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    Learning and Memory Text PDF

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    rocio

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    LEARNING AND MEMORY Learning refers not only to storing information and gaining new skills, but also accumulating experiences. In this process, memory plays a central role. Learning takes place through a numberof different mechanisms, Learning Through Conditioning (ne basic learning mechanism is ‘the principe of classical condition- ing this process, a connec tion is made between two triggers or stimull, Biologist Wan Pavlov demon strated this mechanism inthe 29th century trough his experiments) witha dog. Before feeding the dog he would consistenty2__a be ‘The dog gradualy learned that hea. ing the sound ofthe bell meant food. Eventually, the dog reacted to the soune alone with the natural reflex of saliva production. Cond tioned responses[such as this one can later disappear I the two stimuli ‘are separated from each other. Learning Through Rewards Amore active form of learnings called instrumental conditioning (or operant conditioning), based on the work of BF. Skinner. In this process, a person recognizes a con. nection 3___ his or her behavior ‘and its consequences. If people are rewarded for a certain behavior, teaming by imitation: People learn ‘mast social ules through copying others behavior they wil tend to repeatitf there Is no reward, they wll display the behavior less often. Asa rule, the faster the reward follows the behav: lor, the stronger the learning effect. [An especially effective results ‘seen when a behavior is rewarded atlregularintervals. 4 if person does not know when they wil win at a game of chance, they tend to pursue the behavior (c.g. gambling) more frequenty. Learning Through Insight and Imitation One important aspect of human learningis insight, or the ability to recognize connections, Humans can solve an unfamiliar problem by thinking it through, rather than. randomly trying out various possibilities (teal and error) They ccan consider various solutions and evaluate teach one's chances for success. Once ident fied, the solution can ‘be applied to similar situations in the future. To learn complex so- cial rules and behaviors, people (especialy chil dren) seek role models, [Whofhey can observe ‘Three-Level System Memory gathers, stores, and re- calls information on{three different} Tevels The fist level is sensory ‘memory, §__ temporarily stores Input from the senses, Short-term ‘memory the second level, captures Information and prepares it for storage in longterm memory. Long: term memory, which represents people's knowledge about 6. ‘and the world, stores infor ‘mation for an unlimited time. it Contains personal experiences, ‘emotions, skils, and rules. Informa: tion storage takes place when net ‘works are formed, connecting ele- ments of knowledge to each other. [MODERN MINEMONIC TECHNIQUES such as mind mapping help to store Information in longterm memory. [BIOFEEDBACK isa new frm of Concitioning that alows a person with technical supporto lear to perceive unconscious biological processes, such as changes 0 ‘blood pressure, and consciously

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