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    Fujitaki Kazuhiro the Manga Guide to Electricity

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    the Manga Guide to Electricity

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    Fujitaki Kazuhiro the Manga Guide to Electricity

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    1K views211 pages

    The Manga Guide To Electricity

    Uploaded by

    Sadi Sonmez
    Fujitaki Kazuhiro the Manga Guide to Electricity

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 211
    THE MANGA GUIDE” TO ELECTRICITY KAZUHIRO FUJITAKI MATSUDA TREND-PRO CO., LTD. Ohmsha CONTENTS PREFACE. PROLOGUE FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY. 1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Electricity and Everyday Life. Electrical Units Electricity in the Home How Electricity Works The True Nature of Electricity. Current and Electrical Discharge. ‘Atomic Structure and Conductivity Static Electricity .. ‘The Triboelectric Series, Uses of Static Electricity Tags on Consumer Electric Products Voltage and Potential ‘Atoms and Electrons, Static Electricity Electrostatic Force The Triboelectric Series. Moyement of Charge and Direction of Current. . 2 WHAT ARE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS?. Electric Circuits in Everyday Devices A Flashlight’ Circuit Parts of an Electric Circuit Ohms Law and Methods of Connecting Electrical Components, Electric Circuits and Ohms Law Series and Parallel Connections Electrie Circuits and Current, Graphical Symbols Direct Current Circuit and Alternating Current Circuit Ohms Law ee Resistivity and Conductivity «.......j.cssseeveseeevevereeeveves Effective Resistance 13 14 15 a9 25 26 30 34 36 40 43 45 51 St 55 56 59 61 67 68 69 B B 74 76 7 8 3 HOW DOES ELECTRICITY WORK?. Why Does Electricity Produce Heat? Electricity and Joule Heat How Is Heat Generated by Current?, ‘Thermal Emission and Luminescence Current and Magnetic Fields. Fleming's Left-Hand Rule (For DC Motors) Fleming's Right-Hand Rule (For Generators) Joule Heat Thermal Vibration Electromagnetic Waves. Electricity and Magnetism Fleming Left-Hand Rule and Motors . Fleming's Right-Hand Rule and Electric Generators . Electricity and Coils Coils and Electromagnetic Induction. Coils and Inductance. Coils and Alternating Current Coils and Transformers... . Capacitors: Capacitors and Alternating Current. 4 HOW DO YOU CREATE ELECTRICITY? Generators : How Does a Power Generator Create Electricity? Batteries and Other Sources of Electricity Chemical Cells ‘What Happens in a Dry Cell Battery?, Water and Fuel Cells, ‘Anodes and Cathodes Creating Your Own Coin Battery Thermopiles are Electricity Created by a Power Plant. Thermal Power Generation... Nuclear Power Generation Hydroelectric Power Generation Wind Power Generation... Vill CONTENTS 81 82 85 87 90 34 98 100 04 104 106 107 109 110 aaa. aaa a2 113 114 145 115 17 118 124 124 126 132 135 138 140 141 147 149 181 152 2. 