New international division of labour

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In economics, the new international division of labor (NIDL) is an outcome of globalization. The
term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries
from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries—an ongoing geographic
reorganization of production, which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor.[1] It
is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined
to national economies. Under the "old" international division of labor, until around 1970,
underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of
minerals and agricultural commodities. However, as developing economies are merged into the
world economy, more production takes place in these economies.[1]

This has led to a trend of transference, or what is also known as the "global industrial shift", in
which production processes are relocated from developed countries (such as the US, European
countries, and Japan) to developing countries in Asia (such as China, Vietnam, and India) and
Latin America. This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and
assemble components, so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are
shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower. Companies do so by taking
advantage of transportation and communications technology, as well as fragmentation and
locational flexibility of production. From 1953 to the late 1990s, the industrialized economies'
share of world manufacturing output declined from 95% to 77%, and the developing economies'
share more than quadrupled from 5% to 23%.[2]

World map showing countries above and below the median 2010 GDP (PPP) per capita,
US$10,700. Source: IMF (International Monetary Fund).

Blue above world GDP (PPP) per capita

Orange below world GDP (PPP) per capita

The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North–South socio-economic
and political divide, where in the North—with one quarter of the world population—controls
four fifths of the world income,[3] while the South—with three quarters of the world
population—has access to one fifth of the world income.[4]

A summary
The NIDL is a spatial division of labor due to cut ties with national economies. Underdeveloped
economies used to be incorporated with the world economy as suppliers of minerals and
agricultural commodities. It has since added more production to these types of economies. With
this, a "global industrial shift" occurs, meaning that production processes are relocated from
developed countries to developing countries. Companies need a low cost location in order to
manufacture and assemble products. Developing countries are able to produce at substantially
lower prices than a developed country would.

In the NIDL, the north controls about 4/5 of the world's income while the south controls about
1/5.