid. ‘Rotary’ systems slow down rapidly as ‘Drifter’ systems tend to deviate and jam
hardness increases. in fractured conditions. ‘D.T.H.’ systems
consistently produce good results and are
less affected even at depth.
8 9
ADVANTAGES OF DTH HAMMERS ADVANTAGES OF DTH HAMMERS
OVER ROTARY DRILLING OVER DRIFTER EQUIPMENT
Rotary Drilling relies upon high rotational Drifter Drilling uses high energy drill mast The drilling rate however within the bore
speeds and thrust without percussion to mounted hammers to drive the drill string hole will decrease as the hole deepens
achieve the desired effect and outputs. and bit into the rock. due to energy loss in the rods and
Heavy drill collars are sometimes needed couplings as the drill bit gets further away
to add extra thrust to the bit. There are both air powered and from the energy source.
hydraulically powered versions. Hydraulic
Rotary machines are usually large self drifter hammers are faster and more With DTH hammers, there is little
contained hydraulically powered units economical than air powered ones. In or no reduction in penetration rate
with sufficient weight to provide the thrust each case the hole is flushed clean with as the hammer drills deeper in solid
on the drill bit to drill the hole. air or water. rock. Whatever drilling speeds can
be obtained at a depth of 10 m (30 ft)
The harder the rock the greater the thrust There are 2 main types of drifter systems can generally, subject to compressor
required, the heavier the machine, the - “Conventional Drifter” and “Tube capacity, be obtained at a depth of 100
greater the initial capital outlay, the higher Drifter”. m (330 ft) because the hammer piston
the operating costs. always directly strikes the drill bit, unlike
“Conventional Drifters” are designed the drifter system whose rods and
The same factors apply when hole for short hole drilling in medium to hard couplings absorb blow energy resulting in
diameters are increased. conditions with maximum hole diameter progressively slower drilling as more rods
to 115 mm (4.1/2”). They use slender are added.
Excessive thrusts can lead to deviation of drill rods for ease of handling which have
the bore hole particularly when drilling at a relatively small flushing hole for air to
angles in bedded formations. pass through to the drill bit to clear debris
from the hole.
Rotary drilling can be cost effective in Because minimal thrust is applied to the
soft/medium low abrasive formations but DTH hammer, it deviates from its course The diameter of these rods leads to
not in medium hard abrasive conditions. very little and drills a straighter hole than flexing within the bore hole which in
the rotary bit. turn leads to hole deviation which is
Tricone rotary bits are not suited to holes accentuated by depth.
below 140 mm (5.1/2”) diameter due to DTH offers longer bit life and faster
the premature destruction of the bearings penetration rates in medium to hard rock “Tube drifters” using heavy wall tubes in
within the bit and drag bits are only at any depth an attempt to provide a more rigid drill
successful in soft formations. string, are designed to drill deeper with
DTH hammers drill mixed, hard and larger diameters. Tube drifters are always
DTH hammers do not require the powerful medium formations more efficiently than hydraulically driven from self contained
down thrust and torque of the rotary rig rotary equipment automatic machines.
and therefore can be used on lighter, less
expensive and more mobile machines. Even with tube drifters experience has
shown that the high impact on the drill
The low torque and thrust required by the bit can still cause deviation of the bore
DTH hammer means that rotation head hole and in broken ground the drill bit can
vibration is appreciably less than that easily jam.
created by the rotary method.
The high energy impact can also have
the detrimental effect of destroying the
drill tubes to give a low finite life for these
expensive components. Drifters are more
successful in solid rocks and less so in
soft, variable and fractured rocks.
10 11
With DTH, the operator works in relative
comfort because the sound of the
for servicing or fitting a different size or
type, the DTH conversion can be carried
COST COMPARISONS - DTH
hammer is muffled in the hole. With the out in a short time without immobilizing HAMMER - TUBE DRIFTER - ROTARY
drifter hammer, the operator may be the rig. This is not the case with the drifter
continuously subjected to intense noise. hammer.
In some applications it is not easy to The 3 main principles of drilling being:
Clearance of cuttings is more effective Generally speaking, DTH hammers give make direct comparisons between the
with DTH resulting in less recrushing of way to drifters at depths of less than different principles of drilling because • ROTARY
rock and therefore more efficient drilling. 10 m where hole diameters below of the variation in conditions. However • DRIFTER
This is achieved in two ways - 100 mm (4”) are required due to the faster in open pit mining operations where • DOWN-THE-HOLE
a) By utilising a smaller annulus between penetration speeds of the drifter in these conditions are more stable and the work
the drill string and the bore hole. conditions. In an attempt to make a comparison
repetitive the comparisons are easier to
b) By making a greater volume of air between each system we use figures
make.
available at the rock face than can be Many drifter drill rigs can be converted obtained in a hard limestone quarrying
passed through the narrow duct in a to the advantages of DTH hammer by application where 6.1/2” (165 mm)
drifter rod. equipping the drill rig with a rotation diameter holes are being drilled for
gearbox, enabling the rig to drill blasting purposes.
Because they are unable to clear cuttings larger diameter holes than previously
efficiently at depth, drifters often have to possible with a drifter head. On blasting
do a certain amount of non productive applications, the subsequent increase in
Material & Conditions Carboniferous Limestone Medium/Hard
drilling per hole to ensure they achieve burden and spacing provided by a larger Crushing strength - 190-200 MPa (28,000-32,000 psi)
the full required depth. diameter hole can result in more rock Silica - 1% to 2%
being produced at less cost and without Hole Diameter - 165 mm (6.1/2”)
Larger diameter holes can be drilled with the capital outlay of a new drill rig. Face Depth - 18 m (60 ft)
DTH usually with the same size of rig. Sub Grade Drilling - 1 m (3 ft)
The ability of the DTH hammer however to Angle of Hole - 10 degrees
Drill tube changing is easier and quicker generally drill a straighter hole, its quieter Burden and Spacing - 5.5 m x 5.5 m (18 ft x 18 ft)
Specific Gravity - 2.55 Tonnes per m³
with DTH because DTH tubes are lighter operation, lower air consumption than Yield per Metre Drilling with Sub Grade - 73 Tonnes
and do not absorb percussive energy an air powered drifter and more efficient Some Fissures with Clay present on top levels
as do drifter rods and couplings which hole cleaning capability are points worthy Bedding Horizontal
become heated and are far more subject of consideration, even for short holes of 1500 Drilling Hours per Year
to wear on the threads. Consequently small diameter.