154 s HOW CAN YOU CONVENIENTLY USE ELECTRICITY? What are Semiconductors? Diodes and Transistors Diodes That Emit Light Transistors. Diodes. Transistors Field-Effect Transistor. Converters and Inverters Sensors. ‘Temperature Sensors Optical Sensors. EPILOGUE INDEX 155 161 169 174 176 - 186 188 188 -. 189 - 190 190 +192 -197 ++ 201 PREFACE Our current lifestyle necessitates the use of electricity. Electric current is often explained by comparing it to flowing water, but since electricity cannot be seen by the naked eye, this, metaphor can be difficult to understand. What can we do to better understand electricity? Electricity is very helpful in almost every facet of our lives; it produces light, heat, and power. Even though we can see these benefits, we are usually unaware of electricity itself. However, if we simply learn the basics, we can get a clear picture of how electricity works. This book explains fundamental electrical concepts using a story told through manga followed by further explanations in written text. There are no complicated explanations— readers simply listen along with the heroine Rereko as her teacher Hikaru explains concepts. Even people who have had a hard time understanding electricity will find Hikaru’s explana~ tions easy to comprehend. | am extremely grateful to Matsuda, who provided the artwork, and to everyone at TREND-PRO, who produced the book. | would also like to give my sincere thanks to Profes- sor Masaaki Mitani for checking my work. | am also very thankful to Ohmsha, Ltd. for giving me the opportunity to write this book | hope that in reading this book you will learn about electricity and gain a familiarity with it. KAZUHIRO FUJITAKI DECEMBER 2006 PROLOGUE: FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY po _ a ee =a THIS IS A WORLD IN WHICH ELECTRONIC DEVICES ARE A LITTLE BIT MORE ADVANCED i THAN THEY ARE ON EARTH. iE ae ye Tae > DO YOU KNOW WHY I CALLED WELL, I'VE NEVER BEEN VERY SMART... BUT I HONESTLY DON'T KNOW. THAT'S OKAY. YOU ALMOST HAVE THE RIGHT ANSWER. LET'S LOOK AT THIS TERM’S FINAL ELECTRICITY EXAM. BUT I'M DOING SO. WELL IN MY OTHER I’M IMPRESSED WITH YOUR POSITIVE DID YOU SAY GIVE UP SUMMER VACATIONIP THAT'S RIGHT! YOU'LL GO TO STUDY ON EARTH AND ‘START WITH THE FUNDAMENTALS! THIS MAKES THREE CONSECUTIVE FAILING GRADES! NEVERTHELESS, YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE TO GIVE UP YOUR SUMMER VACATION TO TAKE SOME EXTRA ) (7 DON'T WoRRy. 5 DS IT'S NOT SO Z po DIFFERENT THERE. pl AND SINCE THE STUDY > 7 OF ELECTRICITY IS SLOWER, ITLL BE a PERFECT FOR YOU! ip FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 3 8...B...BUT...IF I SUDDENLY B..B..BUT, BUT..MY PARENTS GECW SE ITLL PROBABLY ===) HAVENT GNEN PeRMissiON = TEACHER THERE. FOR ME TO GO YET, RIGHT? ae LT ALREADY SENT A LETTER, S50 ITLL BE FINE. THEY SAID, "GO FOR IT!” YOU! A SMART WOMAN WHAT IS IT? LIKE YOU NEVER MAKES A ROBOT? A MISTAKE, DO YOU? Irs YONOSUKE, A ‘TRANSDIMENSIONAL WALKIE-TALKIE AND TAKE GOOD CARE OF HIM! YOU'LL ALSO USE HIM INSTEAD OF A PASSPORT WHEN GOING BACK AND FORTH TO EARTH. TAKE THIS WITH YOU FOR LATER. 4 PROLOGUE TOKYO, JAPAN WHAT A SUDDEN DOWNPOUR... I'M ALMOST HOME... GUESS TLL JUST RUN... I'M GOING TO GET SOAKED! I WISH ID BROUGHT AN UMBRELLA. FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 5 OH. 15 THIS JAPAN? 