Structural Steel Design

Compression members
Team Teaching
Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2014
 Introduction

Compression Members: Structural elements that are subjected to axial

compressive forces only are called columns. Columns are subjected to
axial loads thru the centroid.
P
Stress: fs 
A
Where, f is assumed to be uniform over the entire cross-section.
 Column Buckling
• If an axial load P is applied and increased slowly, it will
ultimately reach a value Pcr that will cause buckling of
the column.
P
(a) Pcr (b)

Pcr = critical buckling

load of the column.

 2E I
Pcr 
K L 
2

P
Pcr
Euler Formula

P P x
y
x
Buckled deflect ed shape
L
y
(a) P

Pcr
P y
P
M=Py
d
y
(b) (c)

Figure 5- 4 Buckling of a column

 d2y M
M  Py  
dx EI
d2y P d2y
 y0  ky  0
dx EI dx
P Differential equation solution
k
EI
y  A sin kx  B cos kx

BC’s: x=0  y=0

x=L  y=0

From 2 boundary Conditions : B=0 and AsinkL=0

solution: A=0  trivial solution
sinkL=0  non trivial solution
kL=nл
P
k 
2
 k 2 L2  n 2 2
EI
P 2 n 2 2 EI
L n  P
2 2

EI L2

Fundamental mode n=1,

 2 EI  2E
Pcr   Fcr 
L2
L r 
2 Euler Equation

where, r2 = I/Ag
Euler Formula

Fcr

 2
E
F cr 
Fy L r  2

Rasio kel angsingan, L/r

 Ideal Column
Formula Euler is based on assumption :
• Steel material is in linear elastic stage
• There is no residual stress
• The column is perfectly straight
• The load is axial thru the centered, with no eccentricity.
• The column in pinned at both ends
This ideal state is never reached. The stress-state will
be non-uniform due to:
• Accidental eccentricity of loading with respect to
the centroid
• Member out-of –straightness (crookedness), or
• Residual stresses in the member cross-section
due to fabrication processes (cooling process)
 • Nonlinear Stress - Strain
Actual Column • There is residual stress
• Initial Slenderness
• Non- homogenous material
• Initial eccentricity
• Inaccurate Dimension
• Restrain Condition

 2E Actual Column ≠ Ideal Column

Pcr Pe  Ag
2
(L / r)
(Fcr) < (Fcr)ideal
Py
Range of t est result s

Rasio kelangsingan, L/r

Elastic Buckling :

 2 EI
Pcr  2
Euler equation
Lk
1 Lk f y
c  Column Slenderness
 r E
fy
Pcr  2 Ag
c
Where Lk = Effective length = K L
K = buckling coefficient
fy = yield stress of material
 Column Design Strength cPn

• The AISC specifications for column design are based on

several years of research.

c Pn = 0.9 Ag Fcr

Inelastic
buckling c 
KL Fy
r E
 1.5 
Fcr  0.658 c 2
F
y

Elastic KL Fy
Fcr 
0.877 
c   1.5 F
buckling c 2 y
r E
 Design Strength Chart

1.0
 
Fcrcr =  0.658
F

0.658
Fy
2
c
Fe  Fy
 y
F
Fcr/F y  

Fcr 
0.877 
F
0.39 0
F cr = c
.
2
877 Fe 
y

Inelastic 
buckling elastic 
buckling
E KL fy
4.71 1 Lk
1.5 F c  r
y
 r E
Column Design Strength AISC 2005cPn
 2E
Fe 
c Pn = 0.9 Ag Fcr  KL 
2

 
 r 

Inelastic KL E
Fe  0.44 Fy or  4.71
buckling r Fy
 Fy

Fcr   0.658 Fe F
  y
 
Elastic KL E
Fe  0.44 F y or  4.71
buckling r Fy

Fcr  0.877 Fe 
Design Strength Chart

1.0

Fcr = 
Fy

0.658 Fe F
  y
Fcr/F y  

0.39 F cr = 0.877 Fe 
Inelastic 
buckling elastic 
buckling
E KL
4.71
Fy r
Max KL/r = 200
 Effective Length for different
Restraint Condition

Buckled shape of
column is shown by
dashed line

Theorit ical K value 0.50 0.70 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Recommended design
value when ideal condi 0.65 0.80 1.2 1.0 2.10 2.0
t ions are approximat e

Rot at ion fixed and t ranslat ion fixed

Rot at ion free and t ranslat ion fixed
End condit ion code
Rot at ion fixed and t ranslat ion free
Rot at ion free and t ranslat ion free

Effect ive lengt h fact ors for idealized column end condit ions. Court esy t he
American Inst it ut e of St eel Const ruct ion, Inc.