DTH drill tubes can last for years whereas Results of costing comparison as detailed in following pages.
drifter rods and couplings are regarded as Yearly Output
Cost Per Tonne Capacity of one machine
major consumable items. (Drilling) Single Shift
DTH hammers can make use of high D.T.H. System 2.50 Pence/Tonne 4,380,000 Tonnes/Year
pressure air whilst drifters are unable to Rotary System 2.88 Pence/Tonne 2,628,000 Tonnes/Year
do so because of the limitations of the Drifter System 4.72 Pence/Tonne 3,832,500 Tonnes/Year
drill steel bore.
12 13
DTH HAMMER SYSTEM ROTARY DRILLING OVERALL
OVERALL DRILLING RATE - DRILLING RATE -
Self Contained Blast Hole Rig 24 bar (350 psi) 45-50,000 lb Self Contained Rotary Drill 165 mm Diameter Holes
Air Pressure 165 mm (6.1/2”) Diameter Holes
£
£
Cost Per Hour Cost Per Hour
Depreciation £300,000.00 written off Depreciation £240,000.00 written off
over 14000 Hours £21.42 over 14000 Hours £17.14
Yield per Linear Metre = 73 Tonnes Yield Per Linear Metre = 73 Tonnes
Cost per Tonne £1.83 = 2.50 Pence/Tonne Cost Per Tonne £2.10 = 2.88 Pence/Tonne
73 73
14 15
TUBE DRIFTER OVERALL DRILLING
RATE -
£ COMPRESSED AIR
Cost Per Hour
Depreciation £340,000.00 written off AIR PRESSURE
over 14000 Hours £24.28
AIR VOLUME
Repairs & Services
Inc. Hammer Assessment for contact £15.00 ALTITUDE
Driter Tubes 7.6 m Long x 3 Off x UPHOLE VELOCITY
£2,300.00 each. £6,900.00
written off over 3000 m x
35 m per hour £53.66
16 17
AIR PRESSURE VERSUS AIR
AIR CONSUMPTION GRAPH
VOLUME
Air pressure is the primary motivating The air volume passed by the hammer
force in the performance of a down-the- (air consumption) expressed in cfm (cubic
hole hammer. It is air pressure which feet per minute) or m³/min (cubic metres/
dictates the impact energy and blow minute) is a result of the number of
frequency, providing that adequate air blows per minute multiplied by the swept
volume exists to maintain the pressure. volume of the hammer (the chamber
above the piston). Refer to graph opposite
for typical hammer air consumption of
various hammer sizes.
18 19
AIR PRESSURE VERSUS AIR HIGH AIR PRESSURE WILL
PROVIDE
improving uphole velocity which are
dealt with overleaf.
VOLUME CONT. • Faster penetration rates, particularly NOTE - In most cases, it is essential
in hard rock. Higher pressures, in
that any increase in compressor air
soft rocks, will not always result in
In selecting any air compressor capacity, Further allowances however should pressure is accompanied by an increase
increased speeds where the exhausting
the compressor therefore ideally should be made for the effects of operating in air volume, otherwise, except where
air volume is insufficient to keep the
have a volume equivalent to the hammer at high altitude, where air is thinner, in water back pressure is being overcome,
hole clean and re-drilling of the cuttings
air consumption at the required output determining the correct output pressure the actual working pressure at the
occurs.
pressure plus a minimum extra volume of and volume of the compressor. hammer will not increase.
20% for contingency purposes.
• Better drill bit life in hard rocks. The
number of metres drilled and the time AIR PRESSURE - HOW TO
spent drilling both affect overall drill bit INCREASE, WHERE AIR
life. A drill bit will spend approximately VOLUME IS INSUFFICIENT
FEET SEA 1000 3000 5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000
METRES LEVEL 305 915 1524 2134 2744 3354 3963 4573
only half of the time drilling 100 m
(330 ft) at 24 bar (350 psi) pressure • Besides substituting the compressor
than it would drilling 100 m (330 ft) at for a unit which delivers a higher output
TEMPERATURE
12 bar (170 psi) in the same conditions. pressure and volume, there are some
FO CO
-40 -40 0.805 0.835 0.898 0.968 1.043 1.127 1.217 1.317 1.426
conditions where a pressure increase
-30 -34.4 0.824 0.855 0.92 0.991 1.068 1.154 1.246 1.349 1.460 NOTE - It is important that a hammer can be achieved by other means.
-20 -28.9 0.844 0.875 0.941 1.014 1.092 1.18 1.275 1.380 1.494 is not operated at air pressures above
-10 -23.3 0.863 0.895 0.962 1.037 1.117 1.207 1.304 1.411 1.528 its maximum recommended pressure • By changing the hammer for a unit
0 -17.8 0.882 0.915 0.984 1.060 1.142 1.234 1.333 1.443 1.562 as damage to components could result, which consumes less air to sustain
10 -12.2 0.901 0.935 1.005 1.083 1.167 1.261 1.362 1.474 1.596 a given pressure. This is useful in
unless any excess pressure serves only
20 -6.7 0.920 0.954 1.026 1.106 1.192 1.288 1.391 1.506 1.630
to overcome water back pressure. conditions where the output pressure
30 -1.1 0.939 0.974 1.048 1.129 1.217 1.315 1.420 1.537 1.664
40 4.4 0.959 0.994 1.069 1.152 1.241 1.341 1.449 1.568 1.698
of the compressor in use cannot
50 10 0.978 1.014 1.091 1.175 1.266 1.368 1.478 1.600 1.732 AIR PRESSURE INCREASE be sustained because its volume is
60 15.6 0.997 1.034 1.112 1.198 1.291 1.395 1.507 1.631 1.766 WILL ASSIST IN insufficient for use with the original
70 21.1 1.016 1.054 1.133 1.221 1.316 1.422 1.536 1.662 1.800 hammer.