8 > w x <= HIKARU SENSEI? HUHIP WELL, MY NAME IS HIKARU, NO! WAIT! WAIT A MINUTE! IM REREKO! I CAME FOR SUMMER SCHOOLI! I'M A BONEHEAD...ABOUT ELECTRICITY...PLEASE... IM BEGGING YOU... 6 PROLOGUE WELL, 1 DO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY, SO L.COULD DEFINITELY TEACH YOU ABOUT ELECTRICITY, BUT... WHO IN THE WORLD . ARE YOUP OH DEAR! DIDN'T YOU GET THE LETTER? By ANY CHANCE, COULD IT BE THIS? THAT REMINDS ME...L DID GET THAT SUSPICIOUS LETTER WITH NO POSTMARK... Dear AiKaRU Yano SENSE!, 7" SENDING MY STUDENT REREKO TO YOU FOR LESSONS, / HOPE THAT YOU WILL AGREE TO GIVE THIS STUDENT SOME LECTURES. / TRUST THAT / Can Count On YOUR KINDNESS. SINCERELY, ceteKa Sense! Central ELECTRICAL cRaINING SCHOOL WELL, ARE YOU THE REREKO MENTIONED FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 7 OKAY! BUT...WHY ARE WE STANDING AROUND TALKING IN THE RAIN? CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME MORE DETAILS AT MY HOUSE? YM SORRY, BUT IT'S ALITTLE MESSY. TOWEL... A TOWEL... IS THAT ITP 3 PROLOGUE THIS 1S OUTRAGEOUS! DF FA SY v1 COULD HAVE SWORN IT WAS AROUND HERE SOMEPLACE. THAT D...D...DOLL IS TALKINGIP WHAT DID YOU SAY? WHY DON’T YOU EXPLAIN IT YONOSUKE 15 A TRANSDIMENSIONAL WALKIE-TALKIE AND OBSERVATION ROBOT. FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 4 SO THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED. ELECTOPIA IS A LAND IN WHICH ELECTRICITY IS ALITTLE MORE ADVANCED THAN IT IS IN THIS WORLD. 10 PROLOGUE YOU CAME HERE TO STUDY FROM ANOTHER WORLD. SINCE THE STUDY OF ELECTRICITY IS THOUGHT TO BE SO IMPORTANT, EVEN KIDS IN MY GRADE MUST KNOW THE BASICS. BUT ACTUALLY, I'M. WHAT CAN I SAY? I’M.. TETEKA SENSEI IS VERY KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT THIS WORLD. 50, BY TAKING EXTRA CLASSES HERE, YOU'LL TRY TO MAKE UP FOR THE AMOUNT YOU'VE FALLEN BEHIND? THEREFORE, I’M SURE PLEASE, THAT YOU ARE WELL HIKARU SENSEI... QUALIFIED TO TEACH ME, WON'T YOU PLEASE TEACH ME THE BASICS OF ELECTRICITY? I WOULDN'T BE $0 SURE ABOUT THAT... SINCE I GAVE UP MY SUMMER VACATION TO COME HERE, I WON'T BE ABLE TO RETURN UNLESS I FINISH THESE EXTRA CLASSES... I KNOW, BUT... IVE GOT RESEARCH TO DO, AND... AS YOU CAN SEE, MY anu Pe ROOM IS A LITTLE MESSY, RIGHT? ig et | | fut » i Nt on | 4 a FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY WHILE 1M AT THE UNIVERSITY, MAYBE YOU COULD SWEEP AND CLEAN UP AND PREPARE DINNER..2 | YE JUST BEEN SO BUSY, I HAVEN'T HAD MUCH FREE TIME, 4 THINGS FOR ME, TD BE SAVED, AND... UM, WELL, I GUESS TLL GINE IT A TRY. I KNOW THAT! BUT THERE'S GOTTA BE SOME GIVE AND TAKE, RIGHT? me & es i an eo WE COMPLETELY FORGOT ABOUT THOSE TOWELS! 1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? ELECTRICITY AND EVERYDAY LIFE “MOOV, 104, 1000W".... THOSE ALL HAVE TO DO WITH ELECTRICITY, RIGHT? 