MICRO Shadows Horizontal Sun Dial Guide

MICRO Shadows
How to make a simple horizontal sun dial

COOK BOOK FORMAT ~ NO THEORY
Simon Wheaton-Smith
October 2012
Copies may be made and used provided credit is given to the author Simon Wheaton-Smith and to the web site:
www.illustratingshadows.com. Copies may not be sold. This notice must be carried over. If you like this, consider purchasing
Illustrating Time’s Shadow. And the appendices to all this series of books is free.
extracted from the book ILLUSTRATING TIME’S SHADOW
The book ILLUSTRATING TIME’S SHADOW is FREE on the web site
Please consider acquiring "ILLUSTRATING TIME’S SHADOW" ~ How to make

Sundials for almost anywhere using empirical, geometric, and trigonometric
methods as well as computer aided design and spreadsheets.
Or try "SIMPLE SHADOWS" which has all this material plus many pages of
explanations focused on the horizontal dial, and gives you a flavor of the main
book "ILLUSTRATING TIME’S SHADOW". SIMPLE SHADOWS is also free and
you download it.
FREE Please download:- microShadows.xls for Excel
from:- www.illustratingshadows.com
or illustrating-shadows.xls for Excel
which is a conglomeration of spreadsheets for dial design, and also has a

reverse engineering spreadsheet for making store bought dials work. There is an
Excel as well as an Open Office version. Both provide graphical depictions of
sundials.
FREE Please download the Reverse Engineering article for making store
bought dials work if you have one, and you are frustrated.
Micro Shadows
October 2012
How to make a simple horizontal sun dial
Simon Wheaton-Smith
ISBN 0-9765286-7-3 ISBN13 978-0-9765286-7-8
extracted from Simple Shadows
extracted from Illustrating Time’s Shadow
(c) 2005-2012 Simon Wheaton-Smith All rights reserved. However, this may be given as is for no cost beyond copying,
to anyone; and selections may be copied provided credit is given to this book, author, and referenced works, and the
author emailed for information purposes at: illustratingshadows@yahoo.com Please check:
www.illustratingshadows.com
regularly for articles, updates, templates, or spreadsheets. An all purpose spreadsheet covering many dialing functions is
available there.
1
www.illustratingshadows.com Simon Wheaton-Smith
this document may be copied provided this credit and credits in this document are retained.
A QUICK HANDS ON PROJECT ~ ~ ~ BUILD IT FIRST – FIX IT NEXT

The next two pages offer a simple "go ahead and build it" horizontal sundial, then see what needs
to be done to make it accurate. The rest of the book is the other way around, theory to
understand what is going on, then build it. These two pages help you build a horizontal dial and
for all readers, this is a good prelude to the rest of the book. And now, some questions…
1. What is your latitude (how far north or south are you from the equator). Many maps show
this, and so does a GPS. In the appendices, Table A2.5 may help.
my latitude is:
2. EITHER download the spreadsheet at:

www.illustratingshadows.com/microShadows.xls
then enter the latitude. OR go to tables A3.1a, A3.1b, or A3.1c in the appendices, look at
the latitude at the top of the columns, then find the angles for the hours you wish marked.
6 7 8 9 10 11 noon morning hours

6 5 4 3 2 1 noon afternoon hours
3. Mark the lines on the template "A DRAFTING SHEET FOR HORIZONTAL DIALS" from
the appendices. The end result should look
roughly like the fan of lines to the right.
Noon is going to be on the north south line

and the 6am and 6pm lines will be at 90
degrees to that, The other lines will fan out,
and their angles depend on your latitude. dial plate
dial center
4. Transpose the hour lines to wood, PVC,

copper, glass, concrete, or any other
gnomon
medium. This is called the dial plate.
5. Build a shadow casting device, called a gnomon, it is a triangle whose angle from the dial
plate is equal to the latitude. The angle is important, the length is not, unless you want to
add other information related to the time of year, discussed in the main part of the book.
NOTE: the gnomon should be thin. If it is thick as shown above, then the am and pm
hours should be separated at noon to account for it.
6. Affix the gnomon to the dial plate, the latitude angle end rests on top of where the hour
lines converge (dial center), and it lies on the north south line, or the noon line.
to the
equator
gnomon style
latitude
dial center
to the nearest pole

