zanveo18 Shared library SHARED LIBRARY author title publisher place year tongue ‘wed unipuivalilitecacondisa/ 1008 Km > LIST OF BOOKS CARLO AYMONINO THE STUDY OF URBAN PHENOMENA. WORKSHOP EDITIONS ROME 1977 ITALIAN First edition: Carlo Aymonino, The study of urban phenomena, Officina Edizioni, Rome 1977 ‘Argument and themes addressed In this work the introductory essays that Carlo Aymonino wrote for the research written from 1967 to 1973, under his direction, by two groups of collaborators IUAV on the city of Padua and on the cities of Paris and Vienna were republished. The two essays are integrated between them because, starting from the research data, they open to the problems that have affected the Italian architectural debate of that decade. Particularly to the themes of urban analysis as a tool to learn how to form the modern and contemporary city. Overall Rating: 7 (scale 1-10) Sheet compiled by: Gabriele Sacco Architecture and Architectural Compositi jon Course 2 aa2012 / 2013, Author Carlo Aymonino was born in Rome in 1926 and here he graduated in architecture in 1950 at La Sapienza. From 1963 he teaches at the IUAV of which he became director since 1974, He teaches Architectural composition at the Faculty of Architecture in Rome (1980-1993). In 1981 he became councilor for interventions at the historic center of Rome. From 1984 to 1987 he held the column "Architecture" on the "European" weekly. He died in Rome in July 2010. He published: Origin and Development of the Modern City (1965); The Rational habitation (1971); The city of Padua (1970); The meaning of cities (1975); the capital cities of the nineteenth century: Paris and Vienna; A project for the historic center of Rome (1982); For an idea of city (1984); Squares of Italy designing open spaces (1988), Planning Roma Capitale (2990); Carlo Aymonino (1996); The Campidoglio by Carlo Aymonino (2000); Carlo Aymonino: drawings 1972-1997 (2000). ‘Among the main projects: Quartiere Spine Bianche in Matera (1955); Monte Amiata Complex at Gallaratese, Milan (1970); Guglielmo Marconi High School, Pesaro (1971); Palazzo di Giustizia of Ferrara (1977); IMA Project, Ferrara (1982); Il Colosso, Rome (1982-1984); Project for the covered market, Lecce (1985); Project of three squares, Terni (1985). Carlo Aymonino hipihwu-unipvantailictecacondisa/1008 him 16zanv2o18 ‘wed unipuivalilitecacondisa/ 1008 Km Contenuto In the first essay, Aymonino hypothesizes, and subsequently verifies, that the relationship between the typology and the morphology is what determines the city and that its variation in historical eras can be studied to identify the methods of formation of the modern and contemporary city. The research of which the essay is the introduction is for Aymonino only the first step for the construction of a new urban science, which, comparing the relationship between different historical periods in the same city and then between different cities, allows to abstract the elements common in urban phenomena The second essay analyzes, having as a cultural background the Marxist theories and analyzes, the formation of the capitalist city of bogish type of the nineteenth century, highlighting how the urban type-form relationship is totally reversed with respect to previous centuries. The political and social conditions and the operational tools put in place in the two capitals are then analyzed to implement the transformations, highlighting their limits and differences in outcomes. ESSAYS: ‘TEST 1: THE STUDY OF URBAN PHENOMENA Purpose of the research The research work (La Citta di Padova, 1970), of which this essay is the introduction, analyzes the typological and morphological aspects of the city of Padua, starting from theoretical hypotheses which will then be confirmed or corrected by the verification of reality. The fulcrum of the research is the complex, changeable and sometimes even nonexistent relationship between the morphological development of the city and the typological characteristics of the buildings. In the research it was decided not to subdivide the architecture into ancient and modern as the city can be seen as a substantially unitary artefact beyond the stylistic variations. The analysis is then to analyze the relationship between types and urban form as a dialectical synthesis between two different methods of investigation: on the internal structure that pushes towards the abstraction of autonomous building types, or vice versa on the modifications of the urban form. In short, it is the study of the relations between architecture and the city. ‘The choice of the application field Padua was chosen as the city on which to carry out analyzes for the convenience of the place but also meets two requirements: historical dimension not only of the Roman era but also medieval and geographical dimension sufficient for the emergence of complex phenomena. Moreover, compared to other Italian cities, it has had a continuous development process with few jumps and there is a consistent structural and qualitative variety that allows to concentrate on more limited phenomena: The horizon of the research starts from the building history of the city of Padua to arrive with a comparative method toa new theory of the city based on the relationship. Studies of urban phenomena Until the time of writing this essay, in Italy, studies on urban science were scarce. Urban studies had been dealt with, but they had the defect of wanting to automatically draw operational planning choices from the analyzes cartied out. Instead, this research has as its object the constitutive processes of the city. Two architects conducting research in this area are Saverio Muratori (Studies for an active urban history of Venice) and Aldo Rossi (Contribution to the problem of the relationship between building typology and urban morphology). However, if the first one sees, the results of the research as knowledge from which the methods of future planning can be obtained automatically, the second one uses a method that through the deformations and changes of an urban fact reaches the laws of formation of the city itself. (then resumed in the Architecture of the City) ‘Type and Type ‘Aymonino had previously defined the typology as “study of the possible associations of elements to achieve a Classification by types of architectural organisms”. The elements, parts of the whole that can be isolated, can be defined by two procedures: stylistic-formal (independent typology) that regards architecture as an autonomous phenomenon, and organizational-structural (applied typology) that regards architecture as a phenomenon urban. in the research the second was then used, but, for some historical periods