 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬WW‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1427 

  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


 


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KK

}‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬}
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 11


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬         K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬E1J 1F

W‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J  F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E2J 1F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?
 WENERGY BAND ‫א‬
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

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‫א‬E3J 1F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬        E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 WFORBIDDEN BAND‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 WVALENCE BAND‫א‬J 2
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 WCONDUCTOR BAND‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

-4-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 INSULATOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SEMICONDUCTOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CONDUCTOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WINSULATOR‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬FEF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEKKK‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 1F
 

 W SEMICONDUCTOR‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬
 E5J 1F 

 
 WCONDUCTOR‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬E6J 1F

-6-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ELECTROSTATICS

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   E600F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE7J 1F




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7J 1F


 J W
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 KEQ1,Q2F‫א‬ EFF‫א‬ J 1
KER2F‫א‬ EFF‫ א‬J 2
 ‫א‬
q1q
 Fα
2

r2
q1 q 2
 ∴ F = K 2
......N EF
r
 
-7-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 EMF‫א‬‫א‬WR2 W
 ECF‫א‬‫א‬WQ1,Q2W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W KW
  ‫א‬
K=1/4ΠЄ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wє 
Є=ЄO ЄR
-12
 8.854×10 ( F/ML‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬Oє W
 KE1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ЄR
 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   E8CM)    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W
 Q2=5*10-8C،Q1=6*10-5C,‫א‬
  ЄR=2 ЄO=8.854*10-12F/MK1


 W‫א‬

q1q2 5 × 10 −8 × 6 × 10 −5
 F = 4πεr 2 = = 2.106 N
4 × 3.14 × 2 × 8.854 × 10 −12 8 × 10 −2 ( )2



 

-8-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      E ELECTRIC CURRENT F‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
E‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬E8J 1F


 


-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 10
K  ‫א‬‫ א‬J 11

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- 10 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
50V‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







- 11 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 3
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬            ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 J W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 600,000100,000‫א‬‫א‬
 1000‫א‬‫א‬
 600400‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- 13 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬E1000F‫א‬‫א‬

 J W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E20F‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- 14 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬53
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 














- 15 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬W1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬W4
  ‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫؟‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬W6
 ‫א‬‫א‬5CM‫א‬‫א‬W7
 ‫א‬Q1= 2*10-8 C , Q2 = 3*10-5 C ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ЄR = 1‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W10
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W11
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W12




 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬
 J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬

 

- 17 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
4321W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- 18 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬

- 19 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 22


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- 20 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

‫א‬‫א‬ J 1

‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

‫א‬‫א‬ J 3


EF J 4

- 21 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q
 I = ......... A
t
 ?A?‫א‬IW
 YC[‫א‬‫א‬Q
?S?‫א‬T


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1J 2F
F ‫א‬  ‫א‬        E1J 2F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ AMPERE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 200,000‫א‬‫א‬
 100,000‫א‬‫א‬
 6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- 22 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫א‬
1.000.000.000.000 1012 T       ‫א‬
 TERA
1.000.000.000 109 G 
GIGA
1.000.000 106 M 
MEGA
1.000 103 K 
 KILO
100 102 H 
HECTO
10 101 DA 
DEKA
1 100 ‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
0.1 10-1 D 
 DECI
0.01 10-2 C 
CENTI
0.001 10-3 M 
MILLI
0.000001 10-6 Μ 
MICRO
0.000000001 10-9 N 
NANO
0.000000000001 10-12 P 
PICO
 ‫א‬‫א‬E2J 2F
- 23 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬G M K D
H ‫ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎ س‬D C M Μ N P
A
3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 18 21
J 2
R R R R R R R R R R R
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 15 18
M 3L
R R R R R R R R R R
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12 15
K 6L 3L
R R R R R R R R R
1 2 3 4 5 8 11 14
H 7L 4L 1L
R R R R R R R R
1 2 3 4 7 10 13
DA 8L 5L 2L 1L
R R R R R R R
1 2 3 6 9 12
‫ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎ س‬9L 6L 3L 2L 1L
R R R R R R
10 1 2 5 8 11
D 7L 4L 3L 2L 1L
L R R R R R
11 1 4 7 10
C 8L 5L 4L 3L 2L 1L
L R R R R
12 3 6 9
M 9L 6L 5L 4L 3L 2L 1L
L R R R
15 12 3 6
Μ 9L 8L 7L 6L 5L 4L 3L
L L R R
18 15 12 11 10 3
N 9L 8L 7L 6L 3L
L L L L L R
21 18 15 14 13 12 11 10
P 9L 6L 3L
L L L L L L L L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬E3J 2F

- 24 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
200KA= A 
0.500A= MA
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 200KA= 200000A W
W  ‫א‬ M‫א‬ A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.005A= 5MA

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬




W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 2F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 4J 2F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- 25 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5J 2F

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E5J 2F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6J 2F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6J 2F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- 26 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7J 2F

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E7J 2F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 




- 27 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WDIRECT CURRENT‫א‬‫ א‬K1
I (MA) 



T(S)
 ‫א‬‫א‬E8J 2F
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ACF
 E8J 2FE‫א‬
WALTERNATING CURRENT‫א‬‫ א‬K2
I(MA)  



 ‫א‬‫א‬E9J 2F
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EACF
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫ א‬K3



 ‫א‬‫א‬E10J 2F
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 28 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 _W‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 EF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬W


 ‫א‬‫א‬E11J 2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫؟‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
W‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ XZ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12J 2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E12J 2F

 
(‫)ب‬  (‫)ا‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12J 2F
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 E12J 2F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 30 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WE‫א‬F‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

100mA 10mA 1mA
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E12J 2F‫ א‬E12J 2F‫ א‬E12J 2F‫א‬
250-0‫א‬‫ א‬50-0‫א‬‫ א‬10-0‫א‬‫א‬

 125‫א‬  25‫א‬  5‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W  :  W
100 m 10m 1m
I = × 125 = 50 mA I = × 25 = 5mA I= × 5 = 0.5mA
250 50 10

- 31 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬   K ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬





 ‫א‬E13J 2F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 10  1
  11   2

  12 3
 
 ‫א‬ 13   4
‫א‬‫א‬ 
14 5
 ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ 
15 6
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 16   7

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 17 8
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 18 F‫א‬
W2،500W 9
‫א‬ 19
 EKKK2000

- 32 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬W





 ‫א‬‫א‬E13J 2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J 1
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬ J 5
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KL-21001 LINEAR CIRCUIT LAB

‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬ E KL-21001F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 KE220V/110V 60/50HzF



KL-21001‫א‬‫א‬E14J 2F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 WKL-21001‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ E13J 2F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬E     ‫א‬F‫א‬ J 1
 K18V3V
+5V, -5V,+12V,-12V‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K9VAC J 3
K(FUNCTION GENERATOR)‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
(0-20V) ‫א‬‫א‬aW‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
(0-1A) (0-100mA )‫א‬‫א‬bW
   E0-15VF‫א‬‫א‬cW  
 0-1A)( o-100mA)‫א‬‫א‬dW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬J 6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
‫א‬‫א‬Ea,b,c,dF J 8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 10


 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
  J 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E AF‫א‬ KL-13001 ‫א‬K KL-21001 ‫א‬‫א‬  J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬K+10V
E‫א‬‫א‬FMIN VR1‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
 I= MA
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ VR1 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 I= MA

- 36 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬  E‫א‬  ‫א‬ F   VR1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J 6
 ‫א‬‫א‬
I= MA





 K‫א‬ J 7
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK









 

 

- 37 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬W

J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
  J 2
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K 9V   ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FMIN ‫א‬VR1‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
 I= MA
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ VR1‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 I= MA

‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F VR1‫א‬‫א‬ J 5

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 I= MA
 K‫א‬J 6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- 38 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬W1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
 W‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬ ‰

 ‰

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

 ‰

‫א‬ ‰

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

 ‰

‫א‬ ‰

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7


- 39 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
      

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
4321W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬




 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 11


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-43-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Electric Voltage
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E1J 3F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ B،A‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1J 3F‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B A‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
F‫א‬E VF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 EVolt


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EVoltF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
WDC‫א‬‫ א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V



t
 ‫א‬‫א‬E2J 3F

 WAC‫א‬‫ א‬-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
V


 ‫א‬‫א‬E3J 3F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫ א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E4J 3F














 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   E J 5J 3F  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 EJ 5J 3F‫א‬



 E5J 3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 EZ5J 3F
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬


‫א‬

250V‫א‬ 50V ‫א‬  10V‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
250-0‫א‬‫א‬ 50-‫א‬‫א‬ 10-0‫א‬‫א‬ 
 125‫א‬  25‫א‬0  5‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
250 50 10
 V= × 125 = 125V V = × 25 = 25V V = × 5 = 5V
250 50 10

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 kl-21001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl-21001‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
  J 3


 J W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J 2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl-21001‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 on‫א‬J 2
 E‫א‬‫א‬FEmin.PositionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 E0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E+20vF‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5

V=…………………… V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J 6
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 V=…………………… V
 Emin .PositionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E+20VF‫א‬‫א‬J 7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
V=…………………… V
 ‫א‬E6F‫א‬J 9

  ‫א‬‫א‬

V=…………………… V

 ‫ ؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬W

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
Kl-21001  ‫א‬‫א‬Kl-3001‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 EaF‫א‬
0-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
 9v
 V=…………………. V

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9V‫א‬9V‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬
 V=…………………. V

  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3


 KV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9V‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
KACV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
V=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKV 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J 8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 9
V=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKV  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
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 ‫ ؟‬‫א‬J 10
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 W‫א‬W2
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

‫א‬‫א‬J 1
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬-2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
4321W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
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 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬

-55-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ .3


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 22

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Electric Resistance

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 EΩF‫א‬‫א‬EOhmF‫א‬‫א‬
 EkΩ,MΩ)F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF ρ‫א‬ -1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ρ 
 WA‫א‬ -2
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
( ℓ ) ‫ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ‬-3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ -3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -4
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 

W‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت آﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ‬-1
‫א‬  E‫א‬F       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4\1F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 .E‫א‬2،1،2\1،


 E1J 4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
‫א‬EFilmF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬





E2J 4F
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-1
K‫א‬‫א‬ -2
K‫א‬‫ א‬-3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 3
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








 E3J 4F

 WEPotentiometerF‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
EN.t.c‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 WNegative Temperature Coefficient
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬
EP.t.c‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
   WPositive Temperature Coefficient 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 4F

: Voltage Dependant resistor (‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ )اﻟﻔﺎرﻳﺴﺘﻮر‬-‫د‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5J 4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W ‫رﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ﺧﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫( ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺷﻔﺮة اﻷﻟﻮان ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت رﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق وﺧﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق وﻓﻴﻪ‬6-4) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
: ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ رﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E5%F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E100F‫א‬
R=10×100= 1KΩ ±5%
: ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ذات اﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ أﻟﻮان ﻓﺘﺤﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F‫א‬‫א‬E0F‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬
E5%F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1MF‫א‬
 R= 104×106=104M ±5%‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1Ω 0 0 0 ‫א‬
±1% 10Ω 1 1 1 
±2% 100Ω 2 2 2 
1KΩ 3 3 3 
10KΩ 4 4 4 
±0.5% 100KΩ 5 5 5 ‫א‬
±0.25% 1MΩ 6 6 6 ‫א‬
±0.10% 10MΩ 7 7 7 
±0.05% 8 8 8 
9 9 9 
±5% 0.1 
±10% 0.01 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6J 4F

-62 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
W‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7J 4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E7J 4F

‫ب‬ ‫أ‬
 
 E7J 4F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WE‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
ERx1F‫א‬
‫א‬ERx10000F ‫א‬‫א‬ERx100F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬
1
10.000 100 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
   
R=12×1=12Ω
R=12×10.000=120KΩ R=12×100=1200Ω



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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl-21001‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
  J 3


 J W
 GGG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GGG






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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( KL-21001F‫א‬‫א‬E KL-13001F‫א‬J 1
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬ 
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
R2
R4
R7
R9
R11
R13
R15
R16
R17
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ -3
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl-21001‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
  J 3

 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( KL-21001F‫א‬‫א‬E KL-13001F‫א‬J 1
‫א‬C‫א‬ B‫א‬‫א‬AVR1 ‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬
 A,C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
  Rac = Ω 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4

 Rab = Ω

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Rab = Ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
Rbc = Ω
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 7
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Rbc =Ω
 
  KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬J 8
  

‫وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ RAB RBC RAB+RBC

‫أﻗﺼﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‬
4\1
2\1
4\3
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Rac ‫א‬RAB+RBCJ 7
 Rac = Rab+bc
  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