80 26.7 1.035 1.074 1.155 1.244 1.341 1.449 1.565 1.694 1.834 • Overcoming external water back
90 32.2 1.055 1.094 1.176 1.267 1.365 1.475 1.594 1.725 1.868 pressure - A head of 10 m (30 ft) of
• On large diameter applications where
100 37.8 1.074 1.114 1.198 1.290 1.390 1.502 1.623 1.756 1.902 water in a bore hole exerts 1 bar
uphole velocity is very low, a second
110 43.3 1.093 1.133 1.219 1.313 1.415 1.529 1.652 1.783 1.936 (15 psi) of back pressure to the
compressor with identical output
120 48.9 1.112 1.153 1.240 1.336 1.440 1.556 1.681 1.819 1.970 hammer. Where the theoretical working
pressure can be introduced in parallel.
pressure of the hammer, based on
the water depth, would drop below This will have the effect of allowing
Example - At 14 bar (200 psi) Air Pressure, Halco Dominator 600 Hammer
the minimum recommended pressure the large hammer to sustain a higher
Requires 14.10 m³/min (500 cfm).
for the hammer, the hammer could pressure as the increased air volume
stop operating. By increasing the air will support it.
AT 915 m (3000 ft.), 10°C (50°F) - For example, a compressor output of 24 pressure, the hammer would continue
correction factors is 1.091, therefore in bar (350 psi) and 27 m³/min (950 cfm) to operate. The use of foam, in these
these conditions DOMINATOR 600 would will not hold 24 bar (350 psi) working conditions can be beneficial because
require 15.38 m³/min (14.10 x 1.091) pressure with a hammer which normally an air pressure increase alone will not
which is equivalent to 543 cfm. needs 30 m³/min (1050 cfm) at 24 bar always lift the drilling debris through
(350 psi) pressure. water.
If the compressor selected has an air
volume of less than that required by the There are other factors to consider in • Increasing penetration speeds,
hammer at a given pressure a lower air selecting a suitable air compressor and particularly in hard rocks.
output pressure will result. these are dealt with on pages 23-25.
• Improving uphole velocity where this is
insufficient to clean the bore hole. An
increase in air pressure will result in a
corresponding increase in air volume
providing the compressor has sufficient
volume. There are other solutions to
20 21
HIGH PRESSURE IS • Air leaks in the compressed air delivery UPHOLE VELOCITY non return valve, bottom bush or bit
NOT RECOMMENDED WHERE line and drill pipe joints. retaining rings.
The exhausting air from a down-the-hole
• The drilling conditions are so soft that • Hammers which are badly worn hammer is used as the flushing air to 3. By using an air bypass sub adaptor
the bore hole is being blasted away by internally. clear the rock cuttings from the bore hole. above the hammer. 2 holes angled
the exhausting air. upwards are machined in the adaptor
• Voids or fissures in the rocks causing To provide an adequate rate for cutting and these bleed extra air upwards to
• The top of the hole is so unstable loss of air circulation. evacuation, an acceptable uphole velocity increase the uphole velocity although
that it is being destroyed by the must be maintained which is 900-1800 this air bypasses the face of the drill bit
• Operating at high altitudes above sea
high air pressure. It is usual, in these m/min. (3000-6000 ft/min). where it would be most effective.
level where air density is lower.
conditions, to temporarily reduce the
The actual uphole velocity will be It is important to ensure that when using
air pressure until the top of the bore • Pressure drop to the hammer can
determined by the hole size, drill tube air bypass sub adaptors, chokes or
hole is stabilised, after packing, where occur on air powered drill rigs where
diameter and air consumption of the vents that the compressor in use has a
necessary, the top of the bore hole the compressed air demands of the
hammer in use. sufficient reserve of air volume available
with clay. This is known as collaring the rig reduce the compressed air volume
bore hole. available to the hammer to a level The function of a DTH hammer and drill over and above that needed to sustain
which is insufficient to sustain the air bit is to break the rock and remove the its output pressure with the selected
• The drilling conditions are such that pressure. cuttings from the bore hole immediately hammer, otherwise a pressure reduction
the drilling rate is so fast that the will occur in addition to the effect of any
they are formed. If a hammer fails to
exhausting air cannot clear the drilling NOTE - Air pressure at the hammer back pressure caused by the use of the
fulfil this function because the uphole
debris from the hole resulting in the automatically falls when lifting the vent or choke.
velocity is insufficient there are several
hammer becoming buried. hammer to flush alternatives, although operating
• A new hammer is being “run in” during conditions may only allow some of these. The pressure reduction will lead generally
the first hour of operation. REDUCING AIR PRESSURE
Increase the drill tube diameter - On to a decrease in penetration speed.
INTENTIONALLY
very large hole diameters, shrouded drill
AIR PRESSURE Having accepted that the higher the tubes, near to the drill bit diameter, may
REDUCTIONS - CAUSES air pressure, the faster the hammer will be used. In these conditions a sleeve or
drill, in most conditions, there are other shroud can be fitted around the hammer
• Unwelcome air pressure reductions priorities to consider which in certain of the same diameter as the drill tubes.
or pressure drops can happen in instances are more important than The use of upset drill tubes which cause
certain conditions resulting in impaired outright penetration rates. turbulence and a reduction in uphole
performance. These can be observed velocity should be avoided.
by comparing what the compressor’s Hole destruction because of excess
actual output pressure is to the pressure. Reducing the air pressure may DECREASE THE DRILL
pressure actually registering on the drill provide a better more useable bore hole.