2
7. Take the dial plate, it's affixed gnomon on the noon line and place it in the sun.
8. Align the noon line with north/south, and the gnomon's end placed on dial center (where
it meets the hour lines), should point to the equator, south in the northern hemisphere or
north in the southern hemisphere.
By north, true north is meant, not the north where a compass points. To find true north,
first find magnetic north by using a compass but keep away from metal.
Then find your location's magnetic variation, or declination as sun dial people call it. If it is
an easterly declination you must back away from north to the west. If it is a westerly
declination, you must back away from north to the east. Magnetic declinations are often
found on maps, and a table and a map in the appendix has declination information.
my magnetic declination: E Table A2.5 and the maps in appendix 2 may

W help, and many websites also, you may try:
http://www.magnetic-declination.com/
9. With the dial plate level, the angled part of the gnomon pointing north south, the dial will
now read sun-time, or local-apparent-time or LAT for short. It is still not clock accurate.
There are two corrections to make. One is to correct for your distance from your time
zone's reference longitude, the other is for the fact the sun is predictably slow or fast
(compared to man made watches) as the year progresses, this correction is called the
equation of time or EOT for short.
10. Find your longitude, it is on your GPS unit, or on a map of your area. Aviation and
geological survey maps work, but road maps may not. Once you know your longitude,
and your time zone, find your time zone's reference longitude.
my longitude is: Table A2.5 in the appendices may help.
my time zone reference is: Table A2.6 in the appendices may help.
difference between the two is: times 4 is: minutes
If your longitude is larger than the reference longitude, then ADD the difference times 4,
this is the minutes to add to correct for your location.
If your longitude is smaller than the reference longitude, then SUBTRACT the difference
times 4, this is the minutes to add to correct for your location.
plus [ ] or minus [ ] _ _ _ minutes to correct for location.
11. We now have a dial built for your latitude, aligned north/south, and corrected for your
location's distance from the time zone's reference longitude. However it may still be off by
plus or minus up to 16 minutes due to the fact the sun's orbit around the earth varies as
the year progresses, and the sun similarly moves north or south of the equator. There is
a table of corrections for this equation of time or EOT, table A2.1 is by the day.
12. That is it! You now have a working horizontal sun dial. To delve into it more, read on . . . .
3
THE EVOLUTION OF THE DIAL

USEFUL DEFINITIONS –
 The EOT, or equation of time is the difference between the real apparent sun and a
virtual perfectly on-time sun that matches the modern "accurate" clock
 Altitude – how high above the horizon the sun is, measured in degrees.
 Azimuth ~ how far east or west of the north-south line the sun is, measured in degrees.
Since the earliest days of the human race, it was important to know when to plant, when to hunt,
and a calendar was needed and developed. The sun's angle in the sky compared to the horizon,
is its altitude, and early Egyptians employed such dials.
The sun woke up and climbed, ran out of energy in mid

day, and becoming tired, descended into the arms of
Morpheus. The early Egyptians built a simple dial that
could be turned toward the sun, and its angle at mid
day cast a shadow of decreasing length as the climate
became warmer. Alignment with true north or south
was not needed for these altitude measuring dials,
since the reference was the sun, and the horizon.
For all altitude dials, north south alignment is not used

but the date must be known if the one is to tell the time.
Early altitude dial
As time became more important than the calendar,
early Greeks, Arabs, and Romans had business to
conduct. And so developed a sundial that measured
the azimuth of the sun, its angle compared with true north or south. Such early dials often divided
daylight into pieces, yet those pieces were not always
of equal duration, sometimes they were just arbitrary
divisions. Azimuth dials do not required a gnomon of
a calculated height. The line of the shadow aligns
with hour lines, or points to hour points.
Of course time, altitude, and azimuth are all

somewhat related. And a definitive study of dial
history may not show such a sequenced development
because different areas of the world evolved
differently. As the horse and carriage produced rapid
transportation, people needed common time keeping,
Early azimuth dial
and equal hours. So was ushered in the perfected
sundial. That perfected dial used the angle the sun
makes as it appears to orbit around the earth's north-south polar axis.
The reader may have noticed that the sun runs slow or fast depending on the day of the year.
Sun dials use the solar position as the basis for date and for time. The earth orbits the sun,
however not by an exact number of days, and even those days vary in an annual cycle. So even
city slicker watches are not synchronized as well as we might think. Is the synchronization with
the daily rotation of the earth, the annual rotation around the sun, or with the fixed stars?
4
HORIZONTAL DIAL: Method: Using Tables: [appendix 9 has the template used here]
9am 10am 11am 1pm 2pm 3pm
Dial location Gnomon here
home
4pm
8am
sub style
style
lat
Dial plate 40 degrees N