..\hasil download purdue

univ\column
buckling.mpg
Different Effective length due to
Lateral Support on Minor Axis
Example : (1) Determine the buckling strength (Pcr) of a W 12 x 50 column. Its
length is 20 ft. For major axis buckling, it is pinned at both ends. For minor
buckling, is it pinned at one end and fixed at the other end.

• Major axis means axis about which it has

greater moment of inertia (Ix > Iy)

• W12 x 50: E = 29000 ksi

Ix = 391 in4. Iy = 56.3 in4

• Major X axis : pin-pin

Kx = 1.0 (theory ) Kx = 1.0 (recommended)
Unsupported length Lx = 20 ft.
Effective length :
Kx Lx = 1.0 x 20 = 20 ft. = 240 in.

• Minor Y axis : pin-fix

Ky = 0.7 (theory) Ky = 0.8 (recommended)
• Unsupported length Ly = 20 ft.
x • Effective length f:
Ky Ly = 0.8 x 20 = 16 ft. = 192 in.

y
  2E I y
• Critical load Pcr 
K y Ly 
2

 2  29000  391
buckling about x – axis Pcr-x = Pcr-x = 1942.9 kips
240 2
 2  29000 56.3
• buckling about y-axis Pcr - y= 1922 Pcr-y = 437.12 kips

• Buckling strength of the column : Pcr = 437.12 kips

Minor (y) axis buckling governs.

..\hasil download
purdue a) Major axis buckling; (b) minor axis buckling
univ\slenderness
ratio.mpg
 Example : (2) Calculate the design strength of W14 x 74 with length of
20 ft and pinned ends. A36 steel is used.

• rx = 6.04 ry = 2.48 Ag = 21.8 in2 KL E

• Kx = Ky = 1.0 (pin end)  4.71
r Fy
• Lx = Ly = 20 x 12 = 240 in.
 Fy

• Slenderness ratio Fcr   0.658 Fe F
  y
KxLx/rx = 240/6.04 = 39.735  
KyLy/ry = 240/2.48 = 96.77 (govern)
Fcr = 21.99 ksi
 E
2
 * 29000
2
Fe    30.56ksi
 KL 
2
96.77 
2 cPn = 0.9 (Ag Fcr)
  = 0.9 (21.8 x 21.99)
 r  = 431.4 kips
E 29000
Cek the limit :
4.71  4.71  133.68 Design strength of column
Fy 36
= 431 kips (inelastic
buckling)
 A992  Fy = 50ksi
Fu = 65ksi

Ag = 17 inc2 

E 29000 KL E
4.71  4.71  133.68  4.71
Fy 36 r Fy

 Fy
  2E  2 * 29000
Fe    96.08ksi
Fcr   0.658 Fe F  KL 
2
54.552

  y  
   r 
Fcr = 40.21 ksi

cPn = 0.9 (Ag Fcr)

= 0.9 (17x40.21) = 615.3 Kips ((inelastic buckling on major axis)
 Z
Y
X
 KL Fy
fy c   1.5
Pn  0.9 Ag f cr  0.9 Ag r E

fy
f cr 

Ag = gross area, mm2
fcr = critical stress, MPa
c  0,25    1 fy = yield stress, MPa
ω = buckling coefficient
1,43 depend on slenderness
0,25c 1,2    ratio
1,6  0,67c
c  1,2    1,252c
Comparison Graph LRFD TCPSBuBG vs AISC

300

250

BJ41, Fy=250 MPa

200

FcrT ( c)
150
FcrA( c)

100

50

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
c

Perbandingan persamaan kekuatan tekuk Fcr

antara TCPSBuBG dan AISC untuk BJ41
ω Graph

 ( c)

0 0
0 1 2
0 c 2.60
 500

450

400

350
Critical stress Fcr (MPa)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Slenderness ratio kL/r
BJ34
BJ37
BJ41
BJ50
BJ55