BIT DIAMETER
rig’s air pressure gauge. Water in the
Excessive wear of the base of hammer
bore hole exerting back pressure. Use foam to assist in cutting evacuation
where in very abrasive conditions,
consumable spares cost replacement is from the bore hole. This is explained in
• Insufficient compressor volume
a feature to consider alongside drilling detail. Separately.
to sustain the hammer’s required
operating pressure. rates. Increase the Flushing Air Available
• Worn or damaged compressor To prevent a compressor engine working This can be done in 3 ways:
components. continuously at full speed, which would
shorten its service life and increase 1. Intermittently - by simply repeatedly
• Where chokes or vents in use have maintenance costs. A compressor lifting the hammer up from the rock
bled so much air volume direct to generally runs in a fuel efficient manner at face, the percussion action will cease
exhaust that the remaining compressor approx. 80% of maximum. and extra air, up to twice the normal
volume is insufficient to maintain the volume, will pass through the hammer
hammer’s required operating pressure. to clean the hole, providing that the
compressor has a sufficient reserve of
• Where chokes or vents are in use
volume.
because drilling air and choke/vent air
exhaust through the same ports. This 2. By using a choke or vent in the
can lead to back pressure and a drop hammer. Dependent on hammer make,
in air pressure at the hammer. this can either be a plugged orifice
in the piston or a bleed facility in the
22 23
UP HOLE VELOCITY The chart, below, lists the velocity in metres per minute for each 1 m³ of air passed
through the hammer, for each drill tube and drill bit diameter combination.
24 25
EQUIPMENT
SELECTION
HAMMER /
DRILL BIT /
DRILL TUBE AND
COMPRESSOR
SELECTION
26 27
NORMAL BIT DIAMETER / HAMMER SIZE / DRILL TUBE
AIR PRESSURE SELECTION DIAMETER SELECTION
Penetration rates are Recommended Hammer nominal bit dia./drill tube dia.combination
generally dictated by air Nominal Hammer Recommended Suitable Halco
pressure. The higher the Hole Approx. Drill Tube Hammer Models
Diameter Outside Dia. Diameter•
air pressure, the faster 85 mm 77 mm 70 mm MACH303
the hammer will drill. 90-100 mm 77 mm 70-76 mm MACH303
90-104 mm 81 mm 70-76 mm DART350/DOM350
105-108 mm 95/98 mm 70-76 mm MACH44/S-DOM400
110-120 mm 95/98 mm 76-90 mm MACH44/S-DOM400
110-120 mm 100.5 mm 76-90 mm NT4
127 mm 114/118 mm 76-90 mm NT5/MACH50/S-DOM500/DOM500••
135-146 mm 114/118 mm 90-114 mm NT5/MACH50/S-DOM500/DOM500
152 mm 139 mm 102-114 mm NT6/S-DOM600/DOM600/MACH60
165-178 mm 139/146 mm 114 mm NT6/S-DOM600/DOM600/650HD
203-279 mm 182 mm 114 mm••• DOM800/880
203-279 mm 192 mm 114 mm••• DOM 850
254-300 mm 230 mm 114 mm••• DOM 1000
311-381 mm 273 mm 114 mm••• MACH120/122/132
444-508 mm 273 mm 114 mm••• MACH142
• Drill tube diameter should not be too big so as to result in too high up hole velocity
•• DOMINATOR 500/127 mm (5”) dia. bits - subject to drilling conditions
•••or as large as possible up to the diameter of the hammer
Having selected the main drilling elements DOMINATOR 600LV or MACH 60 which
for example - Hole dia.- 165 mm (6.1/2”) consumes less air than the DOMINATOR
Hammer type - DOMINATOR 600 Drill 600 at any given air pressure.
Tube Dia. 114 mm (4.1/2”) Air Pressure -
For example, if a hole 17 bar (250 psi), the chosen compressor Individual drilling conditions, however
diameter of 165 mm should have an adequate air volume. will always dictate the final hammer
(6.1/2”) was needed and A DOMINATOR 600 operating at 17 bar model choice, irrespective of compressor
a penetration rate of 30 (250 psi) air pressure would require a volume available, because any hammer
m/hr drilling in granite, basic drilling air volume of 20 m³/min. of any make will perform differently in
an air pressure of around (700 cfm). Most applications, however, different rock conditions.
17 bar (250 psi) would be dictate the need for greater air volume for
necessary. contingencies such as flushing or altitude. Where drilling conditions are extremely
abrasive, a heavy duty hammer with
When drilling under a high head of water, thicker outer casing components, such
higher air pressure may be required as the Halco DOMINATOR 650 HD, may
to overcome the effect of water back be selected to further resist the onset of
pressure. These instances are dealt with external wear due to abrasion.
overleaf. If, for example, an existing The need to use, wherever possible, a
17 bar (250 psi) capacity compressor nominal or standard diameter bit rather
is available but its output volume is than an oversize bit, can not be stressed
insufficient, for example 17 m³/min. too strongly, in order to achieve overall
(600 cfm), a more fuel efficient optimum.
hammer may be selected, such as the
28 29
DRILL BIT HEAD DESIGNS / FLUSHING
It is normal practice to have a reserve of air
INSERT TYPES volume of at least an extra 20% above that
needed for the normal operation of the hammer.
This can be useful where repeated intermittent
Many drill bit manufacturers offer a choice of both head designs and insert types to suit flushing is carried out to blow the hole clean
varied drilling applications. in difficult conditions. Most DTH hammers
can pass up to 70% extra air, when lifted up
slightly so that the drill bit falls into the flushing
position.
VENTS / CHOKES
When using vents or chokes in the hammer, it
is important to ensure that there is sufficient
extra air volume to bleed direct to exhaust. If
the vent or choke facility bleeds too much air,
the resultant air volume from the compressor
may be insufficient to sustain the required air
pressure at the hammer, leading to a drop in
performance.
COMPRESSOR - CONTINGENCIES
DRILL RIG COMPRESSED
AFFECTING FINAL CHOICE
AIR NEEDS
If the drill rig is powered by compressed
High Altitude air, extra air volume will be required to
Working at high altitude cater for the needs of the drill rig’s motors.
requires a higher air Generally 1 m³/min. (35 cfm) is required for
volume to sustain a each 0.75 kw (1 hp) of motor power. An air
given pressure merely powered rotary head with 4 kw (5.30 hp) would
because the air is thinner need approx. 5.40 m³/min. (190 cfm) at full
as altitude progressively power/rotation speed. An air powered Dust
increases. Please refer Collector generally needs 4.50 - 5.50
to page 19. m³/min. (150-200 cfm). The drill rig’s feed
system generally manages on less than
1 m³/min. (35 cfm). All rigs functions generally
operate at an air pressure of 7-8 bar
(100-125 psi).