hour lines here
109 degrees W
105 degrees W
06070708080909
05 06 10 10 11 12
11 12 long. corr: 16 mins +
Equation of time:
11 2 33 44 5 56 67 7 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NovDec
+9 +14 +9 =0 -3 0 +6 +4 -5 -14 -15 -5
Magnetic declination: Horizontal dial
This template may be copied provided credit is given to Illustrating Shadows, www.illustratingshadows.com and Simon Wheaton-Smith
Appendix 3 table A3.1b for latitude 40 provides

the following hour line angles assuming no
longitude correction.
8am and 4pm 48.07 degrees

actual 9am and 3pm 32.73 degrees
shadow 10am and 2pm 20.36 degrees
11am and 1pm 9.77 degrees etc
The hour lines before and after noon are drawn.

The gnomon is drawn and moved to dial center.
The longitude correction of 4 degrees (at 4
minutes per degree) is 16 minutes, and is west of longitude 105 thus we must add the time. The
longitude correction of 16 minutes is added to the equation of time, producing:-
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
+25 +30 +25 +16 +13 +16 +22 +20 +11 +2 +1 +11
The dial plate is aligned to true north, and the shadow is mentally corrected with the revised
equation of time (EOT). Alternatively the hour lines could be adjusted individually for longitude,
however the dial would no longer be portable. If the hour lines were longitude adjusted, they
would simple be rotated, but by an angle calculated for a time corrected by the 16 minutes, one
hour line at a time. The equinox line is derived by extending the gnomon from the nodus to the
sub-style line extended, and perpendicular to the style. Longitude corrections of 4 or more
degrees cause the resulting combined EOT table to always have the same sign. That is because
4 degrees is 16 minutes, the maximum EOT deviation. This paper dial can be tested in the sun
before the final dial is built as is shown in the inset.
5
A2.1
APPENDIX 2 - Tables independent of location
EQUATION OF TIME ~ EOT

