The Mediating Effect Concurrent

Training Has on Strength in

Sedentary Women

Group 16
Ray Carr, Joe Maisano, Victoria Smith,
Sarah Jeffreys, Lorna Schaefer
ATR4610, University of North Florida
 Outline
• Dependent Variable • Participants
– Background
– Current Use
• Dependent Variable
– Changes in strength
• What we know (1RM)
– Prevalence • Independent Variables
– Relationship with strength gain – Endurance Training
• Purpose of the study Protocol
– Statement of the problem • Methods
– Research questions • Statistical analysis
– Significance of the study
• Limitations
• Data protocol
 Dependent Variable
● Strength training increases muscular capacity
to perform work.1
● 1Rep Max (1RM)
● Endurance training increases maximum
uptake of oxygen (VO2max).2
● Concurrent training increases muscular
endurance.3
1
Campos, G., et al., Muscular, 2002
2
Mikkola, J., et al., Neuromuscular, 2012
3
Takeshema, N., et al., Effect, 2004
 What We Know
● Neuromuscular and hypertrophic
adaptations4
● Menopause
● Strength gains slow the loss of bone density5
● Reduces the risk of injury in aging adults5

4
Hakkinen, K,. et al., Chages, 2001
5
CDC, Physical, 2015
 Statement of the Problem
• This study will examine the relationship
between strength changes in concurrent
training and strength training alone.
 Research Question
• Does concurrent training cause a change in
muscle strength, compared to strength
training alone?
 Significance of the Study
• This study is unique because it will compare
the effect of concurrent training and strength
training alone on 1RM assessed strength in
sedentary adult women in the Jacksonville
area.
 Data Protocol
Weekly Exercises 1RM Testing
● Olympic Bar7 ● Olympic Style Bench
● Leg Extension Press3
Machine6 ● Leg Extension
● Leg Curl Machine Machine6
● Cable Pulldown
Machine
● Dumbbells
● Spin Bike6 6
Ferketich,A.K,. et al., Cardiovascular,1998
● Squat rack7 7
3
Hickson, R.C., et al., Interference,1980
Takeshima, N, et al., Effect of, 2004
 Participants
The study sample will meet these conditions:
1. 20 adult women total
2. 2 groups of 10
3. Women 30-40 years of age
4. Sedentary lifestyle-spending too much time
inactive for 6 months8
5. No overnight job
6. Not pregnant

8
Hickson, R. C., et al., Potential, 1988
 Dependent Variable
• Changes in lean muscle mass in women during
a concurrent strength and endurance protocol
1RM9.
• Adaptive responses to concurrent training4.

9
Bell, G.J., et al., Effect, 2000
4
Hakkinen, K, et al., Changes, 2001
 Independent Variables
Primary Independent Variable
– Endurance Training Protocol

Other Independent Variables

– Age: 30-40
– Gender: Females
– Activity Level: Sedentary
 Method
• Participants
– Mass email/Radio advertisement
– PAR-Q10
– Meet sedentary activity level criteria

10 National Academy of Sports Medicin

 Method
• Instruments
– 1RM test6,11
• Leg extension
• Bench Press
– Cycling heart rate9
• Instant Heart Rate
application
– Azumio Inc.

11
Holviala, J. H.,et al., The Effects, 1998
6
Ferketich,A.K,. et al., Cardiovascular,1998
9
Bell G.J., et al., Effect of Concurrent, 2000
 Method
• Procedures
– 12 week program11, training 3 days/week8
• Strength training 45 minutes
• Endurance training 30 minutes
– Testing every 3rd week

11
Holviala, J. H.,et al., The Effects, 2009
8
Hickson, R. C., et al., Potential, 1988
 Design
• 5 min dynamic stretching warm-up
• Strength training8
– Monday: Back squat, knee extension, leg curls, calf
raises
– Wednesday: Bench press, lat pulldowns, tricep
extension, cable cross-over
– Friday: Bicep curl, good mornings, abdominal raises,
plank, back extension
• Endurance training9
– 30 min of cycling
• 5 min cool-down 8
Hickson, R. C., et al., Potential, 1988
9
Bell G.J., et al., Effect of Concurrent, 2000
 Design
Strength Training:

• WEEK 1-3: 40-60% (1RM)

• WEEK 3-6: 60-80% (1RM)
• WEEK 6-9: 70-90% (1RM)
• WEEK 9-12: 70-90% (1RM)

12
Sillanpää et al., Body, 2009
 Design
Endurance Training:

• WEEK 1-3: 60-65% of MHR

• WEEK 3-6: 65-75% of MHR
• WEEK 6-9: 75-82% of MHR
• WEEK 9-12: Alternating 75-82% and 82-94% of MHR
• MHR : 220 - age

12
Sillanpää et al., Body, 2009
 Statistical Analysis
• Recorded into Excel
• Independent two sample T-test
Statistical Analysis
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis
 Study Limitations
• Physical activity other than designated
workouts
• Sleep
• Medical condition and injury during study
 References
1. Campos, G., Luecke, T., Wendeln, H., Toma, K., Hagerman, F., Murray, T., . . . Staron, R. (2002). Muscular
adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training
zones. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(1-2), 50-60. doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0681-6
2. Mikkola, J., Rusko, H., Izquierdo, M., Gorostiaga, E., & Häkkinen, K. (2012). Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular
Adaptations During Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training in Untrained Men. International Journal of Sports
Medicine, 33(09), 702-710. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1295475
3. Takeshima, N., Rogers, M. E., Islam, M. M., Yamauchi, T., Watanabe, E., & Okada, A. (2004). Effect of concurrent
aerobic and resistance circuit exercise training on fitness in older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology,
93(1-2), 173-182. doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1193-3
4. Häkkinen, K., Kraemer, W. J., Newton, R. U., & Alen, M. (2001). Changes in electromyographic activity, muscle fibre
and force production characteristics during heavy resistance/power strength training in middle-aged and older
men and women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 171(1), 51-62. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00781.x
5. Physical Activity and Health. (2015, June 04). Retrieved November 01, 2017, from
https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm#StrengthenBonesMuscle
6. F., K., & A. (1998). Cardiovascular and muscular adaptations to combined endurance and strength training in
elderly women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 164(3), 259-267. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.00428.x
7. Hickson, R. C. (1980). Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and
endurance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,45(2-3), 255-263.
doi:10.1007/bf00421333
8. Hickson, R. C., Dorvak, B. A., Gorostiaga, M., Kurowski, T. T., & Foster, C. (1988). Potential for strength and
endurance training to amplify endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 65(5). Retrieved October 20,
2017.
 References
9. Bell, G. J., Syrotuik, D., Martin, T. P., Burnham, R., & Quinney, H. A. (2000). Effect of concurrent strength and
endurance training on skeletal muscle properties and hormone concentrations in humans. European Journal of
Applied Physiology,81(5), 418-427. Retrieved October 20, 2017
10. “Physical Activity Readiness Form.” National Academy of Sports Medicine.
11. Holviala, J. H., Sallinen, J. M., Kraemer, W. J., Alen, M. J., & Häkkinen, K. K. (2006). Effects Of Strength Training On
Muscle Strength Characteristics,functional Capabilities, And Balance In Middle-Aged And Older Women. Journal
of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 336-344. doi:10.1519/00124278-200605000-00018
12. Sillanpää, E., Laaksonen, D. E., Häkkinen, A., Karavirta, L., Jensen, B., Kraemer, W. J., . . . Häkkinen, K. (2009). Bc
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(2), 285-296. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1013-x
13. Figueroa, A., Park, S. Y., Seo, D. Y., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., & Baek, Y. H. (2011). Combined resistance and
endurance exercise training improves arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and muscle strength in postmenopausal
women. Menopause, 18(9), 980-984. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3182135442
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Retrieved October 3, 2017. McCarthy , J. P. (n.d.). 511-519. Retrieved October 3, 2017
15. Haff, G., & Triplett, N. T. (2016). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Thank you!

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