30 31
COMPRESSOR SELECTION CONT. LUBRICANTS
For example -
17 m³ @ 12 bar + 17 m³/min. @
17 bar
= 34 m³/min. @ 12 bar
(600 cfm @ 170 psi + 600 cfm
@ 250 psi = 1200 cfm @ 170 psi)
32 33
ACCESSORIES HAMMER STRIPPING BENCH
HAMMER DISMANTLING
FOAM A purpose built hammer stripping
Where drilling conditions dictate the bench is adviseable in order to avoid
need, foam should be made available damage to hammers.
together with a suitable injection pump
and water supply.
Details on application/conditions
where water/foam injection would be
beneficial can be found on pages 49
and 50.
SHOCK ABSORBERS
SERVICE TOOLS
SHOCK ABSORBERS
To avoid damage to hammers during
Hammer shock absorbers are
servicing, it is advisable to ensure that
recommended for Use particularly
the correct service tools are available.
on lightweight rigs to protect the drill
tube threads and rotary head from
impact vibration, thereby reducing
maintenance and drill tube costs.
They can also be used to reduce the
noise level from the hammer where
environmental conditions demand
this.
34 35
OPERATING DTH
EQUIPMENT
ROTATION SPEEDS
THRUST
HOLDBACK
TORQUE
DEPTH CAPABILITIES
PENETRATION RATES
TOOL LIFE
COMMISSIONING
OPERATING AND COST
SAVING HINTS
36 37
COMMISSIONING DTH HAMMERS
AND DRILL BITS
SAFETY
Always wear the correct safety equipment.
38 39
VALVELESS HAMMER
OPERATING CYCLE
1. 2. 3. 4.
With the piston resting As the piston travels During the power stroke Lifting the hammer
on the bit and the upwards it covers the top the piston covers the off the bottom of the
hammer in the drilling exhaust chamber. Further foot valve and the hole allows the drill
position, high pressure piston movement covers expanding air below the bit to drop on to the
air is directed on the live air port to the piston stops exhausting bit retaining rings. The
the piston striking face bottom of the piston and through the bit. Further piston follows the bit to
and lifts the piston. This uncovers the foot valve piston movement closes rest on the bit striking
movement commences allowing the expanding the piston reservoir face. High pressure air
the cycle. air to exhaust through chamber from the power is then directed through
the bit. At the same time chamber. the drill bit via the main
high pressure air is being exhaust holes in the
directed above the piston With the piston resting piston and through
from the piston reservoir on the bit and the the bottom chamber
chamber via the now hammer in the drilling which normally feeds
unsealed air distributor position, high pressure the piston for the return
which commences the air is directed on the stroke.
power stroke. piston striking face and
lifts the piston. This The hammer is now in
movement commences the maximum flushing
the cycle. position.
To resume drilling
the hammer is again
lowered to the bottom
of the hole. This results
in the bit and piston
being pushed up into
the normal drilling
position. The hammer
cycle then resume
automatically.
Exhaust Air
Atmospheric Air
40 41
OPERATING DTH HAMMERS AVERAGE PENETRATION RATES
42 43
ROTATION SPEEDS THRUST (PULLDOWN) /
HOLDBACK / TORQUE
Where drill bit life and cost is the prime If the string is rotated too slowly, this will
consideration on a drill site, rotation cause the buttons to impact previously
speeds should be carefully monitored. chipped areas of the hole with a resultant Thrust should be kept as low as possible Although the base of the hammer should
drop in penetration speed. at all times avoiding excessive vibration maintain contact with the drill bit, there
DTH drill bits are rotary - PERCUSSIVE in thedrill string. Hold back should be should be neither excess thrust nor
tools with the emphasis on PERCUSSIVE. As a general guide - the harder the rock increased more and more as additional vibration due to reaction between the
Their function is to fracture the material or the larger the bit diameter - the slower rods are added, as drilling progresses. hammer and drill bit. Insufficient thrust will
being drilled which should then be the rotation speed required. DTH drilling is primarily percussive drilling cause the hammer to bounce resulting
immediately carried away by the exhaust using the energy imparted by the hammer in a low blow energy to the rock causing
air. Button bits have no cutting or tearing It may be necessary however to increase piston to the rock through the bit and any vibration and also possible damage.
action as such and the effect of rapid the rotation speed where the rock is badly attempts to apply too much weight could
rotation can be prejudicial rather than fissured in order to prevent stalling. damage the bit, hammer and drill string
beneficial to the life of the bit, especially and impair the drilling rate.
in abrasive rock which wears away It should be remembered however
fast moving peripheral inserts or in that stalling in the bore hole could be
solid dense material which causes the the result of a very badly worn bit and
peripheral inserts to overheat and spall increasing the rotation speed in these
due to friction. circumstances will only accelerate the Recommended Thrust Capacities
problem. Hammer Min. Thrust Max. Thrust
Size
3” 150 kg (330 lbs) 300 kg (660 lbs)
4” 250 kg (550 lbs) 500 kg (1100 lbs)
5” 400 kg (880 lbs) 900 kg (1980 lbs)
6” 500 kg (1100 lbs) 1500 kg (3300 lbs)
8” 800 kg (1760 lbs) 2000 kg (4400 lbs)
12” 1600 kg (3520 lbs) 3500 kg (7700 lbs)
When the total weight of the drill string including the weight of the
rotary head exceeds the optimum thrust level, the drill string should
be put in tension by gradually applying holdback as more tubes are
added.