Critical column stress Fcr vc Slenderness ratio  according to Load

and Resistance Factor Design, for various yield stresses.
 Local Buckling Limit State
• AISC assume that column buckling is the governing limit state for
column strength.
• Column section made from thin (slender) plate elements can fail due
to local buckling of the flanges or the webs.
• If all the elements of the cross-section have slenderness (b/t) ratio
less than r then the local buckling limit state will not control.
• Hence, to prevent local buckling : r
• Then, use compact or non compact section
(no local buckling)
• The minimum slenderness ratio
of compression member :

Lk
   200
r
Slenderness Ratio
Width-Thickness Parameters for hot-rolled I and H shapes

Element  < p

Flange bf < 0.56 E

2t f Fy
h E
Web tw < 1.49
Fy

For other shapes, please see Figure 4.9 W.T Segui 4th
edition
Local STABILITY

The strength corresponding to any buckling mode

cannot be developed, however, if the elements of
cross section are so thin that local buckling occur.
They are :
- flange local buckling (FLB),
- web local buckling (WLB).

This buckling strength will depend on the width-

thickness ratio of the compression elements of the
cross section.

The strength must be reduced if the shape has

any slender elemen
..\hasil download
purdue univ\local
buckling.mpg
 Effective Length of Column in Frame
• When individual column is part of a frame, their ends are connected to
other members (beams etc.).
• Effective length factor K depend on the restraint offered by the other
members connected at the ends.
• Effective length factor K depend on the relative rigidity (stiffness) of the
members connected at the ends.

• Effective length factor for columns in frames :

1. Check whether the column is part of a braced or unbraced frame.
• Braced frame : 0.5 < K ≤ 1
• Unbraced frame : 1 < K ≤ ∞
2. Determine the relative rigidity factor G for both ends of the column
E Ic
 L
G c
E Ib
 L
b
KL for Braced Frame, Unbraced Frame

P P P P

L kL>2L
0,7L<kL<L

(a) Braced Frame, hinged base (b) Unbraced Frame, hinge based
P P P P

L 0,5L<kL<0,7L
L<kL<2L

(c) Braced Frame, fixed base (d) Unbraced Frame, fixed base
Alignment Chart to calculate K

A GA

A L
B
B GB
(b) Panj ang t ekuk kolom
(a) Def ormasi f rame pada kondisi inst abilit as dipengaruhi kekakuan
bat ang ynag bert emu
E Ic
 L dit it ik A dan B
G c
G : the ratio of the summation of
E Ib
 L the rigidity (EI/L) of all columns
coming together at an end to the
b
summation of the rigidity (EI/L) of
all beams coming together at the
same end.
Boundary Condition

• Pin ended : Σ(IBB/LBB) = 0  GB - ~

This ideal state is never reached,
Recomended value : GB= 10

• Perfectly fixed end : Σ(IBB/LBB) = ~  GB  0,

This ideal state is never reached,
Recommended value : GB= 1

E Ic
 L
G c
E Ib
 L
b
Alignment Charts for effective column length in
a continuous frame
Design Concept : LRFD TCPSBuBG 2002

Pu  c Pn

Where :
Nu = ultimate axially loaded fator
Nn = compressive nominal strength = Agfcr
fcr = critical buckling stress
c = 0,9
 Calculate the effective length factor for the W12 x 79 column AB of the frame shown below.
Assume that the column is oriented in such a way that major axis bending occurs in the plane of
the frame. Assume that the columns are braced at each story level for out-of-plane buckling.
The same column section is used for the stories above and below.
• Unbraced frame.
• W 12 x 79 : Ix = 425 in4
10 ft. • W14x68 Ix = 723 in4
W14 x 68 • Lx = Ly = 12 ft.
• Ky = 1.0
10 ft.
• Kx depends on boundary conditions,
W14 x 68 A
which involve restraints due to beams
and columns connected to the ends of
column AB.
12 ft.
W14 x 68
B Ic 425 425
 
L c 10  12 12  12 6.493
W12 x 79

W12 x 79

W12 x 79

15 ft.
GA     1.021
Ib 723 723 6.360
 
L b 18  12 20  12
Ic 425 425
18 ft. 18 ft. 20 ft.  
L c 12  12 15  12 5.3125
GB     0.835
Ib 723 723 6.360
 
L b 18  12 20  12
• from Alignment
Chart Kx=1.3

• KyLy = 1.0 x 12
= 12 ft.
• Kx Lx = 1.3 x 12
= 15.6 ft.
 REFERENSI
• William T Segui, “ Steel Design”
• SNI Baja 
• Hands Out and Video from Purdue 
University