EF‫א‬ρ  ‰

EF‫א‬ ‰

EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

EFK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

EF‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬     E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‰

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

EF‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰


 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     

‫א‬J 1
‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬-2

‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
4321W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬







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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K4

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 33


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


EF

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

VI A
V

E1J 5F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W •

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V=I×R volt

 EAF‫א‬?I ?W
 EVF‫א‬‫א‬? V? 
 EΩ F‫א‬‫א‬?R ? 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 J W‫א‬
 WESeriesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1

R
T


 E2J 5F
       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2J 5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE3J 5F‫א‬

 E3J 5F

 W‫א‬
 I=I1=I2=I3
 


ER2FEIR1FER1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIR3FER3FEIR2F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


V=V1+V2+V3
 =IR1+IR2+IR3


ERTF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ 2J 5F
 W

RT=R1+R2+R3+...Rn

 E12VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫א‬E1KΩF‫א‬‫א‬E6mAF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.6.VF
 ‫א‬EI=6mAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬

V 12V 12
 RT = = = = 2000Ω = 2ΚΩ
I 6m 6 × 10 −3

 KE6mAF‫א‬‫א‬E3.6vF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V 3 .6
 R= = = 600Ω
I 6 × 10 −3
RT=R1+R2+R3 :‫א‬
2000=1000+600+R3
2000=1600+R3 :‫إذن‬
 R3=2000-1600=400Ω

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 WEParallelF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2


 E4J 5F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ER2F‫א‬EV2FER1F‫א‬(V1F‫א‬E4J 5F
 EV=V1=V2F
EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬



 E5J 5F
 I = I1 + I2W
 ERTF‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1 1
 RT = + + +
R1 R2 R3 Rn
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-77-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


ER1,R2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R 2
 R =
R1 + R 2
T

‫א‬E10KΩF‫א‬WE1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E100KΩF
R1 R2 100 K × 10 K 100,000 × 10,000
 R = = = 9,09 KΩ
R1 + R2 = 100 K + 10 K 100,000 + 10,000
T

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERTF
 W‫א‬‫א‬E2
R1=10KΩ
R2=20KΩ
 R3=40KΩ
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ؟‬
1 1 1 1
 = + +
RT R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
 R = + +
T 10 K 20 K 40 K
1 7
 R =
T 40 K
40,000
 R T = = 5.17 KΩ
7

 ‫א‬ RT Z 9090Ω‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   E1.1mAF ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 V=I × RT=1.1m × 9090=10V

-78-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


W‫א‬‫ א‬J 2

 E6J 5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ERT1F ‫א‬‫א‬ER5,R4,R3F‫א‬J 1
 ERT2F‫א‬‫א‬ER2FERT1F‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ER1FERT2F‫א‬J 3

 J W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E7J 5F
I1 + I2 = I3 + I4
 I1 + I2 - I3 - I4 = 0
 J W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
V=V1+V2+V3
 V-V1-V2-V3=0


-79-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 E‫א‬F‫א‬J 2
 ‫ ؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E8J 5F‫א‬‫א‬W

 E8J 5F
 ‫א‬
6 = 2 × I1 + 5 × (I1+ I2) ‫א‬‫א‬
2 = 2 × I2 +5 × (I1+ I2) ‫א‬‫א‬
W7 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
30 = 35 × I1 + 25 ×I2
 - 14 =- 35 × I1 - 49 × I2
16 = 0 - 24 I2
16
∴ I2 = = −0.67 A
− 24
 W‫א‬‫א‬I2
2 = 5 × I1 – 9 × 0.67
8
∴ I 1 = = 1 .6 A
5
 WRBC‫א‬‫א‬
I3 = I1 + I2
= 1. 6 +(- 0.67) = 0.93 A

-80-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KEOhm MeterF


 E9J 5F
‫א‬‫א‬ER4,R3F‫א‬‫א‬ER1,R2FE9J 5F‫א‬
     K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
ER2,R1F‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EAF‫א‬‫א‬EVA,VBF
E+6VFEAF‫א‬E100ΩΩ 10FER4,R3F‫א‬
،E+3VFEBF‫א‬،ER4,R3FK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBFE3VF‫א‬E A F E6VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬  EShortF  EOpenF    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KECircuit OKF‫א‬‫א‬




-81-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A B
Circuit OK 6V 3V
R1open 0 0
R2open 12V 6V
R3open 6V 0
R4open 6V 6V
C open 12V 6V
D open 6V 6V
R1 short 12V 6V
R2 short 0 0
R3 short 6V 6V
R4 short 6V 0
 ‫א‬E10J 5F

-82-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  E50F
 K
 J WEElectric PowerF‫א‬‫א‬
 EBF‫א‬EAF‫א‬EqFEWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
w

P= ....... w 
t
 EJF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WwW
 ESF‫א‬Wt
EwFEWattF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP

 _W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W=IVT....J(w.t)
w
 = IV  
t
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 P=I.V.....Watt
 EK.W.HF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 100Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
 K10‫א‬‫א‬100110
 W‫א‬

W=V× I × t
-83-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 W‫א‬ W
V 110
I= = = 1A
R 110
W‫א‬W
P=IV=110×1=110W
 W‫א‬W
W=P.T=110×100
=11000W.H
=11K.w.H
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬=11×10=110
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-:‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P wo
η = O =
Pi wi

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WEBatteriesF‫ א‬-1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬

WEElectric generatorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-2

E‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J WSolar Cell‫א‬‫ א‬-3

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl- 13001‫א‬ J 1
 J 2
  J 3
 J W
 KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 KA‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KL-13001 ‫א‬ -1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 V‫א‬‫א‬ -2

‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬-3
I = V / R =  mA
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -4

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


I= mA
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -5
 
K15 mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-6
R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -7
V= I × R = V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -8
 V = V
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 V‫א‬‫א‬ -9

K20 mA ‫א‬VR1 ‫א‬‫א‬ -10

KVR1 ‫א‬ -11
 VR1 = Ω
KVR1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -12
 VR1 = Ω
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 ‫؟‬‫א‬ -13
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 Ka‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KL-13001 ‫א‬ -1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2


 K 1kΩ VR1 ‫א‬‫ א‬-3

 J W‫א‬‫א‬ -4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 RT= Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-5
 I= mA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I=  mA ‫א‬‫א‬ -6
 ‫ ؟‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬6 5 ‫א‬‫א‬500Ω ‫א‬‫א‬ -7
RT =   Ω     
I=   mA  
 I= mA 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -8