44 45
DRILLING DEPTH CAPABILITY OPERATING RECOMMENDATIONS /
COST SAVING HINTS
The depth capability with down-the- The above factors combine to reduce the
hole hammers is governed by two main amount of lifting power available for drill
factors, sufficient air volume to keep the tubes and consequently the achievable DRILLING VERSATILITY
hole clean and the drill rig’s lifting power drillingdepth with any particular drill rig. The term “Down-the-hole is somewhat To remedy this -
i.e. its ability to withdraw the drill string misleading as hammers can drill upwards Draw back from the rock face, switch on
from the finished bore hole. The question and horizontally providing wide versatility. the air and blow through the hammer to
of hole cleaning or uphole velocity is • Hydraulic system inefficiency 20%
force the piston down to the bit (B).
dealt with in Part 2 - compressed air. • Weight of rotary head/ Feed into the rock face with the air
hammer/drill bit 5% 180o switched on (C). The hammer will then
operate normally.
• Contingencies for friction/
potential hole collapse25%
• Total reduction 50%
46 47
OPERATING RECOMMENDATIONS / distortion at the chuck reaction seat and
reduce the service life of the chuck and
COST SAVING HINTS CONT. the drill bit splines. Always ensure that
the correct thrust is smoothly applied.
Splines
Compressor Hoses Exhaust
Safety Chain
Grooves
GREASE THREADS
Always ensure that hammer and drill pipe
threads are greased before use as this
will prolong thread life.
48 49
GROUND WATER IN THE EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF
WATER IN THE BORE HOLE
BORE HOLE
When drilling under a head of water, possible for that hammer to work down to
back pressure is exerted against the 70 m (230 ft) below the head of water
INCIDENTS OF WATER IN A pump available, by simply uncoupling air pressure at the hammer and as the
BORE HOLE FALL INTO TWO the uppermost drill tube and filling the air pressure less the back pressure Whilst an increase in air pressure, where
DISTINCTIVE CATEGORIES drill string with clean water which can approaches the minimum operating possible, will assist the hammer in
then be forced through the hammer by pressure of the hammer, penetration rates overcoming the back pressure caused
• Where there is existing groundwater reconnecting the drill string and opening will gradually fall to zero. A 10 m (33 ft) by the head of water, the use of foam
which has to be overcome the air supply. Whilst water itself will not head of water exerts a back pressure of injection will assist in lifting the cuttings
• Where it has been intentionally injected harm a hammer, any grit carried by the approximately 1 bar (15 psi) and therefore through the head of water.
through the drill string into the bore water can score or otherwise damage if, for example, a hammer with a minimum
hole on specialised applications and the working parts of what is a product of effective working pressure of 7 bars
operating conditions. precision engineering. (100 psi) were used with a compressor
unloading at 14 bars (200 psi), it would be
EXISTING GROUNDWATER
Most makes of hammers are offered By conserving air under pressure in the
with internal non-return valves for drilling drill string, the hammer will function
under water but in addition to these, immediately the air supply is restored and
INTER-TUBE NON-RETURN VALVES not spend time rotary drilling until the air
are available as an extra precaution to pressure builds up sufficiently to make
prevent internal contamination of the the piston strike the bit.
SMALL AMOUNT OF Paste or mud at the bottom of the bore hammer and are fitted to the top of the
WATER IN BORE HOLE hole can also plug the exhaust hole of the drill string once water is encountered in On very deep holes, several inter-tube
A small amount of water at the bottom bit. The addition of extra water into the the hole and not before. The valve takes non return valves may be fitted in the drill
of the bore hole turns the cuttings into a bore hole will also ease this problem. the form of a short drill tube which follows string atregular intervals, particularly on
paste, thereby inhibiting the free ejection the drill string down the hole and to the applications where water is continuously
of the cuttings. If the material being drilled Some hammers are fitted with “Retrac top of which other drill tubes are attached filling the bore hole.
is abrasive, a grinding paste is formed at inserts” to facilitate withdrawal in these as drilling progresses.
the bottom of the hole causing premature conditions. In addition a Retracting In very wet drilling conditions, lift the
bit wear and if the amount of water is Coupler can be used which will also When the rotation head is detached from hammer at least 3 m (10 ft) off the bottom
limited, mud will line the sides of the hole facilitate withdrawal. the drill string for the purpose of adding of thehole,when drilling is discontinued
causing collaring giving rise to difficulties drill tubes, the benefits of the valve are overnight or for a long period of time. This
when withdrawing the hammer. that minimises the chance ofcuttings entering
the hammer or of the hammer being
When drilling in these conditions • It eliminates any suction effect at the buried through bore hole collapse.
therefore, it may be desirable to pass hammer.
water through the hammer to thin down
mud and clean the side of the bore hole. • It maintains a column of pressurised air
This can be done, even if there is no above the hammer which counters the
water pressure outside the hammer.
50 51
INJECTING WATER / FOAM APPLICATIONS / CONDITIONS
ESSENTIAL APPLICATIONS / WHERE WATER / FOAM INJECTION
CONDITIONS REQUIRED
There are several circumstances where Generally foam is injected via a pump There are numerous conditions where it is LOW UP-HOLE VELOCITY
it is necessary to inject water or a water/ although in an emergency the liquid can advisable to inject water only or a mixture Where up-hole velocity is low and drilling
foam solution through the drill string into be poured down the drill string prior to of water and foam into the airstream. debris is not being cleared from the
the bore hole re-coupling the rotary head and switching Foam is non toxic and dissipates on bore hole at an acceptable rate, the
on the air. standing and thereforedoes not introduce injection of a water/foam solution into
a health hazard or affect the utilisation of the airstream will create bubbles which
the bore hole. develop sufficient surface tension to lift
the cuttings out of the hole. Low up-hole
CONTINUOUS CASING velocity is generally caused by insufficient
APPLICATIONS air volume at low pressure or when drilling
On continuous drilling and casing large diameter bore holes in relation to
applications the use of water/foam drill tube diameter.
injection into the air stream is beneficial
because the foam lubricates the outside DRILL STRING JAMMING IN
of the casing and reduces friction THE HOLE/HOLE COLLAPSE
between the casing and the ground, as Because very little down thrust is used
the casing advances. on DTH hammers and because they
usually create good uphole velocity to
clear cuttings, the DTH drill bit is less
DUST SUPPRESSION
likely to be forced into fissures or to
On surface and underground mining
jam in the bore hole than other types of
applications water is injected into
INJECTION METHOD FOAM MIXING/INJECTION drilling equipm ent. Nevertheless, if this
the airstream to suppress dust for
Generally by triplex piston pump injecting RECOMMENDATIONS does happen, a possible means of freeing
Foam to Water Mixing Ratio - 0.50 to environmental and health reasons. the bit is simply to pour household soap
into the air line, after the lubricator, at
an input pressure at least 3 bar (44 psi) 2.00 litres (0.10 - 0.45 galls) - Foam per powder or concentrated foam down the
higher than the air pressure. 100 litres (22 galls) water dependent on SOFT CLAY drill string followed by a bucket of water.