minutes:seconds mm.ss
EQUATION OF TIME TABLE
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 3:09 13:34 12:17 3:49 -2:54 -2:09 3:51 6:17 0:02 -10:21 -16:21 -10:52
2 4:07 13:42 12:05 3:32 -3:01 -1:59 4:03 6:13 -0:22 -10:40 -16:22 -10:29
3 4:34 13:48 11:52 3:14 -3:07 -1:50 4:14 6:08 -0:41 -10:59 -16:22 -10:06
4 5:02 13:54 11:39 2:57 -3:13 -1:39 4:25 6:03 -1:01 -11:17 -16:22 -9:42
5 5:28 13:59 11:26 2:39 -3:18 -1:29 4:35 5:57 -1:21 -11:35 -16:20 -9:17
6 5:55 14:03 11:12 2:22 -3:23 -1:18 4:45 5:51 -1:41 -11:53 -16:18 -8:52
7 6:21 14:06 10:58 2:06 -3:27 -1:07 4:55 5:43 -2:01 -12:10 -16:15 -8:27
8 6:46 14:09 10:43 1:49 -3:30 -0:56 5:04 5:36 -2:22 -12:27 -16:11 -8:00
9 7:11 14:10 10:28 1:33 -3:33 -0:44 5:13 5:27 -2:43 -12:43 -16:06 -7:34
10 7:35 14:11 10:13 1:16 -3:35 -0:32 5:22 5:19 -3:03 -12:59 -16:00 -7:07
11 7:59 14:12 9:57 1:01 -3:37 -0:20 5:30 5:09 -3:24 -13:15 -15:54 -6:39
12 8:22 14:11 9:42 0:45 -3:38 -0:08 5:37 4:59 -3:46 -13:30 -15:46 -6:11
13 8:44 14:10 9:25 0:30 -3:39 0:04 5:44 4:48 -4:07 -13:44 -15:38 -5:43
14 9:06 14:08 9:09 0:15 -3:39 0:16 5:51 4:37 -4:28 -13:58 -15:29 -5:15
15 9:27 14:05 8:52 0:00 -3:38 0:29 5:57 4:26 -4:49 -14:12 -15:19 -4:46
16 9:48 14:01 8:35 -0:13 -3:37 0:42 6:03 4:13 -5:11 -14:25 -15:09 -4:17
17 10:08 13:57 8:18 -0:27 -3:36 0:55 6:08 4:01 -5:32 -14:37 -14:57 -3:48
18 10:27 13:52 8:01 -0:40 -3:34 1:08 6:13 3:48 -5:53 -14:49 -14:45 -3:19
19 10:45 13:47 7:43 -0:53 -3:31 1:21 6:17 3:34 -6:15 -15:00 -14:31 -2:49
20 11:03 13:40 7:25 -1:06 -3:27 1:34 6:20 3:20 -6:36 -15:10 -14:17 -2:19
21 11:20 13:33 7:08 -1:18 -3:24 1:47 6:23 3:05 -6:57 -15:20 -14:02 -1:50
22 11:36 13:26 6:50 -1:30 -3:19 2:00 6:26 2:50 -7:18 -15:29 -13:47 -1:20
23 11:52 13:18 6:32 -1:41 -3:14 2:13 6:28 2:34 -7:39 -15:38 -13:30 -0:50
24 12:06 13:09 6:14 -1:52 -3:09 2:26 6:29 2:18 -8:00 -15:46 -13:13 -0:20
25 12:20 13:00 5:56 -2:03 -3:03 2:39 6:30 2:02 -8:21 -15:53 -12:55 0:08
26 12:33 12:50 5:37 -2:12 -2:57 2:51 6:30 1:45 -8:41 -15:59 -12:36 0:38
27 12:45 12:39 5:19 -2:22 -2:50 3:04 6:29 1:28 -9:02 -16:05 -12:17 1:07
28 12:57 12:28 5:01 -2:31 -2:43 3:16 6:28 1:10 -9:22 -16:09 -11:57 1:37
29 13:07 4:43 -2:39 -2:35 3:28 6:26 0:52 -9:42 -16:14 -11:36 2:06
30 13:17 4:25 -2:47 -2:27 3:40 6:24 0:34 -10:01 -16:17 -11:14 2:35
31 12:26 4:07 -2:18 6:21 0:16 -16:19 3:03
If "+" then add to solar time to get mean time as the sun is slow. If " –" then subtract from solar time to get mean
time as the sun is fast. Some tables have a plus for our minus and vice versa. If in doubt look at the figure of
eight equation of time. Formulae involving dates use approximations thus these tables may disagree with other
sources using other formulae. This and other publications have figures that are well within drafting tolerances.
6
A2.3
LONGITUDE TO TIME
Degree (°) to Hours (h) and Minutes (m)
° hh.mm ° hh.mm ° hh.mm ° hh.mm ° hh.mm ° hh.mm
0 0.00 30 2.00 60 4.00 90 6.00 120 8.00 150 10.00