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬ -9
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K1KΩ VR1 ‫א‬‫א‬-10
 RT = Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V=  V‫א‬‫א‬ -11


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -12
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬KVR1 = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬-13
 I= mA
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬-14
I1= mA    

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫؟‬K -15

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -16

 ‫؟‬-10‫א‬‫א‬+15‫א‬-17
 ‫؟‬‫א‬R6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-18
 I = mA
I1,I2‫א‬‫א‬R6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-19
 I= mA
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-20
I= mA 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-21
I = I1 + (-I2)= mA 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ -22
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -23
 ‫؟‬

 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
kl-13001‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
  J 4
 K
 J W‫א‬‫א‬

 KA‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KL-13001 ‫א‬ -1
 ‫؟‬R1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2
 R1 =  kΩ

 K+ 15 V ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -4

 ‫א‬‫א‬ -5
I = mA

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-6
P = I × V =  W   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-7
P = V2 /R =   W   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-8
P = I2 × R = W

 K‫א‬ -9
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -10
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ‫؟‬ -11
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 
-94-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
V=30V ‫א‬R=20Ω

‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
V=30V ‫א‬R=100Ω


R=50Ω‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
V=20V ‫א‬


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬W4

-95-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   -1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   -2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   -3
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -5
  -6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬


E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
4321W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
 ‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 ‫א‬ J 4
 ‫א‬ J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK







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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬



 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  



 W‫א‬‫א‬
KRC‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬ K5

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 22

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬
CAPACITOR
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E1J 7F‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬F
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬


 ‫א‬E1J 7F
 J W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
   E   F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EF ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
 K


-100-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 J W‫א‬‫א‬
EcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?F?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
 ?V?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EqF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q
C= ......F
v
‫א‬‫א‬EµFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EPFF‫א‬‫א‬ENFF

KE100µcF ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E10vF ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
q 100 × 10 −6
 C= = = 10µF
v 10
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E2J 7F‫א‬ECF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬E2J 7F

 J W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬

 ‫א‬E3J 7F
K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E 2J 7 F  
‫א‬   ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ EVF ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 J W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 7F
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FEτF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E
 W
T = RC S 
 K‫א‬‫א‬?c?‫א‬‫א‬R
37%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬37%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬63%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬99%‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 τ =5T=‫א‬

-103-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 τ =5T=‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5J 7F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

.‫ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت ذات اﻟﻌﺎزل اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ‬-2
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 E6J 7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E6J 7F‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

-:‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت ذات اﻟﻌﺎزل اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬-4
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت ذات ﻋﺎزل اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬-5
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


: ‫ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت ذات اﻟﻌﺎزل اﻟﺨﺰﻓﻲ‬-6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7J 7F‫א‬


 E7J 7F
: ( ‫ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ )اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻴﺔ‬-7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-106-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-2
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬-3
 ‫א‬1KΩ

 W‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -1


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8J 7F
 WC1‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q1=C1V •
 WC2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q2=C2V •
‫א‬C1,C2‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Q=q1+q2
 W‫א‬q
CV=C1V+C2V
 V
CV=V(C1+C2)
 ‫א‬‫א‬V 
CT= C1+C2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 CT= C1+C2+C3+ .... +Cn
-107-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9J 7F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 Q=q1=q2
Q = C1V=C2V •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V=V1+V2
 ‫א‬
q q q 1 1
=
c c + = q ( + )
1 c2 c1 c 2
 q
1 1 1
 c
= +
t c1 c 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1 1 1
 c
= + + + .......
t c1 c 2 c3 cn





-108-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X1R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K


 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬ERCF‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl-13001‫א‬ J 1
 J 2
  J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 d‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL-13001‫א‬ -1
K‫א‬‫א‬ -2

KC1‫א‬KVR1‫א‬1KΩVR1‫ א‬-3
K‫א‬ +10V‫א‬‫ א‬-4
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ -5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫؟‬ ‫א‬T =RC‫א‬‫ א‬-6
T = sec
W‫א‬‫א‬ VC=V (1-e-t/RC)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-7
Time (t) 0T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T
VC

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVR1‫א‬‫א‬ -8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 6.32V‫א‬
 ‫א‬
T= sec
W‫א‬‫א‬VC‫א‬ -9
Time (t) 0T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T
VC
‫؟‬‫א‬VC‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬9،8‫א‬‫א‬ -10
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200ΩVR1‫ א‬-11
T= sec
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬VR1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-12
‫؟‬5‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬R7‫א‬‫א‬ -13
‫؟‬‫א‬T =RC‫א‬‫ א‬-14
T=
-t/RC
W‫א‬‫א‬ VC=Ve ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-15
Time (t) 0T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T
VC
‫؟‬3.68V10VVC‫א‬‫א‬ -16
T= sec
‫؟‬19،17‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬VC‫א‬ -17
Time (t) 0T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T
VC
‫؟‬‫א‬VC‫א‬‫א‬ -17

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫؟‬‫א‬18،20‫א‬‫א‬ -18
 
  ‫؟‬‫א‬ -18
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬W1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
‫ وﺿﺢ آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻷوﻣﻴﺘﺮ ؟‬:7‫س‬














 



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
4321W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK









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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  





 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  



 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K4


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 19

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -2


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C)

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E1J 8F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬
 K
 EAF ‫א‬  ‫א‬     EBF ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE0,45,90,180,225,270,315,360)W‫א‬

E2J 8F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E3J 8F

 WEPERIODICTIMEFT‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 (S)‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WEFREQUENCYFF‫ א‬K2
 EFFEHZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
F=1/T ... HZ

 ‫؟‬T=2ΜSW
 W‫א‬
1 1
F= = = 500ΚΗΖ
T 2 × 10 −6
 WEVMAXF‫א‬‫ א‬-1
KEVPF‫א‬‫א‬
WEVMINF‫א‬‫ א‬-2
 EVPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEVPPF‫א‬ -3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VPP=2VP

 WEVRMSF‫א‬‫ א‬-4
- 120 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V max
  Vrms = 
2
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I=IMAX SIN Α
V=VMAX SIN Α
Α=ΩT‫א‬‫א‬α 
 WΩ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -6
‫א‬  EΩF    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ERAD/SECF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ω =2ΠF RAD/SEC
 