14 CHAPTER 1 WHAT Is ELECTRICITY? HIKARU SENSEI! I'M JUST ABOUT FINISHED! GREAT, THANKS! HOW ABOUT TAKING ASHORT REST? IS SOMETHING THE MATTER WITH THE ELECTRIC TEA SHALL WE START OUR LESSONS WITH THE UNITS USED FOR CONSUMER ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS? parent der Vee LET'S START WITH WHICH STANDS FOR VOLTAGE. VOLTS CV) ARE THE UNIT REPRESENTING VOLTAGE. VOLTAGE |S LIKE A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE THAT MAKES ELECTRICITY FLOW. YOU CAN THINK OF IT LIKE WATER PRESSURE FOR ELECTRICITY. THE HEIGHT OF WATER VIEWED FROM A GIVEN REFERENCE POINT IS CALLED THE WATER LEVEL. ELECTRICITY ALSO HAS A COMPARABLE CONCEPT CALLED POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. THE UNITS FOR POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ARE ALSO V. BLECTRICAL UNITS 15 VOLTAGE IS THE DIFFERENCE IN POTENTIAL BETWEEN TWO POINTS. DIFFERENCE IN WATER LEVEL JUST LIKE HOW WATER FLOWS IF THERE Io A DIFFERENCE IN WATER LEVEL, ELECTRICITY ALSO FLOWS IF THERE \ ON THE OTHER HAND, 15 A DIFFERENCE IN Zt A AMPERE OR AMP POTENTIAL —FROM FOR SHORT) IS THE THE HIGH TO THE LOW * UNIT REPRESENTING POTENTIAL. C ELECTRIC CURRENT. CURRENT |S THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY FLOWING PER SECOND THROUGH AN ELECTRIC LINE. IN TERMS: OF WATER, THIS WOULD BE THE WATER VOLUME PER SECOND. THIS MAKES ME WANT TO EAT NAGASHI SOMEN— FLOWING NOODLES! 16 CHAPTER 1 WHAT 36 ELectRiciYy? JUST LIKE HOW THE FLOWING WATER PERFORMS WORK BY TURNING THIS WATER WHEEL, ELECTRICITY ALSO PERFORMS VARIOUS KINDS OF WORK WHEN CURRENT FLOWS. ENOUGH ABOUT THE ‘SOMEN ALREADY! W (WATT) |S THE UNIT REPRESENTING ELECTRIC POWER (CONSUMED POWER). THE AMOUNT OF WORK DONE PER SECOND WHEN ELECTRICITY FLOWS IS ELECTRIC POWER. POWER (W) = VOLTAGE (V) X CURRENT (A) --OBTAINED FROM THIS EQUATION, ELECTRICAL UNITS 17 SINCE WE CAN REWRITE wWE HAVE THIS EQUATION AS POWER (W) VOLTAGE (Vv) uiWWE CAN ALGO EASILY FIND THE CURRENT. CURRENT (A) = FOR THIS ELECTRIC TEA KETTLE... eavanoareeinme > Esa at cow EB Oo eAOFOTS ARS FA RTO AREA) OF ORF | SE ResR | bite ToREaT Se He Bioyetesse | Form x ahs Le eg chtn, (nj AEE ATARE, Fates tnt anne seoes, ERMIRR STS aha TEATS ys anne -O09G0- 09.4 Ce koernr et Raed ope BRE? Sty-n AY Soto ama NOW LET'S LOOK AT ENERGY. THE MONTHLY ELECTRIC BILL HAS THE UNIT KWH (KILOWATT HOUR) REPRESENTING THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRIC ENERGY A HOUSEHOLD USES... 18 CHAPTER 1 WHAT I6 ELECTRICITY? LET'S THINK WELL, WHY DOES THE ABOUT THIS BREAKER TRIP, AND WHAT /\ TOGETHER. CAN WE DO TO PREVENT IT ‘ ogi FIOM HAPPENING? FIRST, LET'S TALK ABOUT THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY COMING TO THE HOUSE. Pee POWER PLANT EB CREATES ELECTRICITY TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION CHANGES VOLTAGE FOR POWER LINES THE ELECTRICITY USED IN AN ORDINARY HOME IS CREATED AT A POWER PLANT AND DELIVERED TO EACH HOME BY ELECTRIC LINES, AFTER IT PASSES THROUGH TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS OR TRANSFORMERS ON UTILITY POLES. CHANGES VOLTAGE FOR USE IN THE HOME UTILITY POLE | Coase TRANSFORMER HOME DISTRIBUTION BOARD Yonives evecrecay FOR BACH ROOM PASSES THROUGH A CURRENT LIMITER, ENTERS A LEAKAGE ZOOM IN THE Fo i CIRCUIT HOUSE. THE i | ; BREAKER, AND ELECTRICITY IS DMIDED THAT ENTERS THE DISTRIBUTION LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER SAFETY BREAKERS THE INSIDE OF A DISTRIBUTION BOARD LOOKS LIKE THIS. IF THE TOTAL CURRENT FLOWING 60 IF THE CURRENT THROUGH MULTIPLE SAFETY 1S MORE THAN ZOA, IT BREAKERS EXCEEDS THE WILL TRIP FOR SAFETY, MAXIMUM CURRENT VALUE, THE RIGHT? . CURRENT LIMITER WILL TRIP. “ IN MY HOUSE, THE MAXIMUM CURRENT VALUE ALLOWED IS 20A. ELECTRICAL UNITS 21 THESE ARE THE SAFETY BREAKERS! 