1 0.04 31 2.04 61 4.04 91 6.04 121 8.04 151 10.04
2 0.08 32 2.08 62 4.08 92 6.08 122 8.08 152 10.08
3 0.12 33 2.12 63 4.12 93 6.12 123 8.12 153 10.12
4 0.16 34 2.16 64 4.16 94 6.16 124 8.16 154 10.16
5 0.20 35 2.20 65 4.20 95 6.20 125 8.20 155 10.20
6 0.24 36 2.24 66 4.24 96 6.24 126 8.24 156 10.24
7 0.28 37 2.28 67 4.28 97 6.28 127 8.28 157 10.28
8 0.32 38 2.32 68 4.32 98 6.32 128 8.32 158 10.32
9 0.36 39 2.36 69 4.36 99 6.36 129 8.36 159 10.36
10 0.40 40 2.40 70 4.40 100 6.40 130 8.40 160 10.40
11 0.44 41 2.44 71 4.44 101 6.44 131 8.44 161 10.44
12 0.48 42 2.48 72 4.48 102 6.48 132 8.48 162 10.48
13 0.52 43 2.52 73 4.52 103 6.52 133 8.52 163 10.52
14 0.56 44 2.56 74 4.56 104 6.56 134 8.56 164 10.56
15 1.00 45 3.00 75 5.00 105 7.00 135 9.00 165 11.00
16 1.04 46 3.04 76 5.04 106 7.04 136 9.04 166 11.04
17 1.08 47 3.08 77 5.08 107 7.08 137 9.08 167 11.08
18 1.12 48 3.12 78 5.12 108 7.12 138 9.12 168 11.12
19 1.16 49 3.16 79 5.16 109 7.16 139 9.16 169 11.16
20 1.20 50 3.20 80 5.20 110 7.20 140 9.20 170 11.20
21 1.24 51 3.24 81 5.24 111 7.24 141 9.24 171 11.24
22 1.28 52 3.28 82 5.28 112 7.28 142 9.28 172 11.28
23 1.32 53 3.32 83 5.32 113 7.32 143 9.32 173 11.32
24 1.36 54 3.36 84 5.36 114 7.36 144 9.36 174 11.36
25 1.40 55 3.40 85 5.40 115 7.40 145 9.40 175 11.40
26 1.44 56 3.44 86 5.44 116 7.44 146 9.44 176 11.44
27 1.48 57 3.48 87 5.48 117 7.48 147 9.48 177 11.48
28 1.52 58 3.52 88 5.52 118 7.52 148 9.52 178 11.52
29 1.56 59 3.56 89 5.56 119 7.56 149 9.56 179 11.56
180 12.00
7
A2.5
CITY DATA WITH LATITUDE, LONGITUDE AND ITS CORRECTION
City Country, State, City Hemi- Lat Long Mag Time Long
id sphere +n -s +w -e var ref corr
UK London N +ve 51.5 0.5 2.5w 0 2
UK Weymouth N +ve 50.6 2.5 3.4w 0 10
PHX USA AZ Phoenix N +ve 33.5 112.0 11.8e 105 28
SDL USA AZ Scottsdale N +ve 33.6 111.9 11.8e 105 27.6
LAX USA CA Los Angeles N +ve 34.0 118.3 13.4e 120 -6.8
SAN USA CA San Diego N +ve 32.8 117.2 13.1e 120 -11.2
SFO USA CA San Fransisco N +ve 37.8 122.5 15.4e 120 10
DEN USA CO Denver N +ve 39.8 105.0 10.2e 105 0
DCA USA DC Washington N +ve 38.9 77.0 10.3w 75 8
CHI USA IL Chicago, N +ve 41.8 87.8 2.2w 90 -8.8
SVC USA NM Silver City N +ve 32.8 108.2 10.6e 105 12.8
LAS USA NV Las Vegas N +ve 36.2 115.2 13.3e 120 -19.2
JFK USA NY New York N +ve 40.7 73.8 13.8w 75 -4.8
OKC USA OK Oklahoma City N +ve 35.3 97.5 5.4e 90 30
ELP USA TX El Paso N +ve 31.8 106.5 10.1e 105 6
DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME AND TABLE OF TIME ZONES

A2.6
Zone Name Meridian GMT+
Newfoundland 52.5 3.5
4 Atlantic 60 4
5 Eastern 75 5
6 Central 90 6
7 Mountain 105 7
8 Pacific 120 8
9 Yukon 135 9
10 Alaska-Hawaii 150 10
11 Bering 165 11
GMT Greenwich Mean Time 0
BST British Summer Time -1
IST Irish Summer Time -1
WET Western Europe Time 0
WEST Western Europe Summer Time -1
CET Central Europe Time -1
CEST Central Europe Summer Time -2
EET Eastern Europe Time -2
EEST Eastern Europe Summer Time -3
MSK Moscow Time -3
MSD Moscow Summer Time -4
SUMMER TIME RULES
USA: first Sunday of April to the last Sunday of October. (some exceptions e.g. AZ, HI, etc)
EU: last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October.
The website: http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/ has other useful information.
8
A3.1 a
APPENDIX 3
TABLES THAT CONSIDER LOCATION
HORIZONTAL (AND VERTICAL DIAL) HOUR LINE ANGLES
HOUR LINE ANGLES Horizontal dial

hour angle DEGREES(ATAN(TAN(RADIANS(15*time))*SIN(RADIANS(lat))))
hour angle H = atan ( sin(lat) * tan (ha) )
HORIZONTAL DIAL LATITUDE