Α = ΩT = 2ΠFT
RL= ‫א‬‫א‬E I=20 SIN 30 A FW
 W‫א‬12Ω
 IRMS‫א‬‫א‬ -1
α ‫א‬‫א‬ -2
VRMS‫א‬‫א‬ -3
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
IMAX = 20 A
Α = 30O
 

- 121 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬

Imax 20
Irms = = = 14.14A
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V=I×R
VRMS= IRMS × R
= 14.14 × 12 = 169.68 V


- 122 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬

 OSCILLOSCOPE

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- 123 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EVerticalF EPowerF‫א‬ EScreenF‫א‬
EInputsF‫א‬‫א‬ Trigger‫א‬ EHorizontalF

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 EScreenF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K1

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K1
 EPOWERF‫ א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2
  ‫א‬
 KFOCUS‫א‬‫א‬ -3
 AUTOSET ABORT‫א‬ -4
INTENSITY‫א‬ -5

EVerticalF


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Einput channelsF ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EwaveformF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -1
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFDCEFAC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFGND
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -4
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬
 K‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬

 KC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


2‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 4 × 2 = 8V

K‫א‬‫א‬5 ‫א‬
 5×4= 20VZ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -5
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬ -6
 KCH1‫א‬‫א‬ -7
 KCH2‫א‬‫א‬ -8

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬EprobesF‫א‬
W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BNC-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 


 ‫א‬‫א‬ -9

EHorizontalF

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -1
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 K0.8Z 0.2X4Z‫א‬0.2
 ETRIGGERF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


K(AUTO)   ENORMALF     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬   -2
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ??   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLEVEL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -4
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -5
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬External‫א‬EXT
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬HFRKWCOUPLING‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬High Frequency

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Low Frequency‫א‬LFR
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬KDCAC

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DC
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WDELAY‫א‬‫א‬ -8

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬
 FUNCTION GENERATOR
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-1
 E––FEFUNCTIONF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2
E100-1K-10K-100KF‫א‬‫א‬ERANGF‫א‬‫א‬ -3
EAMPLITUDEF‫א‬ -4
‫א‬1K‫א‬EFREQUENCYF‫א‬3‫א‬ -5
 ‫א‬1KHZ100HZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2
K‫א‬‫א‬ -3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬(0.5/CM)‫א‬(2V/CM)‫א‬ -3
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -4
(T)‫א‬  (F)‫א‬ (VPP)‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
500HZ 8V  ‫א‬‫א‬
200HZ 10V  ‫א‬‫א‬
4MS 12V  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -5
 W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  



 ‫؟‬‫א‬ -6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 J ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬WW2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7


 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J 1
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
4321W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
‫א‬ J 2
  J 3



 W‫א‬‫א‬
 33

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ge‫א‬Si‫א‬
 K‫א‬ECrystalF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E1J 1F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E1J 1F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬300OK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬


 ‫א‬E2J 1F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 En-type semiconductorFn-J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 donor impurity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 n‫א‬E3J 1F
 WEp- type semiconductorFp-‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Hole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E4J 1F‫א‬Acceptor‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p- 


 E4J 1F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 The p-n Junction DiodeEp-nF‫א‬

FE‫א‬‫א‬Fp-n‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
np-n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p
p-n‫א‬E5J 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬p ‫א‬EBarrierF‫א‬‫א‬
EHolesF‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬


 E5J 1F
 Wp-n‫א‬‫א‬
p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDepletion RegionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 p-n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6J 1F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬n‫א‬P‫א‬
 W Forward Bias‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
EAnodeF‫א‬p‫א‬p-n‫א‬
ECathodeF‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E7J 1F‫א‬
 K‫א‬


E7J 1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.7F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- 145 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 WReverse Bias‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8J 1F
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬Fn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EP-TypeFA‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬


E8J 1F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Si ‫א‬Ge ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9J 1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.3o.7
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬EBreakdown ZenerF
 EZener Diode‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬


 E9J 1F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬WZener Diode‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVaractor Diode‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTunnel Diode‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
K‫א‬
‫א‬WPhoto Diode‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
‫א‬WLED‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100GHz‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W J 1


 E10J 1F
a‫א‬E10J 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬b‫א‬
‫א‬ba‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W J 2


 E11J 1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11J 1F‫א‬
‫א‬D1‫א‬D1,D3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬D3‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬D2K‫א‬D2,D4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬D1,D3K‫א‬D4‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WERipple Factor)r‫א‬
DC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E12J 1F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E13J 1F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
Diode Characteristics
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 W‫א‬
 kl- 21001‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
kl-13007‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ J 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KKL-21001
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
 a‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

+V‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬+10V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
‫א‬VR1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
K0.1mA‫א‬‫א‬VR1‫א‬
  J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
IF(mA) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
VF(V)              

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
IF
 

VF(V)

VR1‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 9
 K1V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 10
VR( V) -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
IR(mA)     

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
 IR(mA)

VF(V)
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 12
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 13
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 
Half wave Rectifier

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl- 21001‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
kl-13007‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 b‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

K‫א‬‫א‬9V‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4

‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 W‫א‬ J 6
VP.P = ……………..V
T= ………………V
F= 1/T = …………….Hz


 KR4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 7
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬ J 9
 VP.P = ……………..V
- 155 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 T= ………………
 F= 1/T = …………….Hz
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(C1)‫א‬ J 10
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬C2C1‫א‬‫ א‬J 12

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         


- 156 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 C1=10µF, C2=100µF‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 13
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 14
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- 157 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 
Full Wave Rectifier
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl- 21001‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
kl-13007‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ J 3

 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 b‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

K‫א‬‫א‬9V‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 W‫א‬ J 6
VP.P = ……………..V
T= ………………V
F= 1/T = …………….Hz


 KR4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 7

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         


- 159 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬ J 9
VP.P = ……………..V
 T= ………………V
  F= 1/T = …………….Hz
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(C1)‫א‬ J 10

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
Vr= …………………V

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 12
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬C2C1‫א‬‫ א‬J 13
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 14
Vr= …………………V

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 15
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- 161 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫؟‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W6
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W7

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬  J 1
p
‫א‬  J 2
 n
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
3 2 1W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 4
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
  
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 





 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬LED J 5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 11


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 
 Zener Diode
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1J 2FK


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1J 2F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vz‫א‬‫א‬
 K100W25 – 200V‫א‬
 W‫א‬