application and density of drilled material, Soft clay generally does not respond to By then reconnecting the rotary head
although a mixing ratio of 0.50 litres percussive action and due to its “plastic” and switching on the air, the air pressure
Injection Quantity (Dependent foam/100 litres (0.10 galls foam/22 galls) nature tends to reconstitute itself as part circulation could free the drill string. This
water will be sufficient in the vast majority of the clay mass. Polymer foam coats can be repeated until the drill string is
on Air Pressure and Application)
of cases. the clay pieces and allows them to be free. In extreme cases, water and foam
Hammer Size Approx. Injection/Rate evacuated from the bore hole. can be injected into the airstream where
3” 1-3 litres/min. a suitable injectionpump can be made
(0.25 - 0.65 galls/min) available.
HOLE STABILISATION
4” 3-7 litres/min. When drilling with a DTH hammer through
(0.65 - 1.55 galls/min) unstable ground, foam/water solution LUBRICATION
5” 5-8 litres/min. injected into the air stream can, by Where water is injected into the Bore
(1.10 - 1.75 galls/min) coating the wall side, stabilise the hole, Hole, for any reason, up to double the
6” 7-10 litres/min. eliminating, in many instances, the need amount of hammer lubricating oil will
for casing the hole or for using mud be required, because water will act as
(1.55 - 2.20 galls/min)
circulation. a dispersant on the oil, depriving the
8” 8-15 litres/min. hammer of lubrication.
(1.75 - 3.30 galls/min)
12” 12-24 litres/min.
(2.65 - 5.30 galls/min)
52 53
TROUBLE
SHOOTING
HAMMER
MALFUNCTION
FLUSHING
ROTATION
VIBRATION
PENETRATION RATES
DRILL TUBE & DRILL
BIT OPERATION
54 55
HAMMER MALFUNCTION HAMMER MALFUNCTION CONT.
56 57
FLUSHING ROTATION
Flushing of debris from • Collar or blockage in hole. • Pull drill string up past
hole reduces or stops • No air to hammer. blockage to clear collar.
completely • Build-up of debris. • Check compressor
• Ground water reached operation.
causing mud collar. • Lift and flush, pull up as VIBRATION
far as required to
resume flushing.
• Lift and flush, pull up to Fault Cause Solution / Action
clear. If necessary. Use
foam, if available. • Vibration / Squealing • Too low a feed force. • Adjust feed force to
noises from bore hole. • Too high a rotation speed. recommended level.
• Difficult ground Reduce rotation speed
conditions. to recommended level.
• Drill bit worn out. • Drill carefully, flushing
• Drill bit broken in hole. often and keeping feed
• Obstruction in the hole. force and rotation speed
low.
• Loss of gauge on drill
• Pull up and re-grind
bit head.
or renew bit.
Flushing action of hammer • Insufficient or no air • Check compressor • Metal particles in the • Pull up and check. Pull
not working when reaching hammer. operation. bore hole. back to allow obstruction
hammer lifted into flushing • Hammer incorrectly • Strip and re-assemble to fall below hammer.
position. assembled. correctly. • Re-face gauge with
• Dirt or foreign particles • Strip, clean and die grinder.
in hammer. re-assemble. • Pull out drill string and
• Drill bit not dropping into • Remove drill bit and use magnet to retrieve
flushing position. chuck to ascertain cause. particles from hole.
• Blockage in shock • Unscrew hammer and
absorber. check. Strip shock
• Flushing holes in drill absorber if necessary.
vbit blocked. • Clean out holes.
58 59
PENETRATION RATE PENETRATION RATE
60 61
DRILL BIT CARE
DRILL BIT HANDLING
INSPECTION
RE-GRINDING
62 63
HANDLING STRIKING END / FOOT VALVE
Poor drill bit performance or premature Check that the foot valve is correctly Ensure that the foot valve is not broken.
failure is generally caused by not located in its housing and that the This is generally caused by a worn piston
re-grinding at pre-determined intervals protrusion length is correct. or cylinder bore causing misalignment,
!
in line with the wear pattern caused lack of lubrication causing pick-up or
by the actual drilling conditions or by corrosion by water.
not handling/or operating the drill bits
correctly.
Inspect the striking end for damage or A broken striking end is caused generally
corrosion, generally caused by lack of by a badly worn Piston, Chuck, Bottom
lubrication or foreign particles caught bush or Retaining ring.
between the piston and striking end
64 65
DRILL BIT HEAD
The diameter across the buttons should If the head is unevenly worn, the most Re-drilling caused by poor hole cleaning High levels of body wash and energy
be 0.80 mm (0.03”) greater than the likely causes are incorrect regrinding, and also high abrasion can result in produced by the piston striking the drill
diameter across the gauge so that bent drill tubes or drill string not being deformation around the edges of exhaust bit can cause buttons to be hammered
peripheral buttons protrude beyond centralised in the drill rig table holes and flushing grooves. These should outof the bit body. This is known as
the gauge and do not bind in the bore be ground to ensure a clean obstruction button ‘pop-out’. Button ‘pop-out’ can
hole. Wear around the gauge usually free passage for exhausting air. also occur even in drill bits with little
happens in abrasive rocks. A ‘barreling’ body wash, where drilling in very soft
or anti-taper develops which reduces conditions is being carried out and
the clearance around the gauge and constant flushing is necessary because
peripheral row of carbide buttons. the drill bit face is not in constant contact
with the bedrock.