TIME 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 noon
0.25 1.88 1.93 1.99 2.04 2.10 2.15 2.21 2.26 2.31 2.36 11.75
0.50 3.77 3.88 3.99 4.10 4.21 4.32 4.42 4.53 4.63 4.74 11.50
0.75 5.68 5.85 6.02 6.18 6.35 6.51 6.67 6.83 6.98 7.14 11.25
1 7.63 7.86 8.08 8.30 8.52 8.74 8.95 9.16 9.37 9.57 11
1.25 9.63 9.92 10.20 10.47 10.75 11.02 11.28 11.55 11.80 12.06 10.75
1.50 11.70 12.04 12.38 12.71 13.04 13.36 13.68 14.00 14.31 14.61 10.50
1.75 13.85 14.25 14.65 15.03 15.42 15.79 16.16 16.53 16.89 17.24 10.25
2 16.10 16.56 17.01 17.46 17.89 18.32 18.75 19.16 19.57 19.97 10
2.25 18.47 18.99 19.50 20.00 20.49 20.97 21.44 21.91 22.36 22.81 9.75
2.50 20.99 21.56 22.13 22.68 23.22 23.76 24.28 24.79 25.29 25.78 9.50
2.75 23.68 24.31 24.93 25.53 26.12 26.70 27.27 27.82 28.37 28.89 9.25
3 26.57 27.25 27.92 28.57 29.21 29.84 30.45 31.04 31.62 32.18 9
3.25 29.69 30.43 31.14 31.84 32.52 33.19 33.83 34.46 35.07 35.66 8.75
3.50 33.09 33.87 34.63 35.37 36.08 36.78 37.45 38.11 38.74 39.36 8.50
3.75 36.81 37.63 38.42 39.18 39.93 40.64 41.34 42.01 42.66 43.28 8.25
4 40.89 41.74 42.55 43.33 44.08 44.81 45.51 46.19 46.84 47.47 8
4.25 45.40 46.24 47.06 47.84 48.59 49.31 50.00 50.67 51.31 51.92 7.75
4.50 50.36 51.19 51.99 52.75 53.47 54.16 54.83 55.46 56.07 56.65 7.50
4.75 55.83 56.61 57.36 58.07 58.74 59.38 59.99 60.57 61.13 61.66 7.25
5 61.81 62.51 63.18 63.80 64.40 64.96 65.49 66.00 66.48 66.94 7
5.25 68.31 68.88 69.43 69.94 70.42 70.87 71.30 71.71 72.10 72.46 6.75
5.50 75.25 75.66 76.05 76.41 76.75 77.07 77.38 77.66 77.93 78.18 6.50
5.75 82.53 82.75 82.95 83.14 83.31 83.48 83.64 83.78 83.92 84.05 6.25
6 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 6
NOTE: Values are degrees and tenths and hundredths of a degree. Thus latitude 39
at 1pm or 11am shows 9.57 degrees, not 9 degrees, 57 minutes. And 9.57 degrees
converts to 9 degrees 34.2 minutes of arc, which is consistent with other
publications.
9
A3.1 b


TIME 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 noon
0.25 2.41 2.46 2.51 2.56 2.61 2.65 2.70 2.74 2.79 2.83 11.75
0.50 4.84 4.94 5.03 5.13 5.23 5.32 5.41 5.50 5.59 5.67 11.50
0.75 7.29 7.43 7.58 7.73 7.87 8.01 8.14 8.28 8.41 8.54 11.25
1 9.77 9.97 10.16 10.36 10.54 10.73 10.91 11.09 11.26 11.43 11
1.25 12.31 12.56 12.80 13.03 13.27 13.50 13.72 13.94 14.16 14.37 10.75
1.50 14.91 15.20 15.49 15.77 16.05 16.32 16.59 16.85 17.11 17.36 10.50
1.75 17.59 17.93 18.26 18.59 18.91 19.22 19.53 19.83 20.13 20.41 10.25
2 20.36 20.75 21.12 21.49 21.85 22.21 22.55 22.89 23.22 23.54 10
2.25 23.24 23.67 24.09 24.50 24.90 25.29 25.67 26.04 26.41 26.76 9.75
2.50 26.25 26.72 27.18 27.62 28.06 28.48 28.90 29.30 29.69 30.08 9.50
2.75 29.41 29.91 30.40 30.88 31.35 31.80 32.25 32.68 33.09 33.50 9.25
3 32.73 33.27 33.79 34.29 34.79 35.26 35.73 36.18 36.62 37.04 9
3.25 36.24 36.80 37.34 37.87 38.38 38.88 39.36 39.83 40.28 40.71 8.75
3.50 39.95 40.53 41.09 41.63 42.15 42.66 43.15 43.62 44.08 44.53 8.50
3.75 43.89 44.48 45.04 45.59 46.11 46.62 47.11 47.58 48.04 48.48 8.25
4 48.07 48.65 49.21 49.75 50.27 50.77 51.25 51.71 52.16 52.58 8
4.25 52.50 53.07 53.61 54.13 54.63 55.11 55.57 56.01 56.43 56.84 7.75
4.50 57.20 57.73 58.24 58.73 59.19 59.64 60.07 60.47 60.87 61.24 7.50
4.75 62.16 62.64 63.10 63.54 63.96 64.36 64.74 65.10 65.45 65.78 7.25
5 67.37 67.78 68.18 68.55 68.91 69.25 69.57 69.88 70.17 70.45 7
5.25 72.81 73.13 73.44 73.74 74.02 74.29 74.54 74.78 75.02 75.23 6.75
5.50 78.43 78.65 78.87 79.07 79.27 79.45 79.63 79.80 79.95 80.10 6.50
5.75 84.18 84.29 84.41 84.51 84.61 84.70 84.79 84.88 84.96 85.04 6.25
6 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 6
10
A3.1 c