such as the Renaissance and Mannerist period, the formal stylistic procedure replaces the type applied since the architectures of the time (eg Brunelleschi in Florence) are architectural objects that modify and they upset the meaning of the prcedendente urban structure. Classification is a generalization that brings order among different elements through the identification of common points, in this case according to the relationship with the urban form. The definition is then reviewed in "the building typology is the study of the artificial organizational-structural elements (all the built of the city) having as their purpose their classification with respect to the urban form of a given historical period’ in this sense, typology, as an instrument of urban investigation, should not be studied only in its internal relations hipihwu-unipvantailictecacondisa/1008 him 26zanv2o18 ‘wed unipuivalilitecacondisa/ 1008 Km (eg distribution in the Gothic house) but in its generation of the city (eg relationship between the Gothic lot and the shape of the medieval city) ‘Type and morphology The study of the city of Padua allowed to identify some general processes in the variation of the typology: ‘morphology relationship, In the Middle Ages there is a strong prevalence of the urban form on the type because of the simplicity of the building typology which foresees the incidence of habitation and place of work. The real constituent element of the turban form is the Gothic lot, which for this reason has a temporal permanence despite the substitutions of the buildings that insist on it. This highlights how the neighborhoods of contemporary terraced houses apply the opposite process, starting from the type determining the lot. In the thirteenth century the concepts of center and periphery are born, but the city is seen as a political and physical unity and the two terms do not hide a contradiction as in the modern city. In that historical period the urban form is the dominant element, above all in its changes. Subsequently from the XIV century there is an inversion of the factors: the urban structure is constant while the boundaries of the city change and the typology of some significant urban episodes (the villa, the palace, the church ) Important is the modification of the defensive system that is more and more articulated and acquires a relevant planimetric dimension. The changes in this period follow two directions: within the city they are transformations of areas through substitutions of elements in which formal quality gives validity to the transformation itself; outside in the countryside, following the same principle, are inserted isolated episodes (the residence in the countryside) that constitute new points of reference within a constant structure. Finally, in the eighteenth century, the fulfillment of those parts of the city that had remained incomplete was achieved, creating the unitary body that we today call the ancient center. ‘The type of housing Housing is the most quantitatively important aspect of a city installation and is one of the factors in the permanence of the urban system. Precisely because of this consistency over time, the analysis of the residential typology is useful for studying the morphological differences between cities and cities and between different areas of a city. A first consideration that can be made is that the stability of a housing typology in its characteristics makes it a tool to draw parts of the city in a very free way adapting to the particular situation (eg Dutch and German districts of the years '30). This adaptability in urban function is a new typeface. ‘The second consideration is that the relationship varies according to the purposes of society, wavering between the prevalence of the parts on the whole and the opposite prevailing of the system on the individual parts. Elements of the urban structure Overcoming the circle of defensive walls can be seen as the moment of transition between the ancient city and the contemporary one. There is no longer an inside and an outside but the concepts of modem center and periphery begin to form. The superhuman modalities of the defensive walls correspond to the two types of city walls: medieval or renaissance. The first, consisting of a wall not very deep and linear development, are almost always preserved by determining the permanence of the ancient border or as an artifact or as alignments of the last expansion of the center. The construction of the circular avenues becomes the unifying system between the center and the new districts. The latter, having a considerable dimension even in depth, are destroyed opening the possibility of building not only a circle of avenues but also new residential neighborhoods. The most famous case is that of Vienna, where the demolition of the 500m-wide fortification system was the occasion for the creation of a large road of representation and a road system connecting the ancient city with the new one, which extended beyond the zone of respect. The analysis of these processes shows how this transition is fundamental for the structure and the subsequent development of the cities and the importance that the capital cities have had, especially in the national states already formed, in urban transformations, setting themselves as an example to imitate (Vienna , Paris). ‘The formation of the contemporary city ‘Aymonino wonders whether itis still possible to find a relationship between typology and urban form in the cities, that have undergone contemporary social and economic transformations, if it can be read with the same previous instruments, if the instruments of classical urban planning have not divided the quantitative aspects from the concrete realization creating the conditions for the loss of the relationship, if the development is not mere expansion. There are a series of phenomena which, becoming dominant, have determined the formation of the city as we see it ‘The modern capitalist city is initially based on the distinction between the intended use and the lot, a distinction that allows absolute freedom even if in fact it tums into social differentiation because the land is privately owned. ‘The organization of the city is implemented through the determination of a network of roads and a series of services that allow the intensive exploitation of the soil. Buildings containing new services for the first time become representative and have urban value distinct from residential buildings. A series of recurrent "themes" are created (theaters, hospitals ...) that generate very specific new types of buildings that relate to the new urban structure. hipihwu-unipvantailictecacondisa/1008 him 36