 E2J 2F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

ERegulator VoltageF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2J 2F‫א‬
‫א‬Vz‫א‬‫א‬VL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RL ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ELight Emitting DiodeFLED
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 LEDE3J 2F
 W‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 2F
LED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LEDK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 WLED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2V‫א‬EVFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FLED ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LEDE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LED‫א‬‫א‬K
 WK‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫ א‬
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬F‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LED
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE3J 2F‫א‬


E3J 2F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
E5J 2F7-Segment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LED


 E5J 2F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 
 Zener Diode Characteristics

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬ J 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
kl-13007‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫ א‬J 5

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 a‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

.+V‫א‬‫א‬+15V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J 4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬VR1‫א‬ J 5
‫א‬KVR11‫א‬2‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Iz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
‫؟‬‫א‬KVz
Vin 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 15
Vz           
Iz           


‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬Iz‫א‬Vz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Voltage Regulator

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl- 21001‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 kl-13008‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ J 3
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
KC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL-13008‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

K‫א‬E1KΩFVR1‫א‬ J 3



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬VR1
Vin VR1 Vout
8V Max.(1kΩ) 
12V Max.(1kΩ) 
10V Max.(1kΩ) 
10V Min (0Ω) 

‫؟‬‫א‬ J 5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 LED Characteristics

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl- 21001‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 kl-13007‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KL13007‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
K‫א‬
K+V‫א‬‫א‬10V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
LED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VR1‫א‬ J 5
VF‫א‬LED‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
W‫א‬‫א‬LED‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

IF=………………………….mA
VF= ……………………………V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
IF(mA) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VF(V)          

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ LED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 9

K
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 10
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 J 1
‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LED‫א‬‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LED‫א‬‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LED‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬LED‫א‬‫א‬ ‰


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬–3
LED‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
3 2 1W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 4
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
  
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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
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
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 



 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 33

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
UNIPOLAR- JUNCTION FUJT‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 ETRANSISTOR
BJT‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
EFIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORFFET‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 WBJT‫א‬‫א‬


 E1J 3F
 WE1J 3F‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬FWBASE J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEMITTER J 2
-184-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬WCOLLECTOR J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EPNPF‫א‬ENPNFBJT‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KP-N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
KE2J 3F


 E2J 3F
PNP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

E3J 3F


E3J 3F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
 EPF‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
IE = IB + IC

 ‫א‬IEW
 ‫א‬IC
 ‫א‬IB
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
W(BETA)Β‫א‬ J 1
 IB‫א‬IC ‫א‬‫א‬
Β= IC/IB
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20020‫א‬‫א‬Β‫א‬
 HFE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10000‫א‬Β
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 WΑ‫א‬ J 2
 WIE‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬
 Α = IC/IE
 K0.9950.90Α‫א‬

 WΒΑ‫א‬
 WΒΑ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IE = IC + IB
 IC‫א‬
I E IC I B
= +
IC IC IC
: ‫ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬Β=IC/IE ‫ وآﺬﻟﻚ‬Α= IC/IE
1 1
  α
= 1+
β 

 KΒ‫א‬Α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ΑΒ

β
α=
β +1
β = α ( β + 1)
α = β − αβ
 α = β (1 − α )
α
β =
1−α


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 WCOMMON BASE‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W0UTPUT CHARACTERS‫א‬–
 IE‫א‬‫א‬VCB‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
ACTIVE REGION‫א‬‫• א‬
CUTOFF REGION‫א‬ •
SATURATION REGION‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5J 3F
 WACTIVE REGION‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬VCB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC
 WCUTOFF REGION‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬IC ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
OFF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 KSWITCH

 WSATURATION REGION‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIEIC‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 ON SWITCH

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬J 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6J 3F
VCB‫א‬IE‫א‬VEB‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VEB‫א‬‫א‬IE‫א‬
E6J 3FVEBIE‫א‬VCB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WCOMMON EMITTER‫א‬‫א‬ J 2


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7J 3F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8J 3F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 OFF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ON ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9J 3F

 VCE‫א‬IB‫א‬VBE‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


WCOMMON COLLECTOR‫א‬‫א‬ J 3


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10J 3F
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 IB‫א‬IE‫א‬VEC‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 VEC‫א‬‫א‬IB‫א‬VBC‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11J 3F‫א‬


 E11J 3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-192-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12J 3F‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬PNPNPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PNPNPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
-193-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 PNP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬J 6

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬ J 2


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KL-13007‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
‫ א‬J 5


 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
 KC‫א‬TR2(PNP)‫א‬‫א‬TR1(NPN)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R×100‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬RF(C-B)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TR1
K‫א‬‫א‬KRF(E-B) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R×10K‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TR1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KRR(E-B)‫א‬RR(C-B)
 ‫א‬TR2‫א‬3‫א‬2‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬ J 5
 RF(E-B) RF(C-B) RR(E-B) RR(C-B)
 TR1    
 TR2    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6

+V‫א‬‫א‬+15V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 7
KIB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VR2‫א‬ J 8
VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VR3‫א‬
K‫א‬VR3‫א‬ J 9
VR2‫א‬K‫א‬ J 10
. 10µA
VR3‫א‬KVCE
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
VCE = 1V
IC‫א‬VCEK‫א‬ J 12
‫א‬
 IB = 10µA
VCE (V)  1  2  3  4  5  6
IC (MA)      

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬VR2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IB = 20µA‫א‬ J 13
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬VR3
 IB = 20µA
VCE (V)  1  2  3  4  5  6
IC (MA)      
‫א‬VR2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IB = 30µA‫א‬ J 14
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬VR3
 IB = 30µA
VCE (V)  1  2  3  4  5  6
IC (MA)      

W‫א‬TR1‫א‬ΑΒ‫א‬‫ א‬J 15
∆I I −I
β = C = C 2 C1 = ...................
∆I B I B 2 − I B1
β
α= = ......................
1+ β

-197-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


IC‫א‬VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 16
 . IB=10,20,30µA

‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 17
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


-198-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OPERATIONS OF TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬ J 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KL-13008‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
‫ א‬J 5

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL-13008‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

K‫א‬‫א‬+10V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 VB=………………………V
VC=……………………….V
-199-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 VE=………………………..V

WR3 = 1KΩ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
IC= VR3/R3 = ………………..MA

‫א‬VPP= 0.5V1KHZ‫א‬‫ א‬J 6

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

KVIN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
K‫א‬‫א‬VO1‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 8

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

-200-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 9

 VPP=…………………….V
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 10
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
WAV‫א‬‫ א‬J 11
 AV1= VO1/VIN =……………..