TIME 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 noon
0.25 2.87 2.92 2.96 3.00 3.04 3.07 3.11 3.15 3.18 3.22 11.75
0.50 5.76 5.84 5.92 6.00 6.08 6.16 6.23 6.30 6.37 6.44 11.50
0.75 8.66 8.79 8.91 9.03 9.14 9.25 9.36 9.47 9.57 9.68 11.25
1 11.60 11.76 11.92 12.08 12.23 12.38 12.52 12.67 12.80 12.94 11
1.25 14.58 14.78 14.98 15.17 15.36 15.54 15.72 15.89 16.06 16.22 10.75
1.50 17.60 17.84 18.08 18.30 18.53 18.74 18.95 19.16 19.35 19.55 10.50
1.75 20.70 20.97 21.24 21.50 21.75 22.00 22.24 22.47 22.70 22.91 10.25
2 23.86 24.17 24.46 24.75 25.04 25.31 25.58 25.84 26.09 26.33 10
2.25 27.11 27.44 27.77 28.09 28.39 28.69 28.98 29.27 29.54 29.80 9.75
2.50 30.45 30.81 31.16 31.50 31.83 32.15 32.46 32.76 33.05 33.33 9.50
2.75 33.89 34.28 34.65 35.01 35.36 35.69 36.02 36.33 36.64 36.93 9.25
3 37.45 37.85 38.24 38.61 38.97 39.32 39.66 39.99 40.30 40.60 9
3.25 41.14 41.55 41.94 42.32 42.69 43.05 43.39 43.72 44.04 44.35 8.75
3.50 44.95 45.36 45.76 46.15 46.51 46.87 47.21 47.54 47.86 48.17 8.50
3.75 48.90 49.31 49.70 50.08 50.45 50.80 51.13 51.46 51.77 52.06 8.25
4 53.00 53.39 53.77 54.14 54.49 54.82 55.15 55.46 55.75 56.04 8
4.25 57.23 57.60 57.96 58.31 58.64 58.95 59.25 59.54 59.82 60.09 7.75
4.50 61.60 61.94 62.27 62.59 62.89 63.18 63.45 63.72 63.97 64.21 7.50
4.75 66.10 66.40 66.69 66.97 67.24 67.49 67.73 67.96 68.18 68.40 7.25
5 70.72 70.98 71.22 71.45 71.67 71.89 72.09 72.28 72.47 72.64 7
5.25 75.44 75.64 75.83 76.01 76.19 76.35 76.51 76.66 76.80 76.94 6.75
5.50 80.25 80.39 80.52 80.64 80.76 80.87 80.98 81.08 81.18 81.27 6.50
5.75 85.11 85.18 85.25 85.31 85.37 85.43 85.48 85.53 85.58 85.63 6.25
6 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 6
11
A DRAFTING SHEET FOR HORIZONTAL DIALS
12
APPENDIX 9
BOOKS
ref 1 Illustrating Time’s Shadow, how to make MANY Sundials for anywhere
using empirical, geometric, and trigonometric methods as well as computer
aided design and the spreadsheet. By Simon Wheaton-Smith
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005900674

ISBN 0-9765286-1-4
available from www.illustratingshadows.com
ref 2 Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice By: Rene R. J. Rohr

A good grounding in the history and theory of most sundial types.
ref 3 Sundials: Their Theory and Construction By: Albert Edmund Waugh
A good book, with good reference material
ref 4 Sundials: Their Construction and Use By: R. Newton Mayall, Margaret W. Mayall
A good book, with good reference material
ref 5 A Choice of Sundials, Winthrop W. Dolan

A good book, good graphical methods for some dials not in other books
ref 6 Sundials - A Simplified Approach by Means of the Equatorial Dial, by Frank W Cousins
A good book, good graphical methods, same as ref 11
ref 7 Sundials Australia. FOLKARD, Margaret and John WARD.