66 67
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE WEAR /
BREAKAGE
The gauge or peripheral buttons are In abrasive conditions, it is advisable Face buttons which are flat generally Broken inserts are generally caused
the ones which suffer the most wear to monitor the rate of wear over a indicate a lack of hammer blow energy by overdrilling the drill bit before
because these are being rotated at a measured depth drilled to determine the or insufficient thrust. reconditioning, reaming the hole, using
faster speed and cut more rock than the frequency of re-grinding necessary. It excessive feed force or where there are
centre buttons. Worn peripheral buttons is recommended that flat widths should existing tungsten carbide or other metal
and the loss of gauge steel on the drill bit generally not exceed 25% of the button particles in the hole.
head lead to jamming, reduction in drilling diameter although this varies from
speed and premature button breakage. manufacturer to manufacturer.
Worn
Stress
Stress Flat
Width
68 69
DRILL BIT SHANK / SHOULDER BIT GRINDING
Regularly inspect the drill bit splines Damage to the shoulder is usually caused When using grinding equipment, always GRINDING STEEL BASE -
and remove any sharp edges or burrs by excessive or insufficient thrust. wear a safety mask and breathing DIAMOND CUP GRINDER
with a file or emery stone. Heavy spline apparatus as necessary. The grinding tool must be kept in direct
wear is usually caused by a badly worn line with the button axis at all times. If
chuck, excessive thrust, very high rpm or the tool is rocked from side to side, the
application of high torque in very difficult button could be damaged.
drilling conditions.
BUTTON GRINDING
- DIAMOND CUP
The best results are achieved by rotating
Shank breakage across the splines is the grinder in a cylindrical manner to BUTTON GRINDING
generally caused by using a worn chuck, provide a good finished shape with the METHOD - DIE GRINDER
excessive torque or incorrect use of grinding tool. Draw a pencil line across the flats,
oversize drill bits. thereby dividing the button into two
symmetrical halves. Gently grind on each
side of the pencil flat, leaving the pencil
Shank breakage across the shank line untouched. Finally, gently blend the
retaining ring diameter is generally pencil line, removing as little carbide as
caused by lack of lubrication or worn bit possible from this area. The aim of the
retaining rings, bit guide bush or bottom technique is to remove as little carbide
spacer. as necessary so that when grinding is
completed the re-sharpened button will
be spherical and slightly smaller than
new.
70 71
BIT GRINDING CONT.
GAUGE GRINDING
Grind a flat 4.5 mm (0.18”) in length,
around the drill bit head, and at 90
degrees to the drill bit face.
72 73
CONVERSION TABLE THREAD IDENTIFICATION
Air Flow
1 cfm = 0.0283 m³/min 100 cfm = 2.83 m³/min
1 cfm = 0.4719 litre/sec 100 cfm = 47.19 litre/sec
Air Pressure
1 psi = 0.0689 bar 100 Psi = 6.89 bar All dimensions in inches Thread Data Pin Box
1 psi = 0.0703 kg/cm² 100 Psi = 7.03 kg/cm²
1 psi = 0.0680 atm (atmosphere) 100 Psi = 6.80 atm Tool Outside Inside Pitch Threads Taper Thread Large Small Length Depth Box
Joint Dia. Dia. Dia. of Per Inches Form Dia. Dia. of Pin of Pin Counter-
Design't'n of Pin of Pin Thread Inch Per of Pin of Pin bore
1 bar = 14.504 psi 10 Bar = 145.04 psi and Box and Box at Gauge Foot
Point on Dia.
1 bar = 1.0132 bar 10 Bar = 10.197 kg/cm² ± 1/32 + 1/64 +0 + 3/8 + 0.03
- 1/32 - 1/8 -0 - 0.016
1 bar = 1.0332 kg/cm² 10 Bar = 9.869 atm D d C DL DS LPC LBC QC
3 1/2 FH 4 5/8 2 7/16 3.73400 5 3 V-0.040 3.994 3.056 3 3/4 4 3/8 4 3/64
4 FH 5 1/4 2 13/16 4.07200 4 2 V-0.065 4.280 3.530 4 1/2 5 1/8 4 11/32
1 ft/min min =0.3048 m/min 1000 ft/min = 304.80 m/min 4 1/2 FH 5 3/4 3 5/32 4.53200 5 3 V-0.040 4.792 3.792 4 4 5/8 4 7/8
5 1/2 FH 7 4 5.59100 4 2 V-0.050 5.825 4.992 5 5 3/8 5 29/32
1 ft/min = 0.0051 m/sec 1000 ft/min = 5.10 m/sec 6 5/8 FH 8 5 6.51960 4 2 V-0.050 6.753 5.920 5 5 5/8 6 31/32
74 75
DRILL BIT SHANK IDENTIFICATION
76 77
NOTES NOTES
78 79
OUR COMMITMENT
TO YOU
Our aim is to provide excellent service TECHNICAL SUPPORT
that reflects your needs and exceeds Technical support is always ready to
your expectations. Our trained customer assist you. Whether you need service
support team is dedicated to providing or maintenance tips, troubleshooting,
you what you want and when you need it. or advice on a repair, help is only
With over 60 years experience in assisting a phone call away.
customers with their drilling applications,
our support team has gained the expertise Our service engineers are happy to make
to provide an accurate and timely on-site visits too.
response.
PUBLICATIONS
WARRANTY When you want to learn more about
Our warranty on hammers and bits DTH drilling or product maintenance to
provides you an ease of mind that any improve efficiency, we have established 4
problem that might occur will be solved books to help you.
quickly and effectively by our experienced
customer support team. • A to Z of DTH Drilling
• DTH maintenance manual
TRAINING SESSIONS • DTH maintenance RC hammers
Training is available at any of our • Maintenance Sim-Cas
locations. Our distributors are trained
and available locally for support as well. We are committed to help our
Training includes selection, service, customers realise their full potential.
maintenance and repair. Just as we constantly innovate and
improve our hammers and bits,
we want to continually evolve our
company to be in the best position
to accelerate new technologies as they
emerge and to better serve
our customers.
Halco Australia
2 Reid Road, Perth International Airport,
Perth WA61054
Tel: + 61 8 9248 4144
Fax: + 61 8 9248 4155
Email: salesaus@halcorocktools.com