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CHAPTER 7: SKELETAL TISSUE: CARTILAGE AND respiratory
BONE passages (nose,
larynx, trachea,
bronchi)
Characteristics of Cartilage 3. Ventral ends of ribs
4. Epiphyseal plates
• Cartilage is a special form of connective tissue that of long bones
develops from mesenchymal cells. Main Functions • Provides smooth,
o Consists of cells and an extracellular matrix low friction
composed of connective tissue fibers and surfaces in joints
ground substance. • Structural support
o Characterized by an extracellular matrix for respiratory
(ECM) with high concentration of GAG and tract.
Elastic Cartilage
proteoglycans, which interact with collagen
Main features of the ECM Type 2 collagen, aggrecan
and elastic fibers. and dark elastic fibers
• Non-vascular Major Cells Chondrocytes and
o Receives its nutrition and eliminates its chondroblasts
metabolic waste by diffusion through Arrangement of Small isogenous groups
extracellular matrix Chodrocytes
• Exhibits great tensile strength, Presence of Perichondrium Yes
Main Locations 1. External ear
o Due to firm consistency of cartilage ECM.
2. External acoustic
• Provides structural support for soft tissues, meatus
o Respiratory tract, ears, nose 3. Auditory tube
• Allows flexibility without distortion 4. Epiglottis
• Resilient to compression. 5. Laryngeal
• Provides shock absorbing and sliding regions within cartilages
Main Functions Provide flexible shape and
joints and facilitates bone movements.
support for soft tissues
• Guides development and growth of long bones. Fibrocartilage
• Consists of cells called chondrocytes and Main features of the ECM Type 2 collagen and large
chondroblasts that synthesize the extensive areas of dense connective
extracellular matrix tissue with type 1 collagen
§ Collagen, hyaluronic acid, Major Cells Chondrocytes, fibroblasts
proteoglycans and various Arrangement of Isolated or in isogenous
Chodrocytes groups arranged axially.
glycoproteins
Presence of Perichondrium No
o Located in matrix cavities = lacunae.
Main Locations 1. Intervertebral discs
o Chondrocytes exhibit low metabolic activity. 2. Pubic Symphysis
3. Meniscus
Cartilage Types 4. Insertions of
tendons
Hyaline Cartilage Main Functions • Provides
Main features of the ECM Homogenous, type 2 cushioning,
collagen and aggrecan
• Tensile strength
Major Cells Chondrocytes,
• Resistance to
Chondroblasts
tearing and
Arrangement of Isolated or in small
compression
Chodrocytes isogenous groups
Presence of Perichondrium Yes (except at epiphyses and Perichondrium outerlayer type1 CF
EAC
articular cartilage) InnerLayer Chandrogeniccells
Main Locations 1. Articular surface of - Peripheral layer of vascularized, dense, irregular
movable joints connective tissue.
If an
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- Hyaline Cartilage Matrix perichondrium
k i
o Consists of type 2 collagen fibrils embedded
in a firm amorphous hydrated matrix rich in n
proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins
§ Proteoglycans exist as large
proteoglycan aggregates.
• Binds to the thin fibrils of oOqawnoe
the collagen matrix.
- Cartilage Matrix also contains chondronectin
(adhesive glycoprotein).
o Binds to glycosaminoglycans and collagen
fibers,
o Provides adherence of chondroblasts and
chondrocytes to collagen fibers of the matrix.
Chondrocytes
Bone Microarchitecture
perversion
Mlk
la -
by the formation of new osteons.
Bone deposition is evident with
primitive
noentric the presence of osteoblasts
gauge around haversian canal and the
q Parts 1.
margin of the innermost
lamellae.
Bone Matrix with Bone spicule
2. Primitive osteons with large
Haversian canals surrounded by
osteotome
bow concentric lamellae.
I 3. Osteoclasts with Howship
primitive
marrow
qoun.name Lacunae
4. Red Marrow
c
I a. Location for blood cell
formation.
088
of perichondrium
impedesdiffusionofO2and
none nutria
theunderlyingcartilageandpromote
into
there
degenerativechanges
EoT
s
to
iii
erE Pofpet
y
- Hormones regulate calcium release into the blood
stream and its deposition in the bones.
o Calcium levels fall below normal –
parathyroid hormone indirectly promote
an increase in osteoclast numbers and
osteoclast activity by stimulating
osteoblasts to produce osteoclast
stimulating (differentiating) factors.
§ Causes increase breakdown of
endosterk bone matrix by the osteoclasts
and release of calcium
§ Increase calcium reabsorption in
04Blood
cavities o Calcium levels above normal – Calcitonin
(relased by parafollicular cells) inhibit
manow osteoclast activity, decreases bone
Vessels reabsorption and decreases blood
calcium levels.
§ Kidneys increase excretion of
calcium and phosphate.
Typesof lamellae
concentriclamellae
interstitiallamellae
External circumferential lamellae
Internalcircumferential lamellae
Description
Parts 1. Haversian System (osteon) –
structural unit of compact bone
matrix.
2. Osteon
a. Concentric Lamellae
i. Lamellae – thi
plates of bone
that contain
osteocytes in
almond shaped
spaced called
lacunae.