Good work on shadows and on formulae.
ref 8 Sundials And Roses Of Yesterday, Earle, Alice Morse

A somewhat nostalgic book with interesting pictures and other trivia.
ref 9 The Great Sundial Cutout Book, Robert Adzema and Mablen Jones
SOFTWARE OF INTEREST TO THE DIALIST

SHADOWS www.shadowspro.com most comprehensive, license is
reasonable and free version
covers many common needs
SUNSET www.yoredale.uklinux.net/programs/programs.htm
sunset.xls
good sunrise and sunset
calculator
SUNTIMES www.fv01.dial.pipex.com/suntimes.shtml
program has a world map and
sun times
If you download an almanac, remember that you must still correct it for longitude. There are some
very good spreadsheets that calculate sunrise and sunset times that are free.
13
Hour around noon

horizontal and vertical dial nomogram for hour line angles
AM PM
A nomogram is an alternative to using tables, select
latitude on the left, a time on the right, and read the
hour line angle in the middle.
First, mark latitude on the left vertical line

Next, mark the desired time on the right vertical line
Then, read hour line angle on the center vertical line
07.00 05.00
Dial Plate's hour line angle

80
08.00 04.00
70
60
Latitude
50
10 80 09.00 03.00
20 70
40
30 60
40 50 30
50 40
20
10.00 02.00
60 30
10
70 20
11.00 01.00
80 10
V-dial H-dial
Horizontal and Vertical dial plate

www .illustratingshadow s.com
latitude is log(sin(lat)) so scale decreases vertically

longitudeis log(tan(lng)) soscale decreases first thenincreases
hour line angle is log(tan(hla)) so scale decreases first thenincreases
14

MICRO Shadows Horizontal Sun Dial Guide

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MICRO Shadows Horizontal Sun Dial Guide

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MICRO Shadows

How to make a simple horizontal sun dial

Please consider acquiring "ILLUSTRATING TIME’S SHADOW" ~ How to make

FREE Please download:- microShadows.xls for Excel

or illustrating-shadows.xls for Excel

which is a conglomeration of spreadsheets for dial design, and also has a

A QUICK HANDS ON PROJECT ~ ~ ~ BUILD IT FIRST – FIX IT NEXT

2. EITHER download the spreadsheet at:

6 7 8 9 10 11 noon morning hours

Noon is going to be on the north south line

4. Transpose the hour lines to wood, PVC,

to the nearest pole

my magnetic declination: E Table A2.5 and the maps in appendix 2 may

my longitude is: Table A2.5 in the appendices may help.

difference between the two is: times 4 is: minutes

plus [ ] or minus [ ] _ _ _ minutes to correct for location.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE DIAL

The sun woke up and climbed, ran out of energy in mid

For all altitude dials, north south alignment is not used

Of course time, altitude, and azimuth are all

Dial plate 40 degrees N

Appendix 3 table A3.1b for latitude 40 provides

8am and 4pm 48.07 degrees

The hour lines before and after noon are drawn.

EQUATION OF TIME ~ EOT

31 12:26 4:07 -2:18 6:21 0:16 -16:19 3:03

Degree (°) to Hours (h) and Minutes (m)

° hh.mm ° hh.mm ° hh.mm ° hh.mm ° hh.mm ° hh.mm

0 0.00 30 2.00 60 4.00 90 6.00 120 8.00 150 10.00

DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME AND TABLE OF TIME ZONES

SUMMER TIME RULES

TABLES THAT CONSIDER LOCATION

HORIZONTAL (AND VERTICAL DIAL) HOUR LINE ANGLES

HOUR LINE ANGLES Horizontal dial

HORIZONTAL DIAL LATITUDE

HOUR LINE ANGLES Horizontal dial

HORIZONTAL DIAL LATITUDE

HOUR LINE ANGLES Horizontal dial

HORIZONTAL DIAL LATITUDE

A DRAFTING SHEET FOR HORIZONTAL DIALS

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005900674

ref 2 Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice By: Rene R. J. Rohr

ref 5 A Choice of Sundials, Winthrop W. Dolan

ref 7 Sundials Australia. FOLKARD, Margaret and John WARD.

ref 8 Sundials And Roses Of Yesterday, Earle, Alice Morse

SOFTWARE OF INTEREST TO THE DIALIST

Hour around noon

First, mark latitude on the left vertical line

Dial Plate's hour line angle

Horizontal and Vertical dial plate

latitude is log(sin(lat)) so scale decreases vertically

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