K‫א‬‫א‬VO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 12
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

W‫א‬‫א‬ J 13
 VPP=…………………V
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 14
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
WAV‫א‬‫ א‬J 15
AV2= VO2/VIN =……………..

 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J 16
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-201-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫؟א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬180‫א‬‫א‬W5


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 BJT

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
3 2 1W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 4
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
  
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬





 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

11

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 FET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 FET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬ J 2
FET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
FET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 22

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 FET‫א‬‫א‬
Filed Effect Transistor

‫א‬Unipolar device ‫א‬FET‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 WFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Junction FET)JFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KIGFETMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 WJFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬


 JFET‫א‬‫א‬E1J 4F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

EpFnE1J 4FJFET‫א‬
 KEnFp‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EN ChannelFN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P FP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬N
 Echannel
‫א‬‫א‬n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kp‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSourceESF‫ א‬J 1
n‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬s‫א‬KIs‫א‬Ep‫א‬‫א‬
 KBJT‫א‬
 WDrainEDF‫ א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KBJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ID
WGateEGF‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WJFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E2J 4F
 E2J 4Fp‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬JFTE 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NJFET
D
K‫א‬PK‫א‬‫א‬

 WNJFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WVDS = 0،VGS = 0 J 


 E3J 4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VDS=0ID=0‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 PN
 ‫א‬
 WEVDS>0F VDS VGS=0J 


 E4J 4F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

VDSD‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬
EPinch – off voltageFVPO‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KIDSS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEVGSFVGS<0،VDS=0J 


 E5J 4F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VGSOFF‫א‬‫א‬VGS E5J 4Fcutoff
 0ID=0
 WJFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E6J 4F

- 210 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬FVP‫א‬E6J 4F‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VDS‫א‬
‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬VGS‫א‬
 W‫א‬
2
⎡ VGS ⎤
 ID = IDSS ⎢1 − ⎥
⎣ VGS OFF ⎦

 W
 WN-channel JFET‫א‬‫א‬
VGS=-1V ID‫א‬‫א‬VGSOFF=-3.5V،IDss=10Ma
 ‫؟‬‫א‬VGS=-2V
 ‫א‬
2
⎡ VGS ⎤
 ID = IDSS ⎢1 − ⎥
⎣ VGS OFF ⎦
 VGS = -1
2
−3 ⎡ −1 ⎤
 ID = 10 × 10 ⎢⎣ − 3.5 ⎥⎦ = 5.1mA
1 −

 VGS= -2
2
⎡ −3 −2 ⎤
 ID = 10 × 10 ⎢1 − − 3.5 ⎥ = 1.84mA
⎣ ⎦
 ID=0 When VGS = VGSOFF= -3.5V

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WTransconductancegm‫א‬


 ‫א‬E7J 4F

 WVDS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆ID
 gm = → VDS
∆VGS
 (s)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬gmoVGO=0ID=IDSS‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2
⎡ VGS ⎤
 ID = IDSS ⎢1 − VP ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 WgmVGS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− 2 IDSS ⎛ VGS ⎞
 gm = VP ⎝
⎜1 −
VP ⎠
⎟

 W‫א‬VGS
 gm = gmo
 W‫א‬VGS=0
− 2 IDSS
gmo =
VP

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Metal-oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W( Depletion – enhancement MOSFET )DE MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 WVGS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬NDE-MOSFETVGS J 1
NDE-MOSFETVGS J 2

 WEnhancement – only (E – MOSFET ) J  
VGS‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬DE- MOSFET‫א‬
OFF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IDVGS = 0 
 KMOSFET

 WDE- MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬


 E8J 4F
‫א‬‫א‬E8J 4F(DE MOSFET)‫א‬
Kp‫א‬n‫א‬EaJ 8J 4F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

EaJ 8J 4F‫א‬ SS
 Eb,cJ 8J 4F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
WnEDepletion modeF‫א‬‫א‬ J 


 E9J 4F
 ‫א‬VGS = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J 2
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
EcJ 9J 4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
ID‫א‬
‫א‬VGSOFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WN- channel Enhancement mode  J 

 W‫א‬


 E10J 4F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VGS = 0 J 1
 ID‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 2
EdJ 10J 4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
ID‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WEnhancement only N- channel MOSFET‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬


P‫א‬DE-MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Ksio2‫א‬
 G‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ID = O

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E11J 4F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬


 E12J 4F
‫א‬VDD‫א‬ID=0VGS=0 J 1
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ID‫א‬
‫א‬NVGS‫ א‬J 3
(Threshold voltage ) VGSTh
VGSTh>VGSID=0VGS<VGSTh  J 4
E12J 4FID‫א‬‫א‬

 n‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬P channel E – ONLY MOSFET W

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 FET Characteristics

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KL-13007‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
‫ א‬J 5


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Ke‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬




VGSVR5‫א‬K–V‫א‬-15V J 3
VDS‫א‬VR6‫א‬K+V‫א‬+15V J 4
VGS = 0‫א‬VR5‫א‬ J 5
VR6‫א‬S‫א‬D‫א‬ J 6
ID‫א‬KVDS = 1V
K‫א‬‫א‬VDS J 7
VGS=0V
VDS(V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
ID(mA)

‫א‬VGS = - 0.25VVR5‫א‬ J 8

VGS=-0.25V
VDS(V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
ID(mA)

‫א‬VGS = - 0.5VVR5‫א‬ J 9

VGS=-0.5V
VDS(V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
ID(mA)

- 219 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬VGS = - 0.75VVR5‫א‬ J 10

VGS=-0.75V
VDS(V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
ID(mA)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 11
FET‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬ J 12
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- 220 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 
 Touch-controlled Switch

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬FET‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KL-13008‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
‫ א‬J 5

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Kg‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KL-13008‫א‬ J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

- 221 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K+V‫א‬‫א‬+10V‫א‬ J 3
‫؟‬LED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J 4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
K‫א‬
‫؟‬LED‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 6

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VF VE VD VC VB VA ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬ J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫؟‬‫א‬FET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫؟‬FET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬JFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 WJFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 N‫א‬ ‰
P‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬ ‰
 WJFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

ID = 0 ‰
 ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ID‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬ ‰
 W‫א‬‫א‬VP‫א‬J 
ID‫א‬ ‰
ID‫א‬ ‰
ID‫א‬ ‰
ID‫א‬ ‰
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EFW5
P-DE-MOSFET‫א‬ ‰
K
NJ DE-MOSFET‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬DE-MOSFET‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬ ‰
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 FET