50, |F THE TOTAL ELECTRICITY USED By THE ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES CONNECTED TO ONE SAFETY BREAKER DOES NOT EXCEED 20A.., THE SAFETY BREAKER WILL NOT TRIP. IF A CURRENT OF ZOA OR MORE IS FLOWING, THIS WILL TRIP FOR SAFETY. SINCE THE VOLTAGE OF A HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICAL OUTLET IS ALWAYS 1ZOV, LET'S TRY CALCULATING THE TOTAL POWER USED BY THE APPLIANCES CONNECTED TO. ONE SAFETY BREAKER AND SEE IF IT EXCEEDS THE LIMIT. FOR EXAMPLE, IF WE TRY USING THE ELECTRIC KETTLE AND THE RICE COOKER... ELECTRIC TEA KETILE BAOW / 1ZOV = 7.0A RICE COOKER 1BOOW / 1ZOV = 12.54 THis COMBINATION JUST MAKES IT By A WHISKER... ZOA HAS NOT BEEN EXCEEDED. EVEN IF IT WERE EXCEEDED, WE COULD HOWEVER, THERE IS. AVOID TRIPPING THE STILL SOMETHING WE BREAKER BY NOT USING MUST BE CAREFUL BOTH APPLIANCES AT THE ABOUT, EVEN IF THE SAME TIME, OR... BREAKER DOESN'T TRIP. WE COULD USE ONE OF THE APPLIANCES FROM AN OUTLET CONNECTED TO A DIFFERENT SAFETY BREAKER. THERE IS A VALUE CALLED THE RATED CURRENT THAT |S DETERMINED FOR A NORMAL ELECTRICAL OUTLET. WELL, EVEN IF THE TOTAL CURRENT EXCEEDS 15A WHEN MULTIPLE ELECTRONIC AS LONG AS THE CURRENT DOES NOT EXCEED ZOA, BUT... WHAT HAPPENS IF IT IS EXCEEDED? ELECTRICAL UNITS 23 IF YOU CONTINUE TO USE wWELL, THIS ONE IS. THEM LIKE THIS FOR A LONG OKAY, SINCE IT'S NOT TIME, THE OUTLET OR PLUG iy PLUGGED IN, WILL GET HOT, WHICH IS DANGEROUS! BUT FOR THIS REASON, LETS STOP USING SEVERAL ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES WITH HIGH POWER CONSUMPTION FROM A SINGLE OUTLET, OKAY? ” i 7 IT SHOULD BE OKAY IF YOU SHOULD ALSO WE CONNECT HIM TO AN BE CAREFUL WHEN OUTLET SEPARATE FROM 1M CHARGING! OTHER ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES, RIGHT? DO YOU CONSUME : is wy electaic THAT MUCH ELECTRICITY, [Joi o/ BILL WON'T BE YONOSUKE? : RAYE 24 CHAPTER! WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? W ELECTRICITY WORKS AROUND 600 BC, THE GREEK PHILOSOPHER THALES DISCOVERED THAT WHEN AN AMBER ORNAMENT WAS RUBBED WITH A CLOTH, IT ATTRACTED FEATHERS OR PIECES OF LINT. AH! IS THIS, BY ANY CHANCE... DUE TO STATIC ELECTRICITY!? BUT, IN THOSE DAYS, THEY DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT STATIC ELECTRICITY. INCIDENTALLY, THE WORD THE MYSTERIOUS FORCE ELECTRICITY COMES FROM THE THAT ATTRACTS TINY. WORD ELECTRON, WHICH MEANS OBJECTS TOGETHER CAN AMBER IN GREEK. NOW BE EXPLAINED WITH ELECTRICITY. HOW ELECTRICITY WORKS 25 Ge aoe haere ae ie _—— cl & IN ON THE ACTUALLY, THE TRUE NATURE OF TRUE NATURE OF SLECIRGH Yt ELECTRICITY COMES FROM TINY THINGS INSIDE EVERY SUBSTANCE. EVEN IN YOU AND MEP THATS RIGHT! IS IN BOTH YOU AND ME, ALL SUBSTANCES ARE MADE UP OF COLLECTIONS OF TEENSY LITTLE PARTICLES CALLED ATOMS. IF 1 REMEMBER | CORRECTLY, YOUR PLANETS ALSO REVOLVE AROUND YOUR SUN, RIGHT? & NUCLEUS AN ATOM HAS SOMETHING CALLED ANUCLEUS AT ITS CENTER, AND THINGS CALLED ELECTRONS REVOLVE AROUND IT. ELECTRON THESE EVEN TINIER PARTICLES ARE THE CAUSE OF ELECTRICITY. 