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TOPIC 2:
ABPR1103
FREQUENCY Statistics for Psychology
DISTRIBUTIONS
AND GRAPHS Mei 2018

Mei 2018

2.1 Frequency Distribution

Frequency distribution is the most
convenient and helpful table in organising
the data (Triola, 2010).

After organising the data, the researcher

must present it in a way that is easily
understood (Bluman, 2013).

This can be done by creating statistical

charts and
graphs.

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 Data collected in original form is called raw data. With the raw
data, a researcher may organise it into a frequency distribution.

 For example:
Score f
Raw Data 8 3
7 2
2 5 8 7 2 2
6 3
6 8 5 2 5 7 5 4
4 5 6 2 8 6 4 1
2 5

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According to Bluman (2013), frequency distribution (or frequency table) is

defined as the organisation of raw data in table form, using categories (or
classes) and frequencies.

The frequency of a class is the total amount of a specific value in

a particular category.

In other words, a frequency table shows how many times

each class occurs

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Two types of frequency distribution

Categorical Frequency Grouped Frequency

Distributions Distributions

Used for data that can be When the range of the data
placed in specific is large data is grouped into
categories (nominal or classes that are more than
ordinal level data). one unit in width

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2.1.1 Steps in Constructing an Ungrouped Frequency

Distribution

 ungrouped frequency distribution that lists all the

possible values in the variable. This type of frequency
distribution is often used when the data values range is
comparatively small (Bluman, 2013).

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2.1.2 Steps in Constructing a Categorical Frequency

Distribution

Categorical frequency distribution is used for data that can

be classified into specific categories, such as nominal- or
ordinal-level data (Bluman, 2013).

As stated in Topic 1, nominal- or ordinal-level data are

occupations, gender, religion, exam grade rank, etc.

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2.1.3 Steps in Constructing a Grouped Frequency

Distribution
A frequency table that uses intervals is known as
a grouped frequency distribution (Aron et al., 2009).

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Categorical Frequency Distributions

For example:
Twenty-five army indicates were given a blood test to % = f/n*100
determine their blood type.
Class Tally Frequency Percent
(f) %
A IIII 5 5/25*100=20
B IIII II 7 7/25*100=35
O IIII IIII 9 9/25*100=45
AB IIII 4 4/25*100=16
Total n=25

Grouped Frequency Distributions

 Class limits Class boundaries
 Lower class limit Upper class boundaries
Upper class limit Lower class boundaries
Lower Upper
class class

Class Class Tally Frequency

limits boundaries
First
class 24-30 23.5-30.5 /// 3
second 31-37 30.5-37.5 / 1
class
38-44 37.5-44.5 //// 5
45-51 44.5-51.5 //// //// 9
52-58 51.5-58.5 //// / 6
59-65 58.5-65.5 / 1

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• In this distribution, the values 24 and 30 of the first

class are called “class limits”.
• 24 is the “lower class limit” and 30 is the “upper class
limit.”

•The numbers in the second column are called class

boundaries.
•The class boundaries are used to separate the class so
that there is no gap in frequency distribution.
Lower boundary= lower limit - 0.5
Upper boundary= upper limit + 0.5

Class limits should have the same decimal place value as the
data, but the class boundaries should have one additional place
value and end in a 5.
For example:
Class limit 7.8-8.8
Class boundary 7.75-8.85

Lower boundary= lower limit - 0.05

=7.8- 0.05 =7.75

Upper boundary= upper limit + 0.05

=8.8+0.05=8.85

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 The lower class limit represents the smallest data value

that can be included in the class.

 The upper class limit represents the largest data value that
can be included in the class.

The numbers are used to separate the classes so that

there are no gaps in the frequency distribution called
class boundaries

Questions ???
Find the class boundaries for each class ?

2.15 – 3.93

49.005

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 The class width is found by subtracting the lower (or upper) class
limit of one class from the lower (or upper) class limit of the next
class .

 Class width=lower of second class limit-lower of first class limit

 Class width=upper of first class boundary -lower of first class
boundary

For example:
Class limits Class boundaries

class width
24-30 23.5-30.5
class width
31-37 30.5-37.5

class width : 31-24 = 7

The class midpoint Xm is found by adding the lower and upper

class limit (or boundary) and dividing by 2 .

Xm =

Or

Xm =

For example :

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Rules for Classes in Grouped Frequency Distributions

1. There should be 5-20 classes.
2. The class width should be an odd number.
3. The classes must be mutually exclusive.
Age Age
10-20 10-20
Better way to construct a
20-30 21-31
frequency distribution
30-40 32-42
40-50 43-53
50-60 54-64

4. The classes must be continuous.

5. The classes must be exhaustive.

6. The classes must be equal in width

(except in open-ended distributions).

Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

1- The following data represent the record high
temperatures for each of the 50 states. Construct a grouped
frequency distribution for the data using 7 classes.

112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112
110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110
116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114

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STEP 1 Determine the classes.

Find the class width by dividing the range by the number
of classes 7.

Range = High – Low

= 134 – 100 = 34

Width = Range/7 = 34/7 ≈ 4.9=5

Step 2 : Tally the data.

Step 3 : Find the frequencies.

Class Cumulative
Class Limits Frequency
Boundaries Frequency
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8 10
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18 28
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13 41
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7 48
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1 49
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1 50

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2- The data shown here represent the number of miles per

gallon that 30 selected four-wheel- drive sports utility
vehicles obtained in city driving.

12 17 12 14 16 18
16 18 12 16 17 15
15 16 12 15 16 16
12 14 15 12 15 15
19 13 16 18 16 14

Range = High – Low

= 19 – 12 = 7

So the class consisting of the single data value can be

used. They are 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19.

This type of distribution is called ungrouped

frequency distribution

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Class Cumulative
Class Limits Frequency
Boundaries Frequency
12 11.5-12.5 6 0
13 12.5-13.5 1 6
14 13.5-14.5 3 7
15 14.5-15.5 6 10
16 15.5-16.5 8 16
17 16.5-17.5 2 24
18 17.5-18.5 3 26
19 18.5-19.5 1 29
30

Find the class boundary , midpoint of the last class

and the class width?

Class Frequency
4-9 2
10-15 4
16-21 3
22-27 8
28-33 5

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Solution

Class Boundaries
4-9 3.5 – 9.5
10-15 9.5-15.5
16-21 15.5-21.5
22-27 21.5-27.5
28-33 27.5-33.5

Xm =

Class width= 10 - 4 = 6

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2.2 Cumulative Frequency Distribution

Relative Frequency

Class frequency

f
Relative frequency =
Sample size n

Relative
Class Frequency, f
Frequency
1–4 4 0.222

 f  18
Relative frequency  f  4  0.222
n 18

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Example:
Find the relative frequencies for the “Ages of Students” frequency distribution.

Relative Portion of
Class Frequency, f Frequency
students
18 – 25 13 0.433
f  13
26 – 33 8 0.267 n 30
34 – 41 4 0.133
 0.433
42 – 49 3 0.1
50 – 57 2 0.067
f 1
 f  30 
n

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Cumulative Frequency
The cumulative frequency of a class is the sum of the frequency for that class
and all the previous classes.

Ages of Students

Cumulative
Class Frequency, f Frequency

18 – 25 13 13
26 – 33 + 8 21
34 – 41 + 4 25
42 – 49 + 3 28
Total number
50 – 57 + 2 30
of students
 f  30

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Thank you

The End

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