 FET‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 FET‫א‬‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 FET‫א‬
 FET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J 6
FET‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
3 2 1W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 4
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
  
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬





 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬

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
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
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

12

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 11


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15–10‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬ J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬
 Photo Diode


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1J 5F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2J 5F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬n
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2J 5F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K(dark current )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3J 5F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E3J 5F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESolar CellF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Photo Transistor



 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 5F‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 5F


 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kβ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 WOptcoupler‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E5J 5F
K‫א‬K‫א‬LEDE5J 5F
‫א‬K  VS‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ LED‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Photo resistors
 W‫א‬‫א‬


 E6J 5F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ECDSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7J 5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7J 5F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 W


 E8J 5F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8J 5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬CR1,R2,R3‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
BPX29‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KBPX25
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E9J 5F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9J 5F‫א‬‫א‬
OFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ON‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 CDS Characteristics

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KL-13010‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫ א‬J 5
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ka‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL-13010‫א‬ J 1
K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
K‫א‬
R= …………………..Ω
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
R= …………………..Ω
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
60W‫א‬‫א‬ J 6

R= …………………..Ω

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


K‫א‬ J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬
 Light Controlled Circuit


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
KL-13010‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫ א‬J 5
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Ka‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KL-13010‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


K+V‫א‬‫א‬+6V‫א‬ J 3
LED1‫א‬‫א‬VR1‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A,B.C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
LED‫א‬  VC  VB  VA  ‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬
     ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
‫א‬

‫א‬K(VR1+R1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
‫؟‬‫א‬LED‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬ J 9
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
3 2 1W‫א‬ KK…………W‫א‬
 4
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
  
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK







-243-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  





 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬









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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

13

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15–10‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 22


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Integrated Circuit

Chip‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(external pins )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KIC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E1J 6F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WIC‫א‬‫א‬E1J 6F‫א‬
P ‫א‬EF J 1
 Ka‫א‬‫א‬ N
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p‫א‬ J 2
Kb,c,d
Ke‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
E2J 6F J 4

 E2J 6F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Data Sheets )
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، 
 KE3J 6F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 E3J 6F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WIC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WIC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K J 1
K‫ א‬J 2
K‫ א‬J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
Linear J 1
 Digital J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(binary )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W(Small Scale Integration ) SSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
‫א‬12K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W(Medium Scale Integration ) MSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
SSI‫א‬‫א‬12-100
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Encoders‫א‬Decoders‫א‬(Counters )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Arithmetic circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Small memories
 W(Large Scale Integration ) LSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬
 (Microprocessors )‫א‬
 W(Very Large Scale Integration ) VLSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KESingle chipF‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WEDigital Integrated Circuits Families )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
TTL : Transistor - Transistor Logic
ECL : Emitter – Coupled Logic
MOS: Metal – Oxide Semiconductor
CMOS: Complementary Metal – Oxide Semiconductor
I2L : Integrated – Injection Logic

 ‫א‬ TTL
 ‫א‬‫א‬ECL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I2L،MOS
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CMOS
‫א‬‫א‬54XXX74XXXTTL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E74XXXF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
CMOSK 10102 , 1010710XXXECL
 K4002405040XX‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬7454
 W‫א‬
 Low power schottky 74LSXX
High speed47Hxx
 Low power‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L74Lxx

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
30 – 80‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
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 WData Sheets‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Recommended Operating Conditions  J 1
Electrical Characteristics  J 2
 SwitchingCharacteristics J 3
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W 
 W555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E4J 6F
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4J 6F‫א‬

 Ground ‫ א‬J 1

 Trigger‫ א‬J 2
 Output‫ א‬J 3
 Reset ‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
 Control Voltage‫א‬ J 5
  Threshold‫א‬ J 6
Discharge J 7
VCC‫א‬ J 8
 
،‫א‬‫א‬،555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،
 555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5J 6F‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 E5J 6F
 W555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1



 E6J 6F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬C‫א‬R‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 T=1.1 × R ×C

 E7J 6F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2



 E8J 6F
‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬E8J 6F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 E9J 6F
 W‫א‬‫א‬IC555‫א‬‫א‬


 E10J 6F
IC555‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 W‫א‬W2
 KSSI‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
KVLSI‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
KTTL J 3
ICLS‫א‬ J 4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 W‫א‬‫א‬W5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬TTLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W6



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 256 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
3 2 1W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 4
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
  
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK







- 257 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬






 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  W‫א‬

- 258 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬


Fixed Resistor


Potentiometer

 
Variable Resistor

‫א‬
LDR

‫א‬
NTC

‫א‬
PTC


Non-Polarized
Capacitor


Polarized Capacitor


Variable Capacitor
- 259 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


Fixed Coil


Variable Coil


Transformer With
Magnetic Core


Relay


Relay

‫א‬
Diode

‫א‬
Zener Diode

‫א‬
LED

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Varactor
‫א‬
E‫א‬)

- 260 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


SCR

‫א‬
Triac

‫א‬‫א‬
NPN (Transistor)

‫א‬ ‫א‬
PNP

‫א‬‫א‬
P-type (UJT)

‫א‬‫א‬
N-type

‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N-Channel (FET)
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P-Channel

‫א‬
E‫א‬)
Photo Transistor NPN

- 261 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬
Buffer
‫א‬
Inverter (NOT)
‫א‬
 AND (2-input)

‫א‬
AND (2-input)
 ‫א‬
OR (2-input)
‫א‬‫א‬
NOR (2-input)


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Integrated Circuits
(IC)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7-Segment LED
Display


Loud Speaker

- 262 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


Earphone


Microphone


Measuring Instrument


Volt-Meter


Amper-Meter

J 
LAMP


Switch


Battery


Power Supply

- 263 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


Solar Cell


Fuse

‫א‬
Bar Antenna

‫א‬J 
Antenna (Aerial)


Earth


Chassis

- 264 -
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫ א‬-2
‫א‬L،L،
KK‫א‬‫ א‬-3
‫א‬L K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -4
L،
‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬-5
L‫א‬‫א‬2002 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-6
L،LK‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ -7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS . -8

- 265 -
  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬



 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 1  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 19 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 41 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 53 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 69 W‫א‬‫א‬
 94 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 111 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 132 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 157 W‫א‬‫א‬
 173 BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 195 FET‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 216 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 232 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 246  ‫א‬‫א‬
 252  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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