16 iT SIMILAR TO THAT RELATIONSHIP? IT 1S! THE NUCLEUS, WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE SUN, ma eee rene THT CONSISTS OF PROTONS, WHICH OUTSIDE HAVE A NEGATIVE HAVE AN ELECTRICALLY POSITIVE PROPERTY, AND NEUTZONS, WHICH HAVE NO ELECTRICAL PROPERTY. PROTON o NEUTRON (NEUTRAL) IF AN ATOM CONTAINS BOTH POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES, IS THE ATOM ITSELF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE? SINCE THE NUMBER OF PROTONS |S USUALLY THE SAME AS THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS, THE ATOM ITSELF IS ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL. NOW, IF EXTERNAL HEAT OR LIGHT IS ADDED TO AN ATOM... AN ELECTRON MAY ESCAPE FROM THE ATOM. THIS IS CALLED A FREE ELECTRON. HOW ELECTRICITY WORKS Z7 WHAT HAPPENS IF IT ESCAPES? IF AN ELECTRON ESCAPES, THE NEGATIVES ARE REDUCED, AND THE ATOM BECOMES ELECTRICALLY POSITIVE. THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS INCREASES, AND THE IOM BECOMES ELECTRICALLY NEGATIVE. IF AN ESCAPED ELECTRON PLUNGES INTO ANOTHER ATOM, THE NEGATIVES IN THAT ATOM INCREASE, AND IT BECOMES ELECTRICALLY NEGATIVE. THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS DECREASES, AND THE ATOM BECOMES ELECTRICALLY POSITIE. AN ATOM THAT HAS THIS SO AN ATOM IS KIND OF ELECTRICAL CHARGED WHEN ONE PROPERTY IS SAID TO OF ITS ELECTRONS BE CHARGED. ESCAPES OK WHEN IT RECEIVES ANOTHER ELECTRON. AHA! THE ESCAPED ELECTRON MOVES TO ANOTHER ATOM! 26 CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? CHARGE |S THE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTY. A PROTON IS SAID TO HAVE POSITIVE CHARGE AND AN ELECTRON NEGATIVE CHARGE, TWO POSITIVE CHARGES OR TWO NEGATIVE CHARGES REPEL EACH OTHER, WHILE A POSITIVE AND A NEGATIVE ATTRACT EACH OTHER, I'S LIKE THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES OF A MAGNET, ISN'T ITP YEP! THIS FORCE IS CALLED THE ELECTROSTATIC FORCE OR COULOMB'S FORCE. STATIC ELECTRICITY OCCURS WHEN A MATERIAL HAS A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ELECTRIC CHARGE THAT IS NOT MOVING. HOW ELECTRICITY WORKS 24 CURRENT AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE IF A SUBSTANCE IS POSITIVELY OR : IT TRIES TO GET NEGATIVELY CHARGED, IT TRIES : BACK TO ITS NATURAL TO BECOME NEUTRAL AGAIN BY STATE, DOESN'T ITP RECEIVING OR LOSING ELECTRONS. e BY THE WAY, OBJECTS CAN BE CONDUCTORS, THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY EASILY IF THERE |S AN INSULATOR BETWEEN FLOWS (LIKE METAL)... A POSITIVE AND A NEGATIVE CHARGE, THE ELECTRONS CANNOT MOVE, mwiINGULATORS, TAROUGH WHICH ELECTRICITY HAS DIFFICULTY FLOWING (LIKE GLASS OR RUBBER)... AND SEMICONDUCTORS, WHICH ARE MIDWAY BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS. BECAUSE THE ELECTRICITY HAS DIFFICULTY FLOWING, RIGHT? 3O CHAPTER 1 WHAT 1S ELECTRICITY? IF OBJECTS HAVING A .

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